绿洲农田作物的显热和潜热输送

本文根据波文比－能量平衡法，利用观测资料计算了荒漠－绿洲交界处绿洲农田作物（棉花、水稻）的显热和潜热，并进行了分析和比较。     

THE STUDY ON LATENT AND SENSIBLE HEAT FLUX OVER MIRE IN THE SANJIANG PLAIN

Energy exchange is one of the most importantprocesses in wetland ecosystems,because it has agreat influence on temperature,water transport,plantgrowth,productivityetc.(Dennison and Berry,1989).On small scales,understanding of surface en-ergy exchange is n…     

THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE TEMPERATURE CURVE: REPRESENTATIVENESS AND INTERPRETIVE FALLACIES

The Northern Hemisphere Temperature Curve has become one of the leading issues of modern climatology because it is not only considered to represent large-scale changes in temperature but is also used by some as a convenient indicator of changes in important derivatives of temperature. The development of the curve is reviewed and its representativeness of hemispheric climatic changes is discussed. Recently summarized marine temperature records and the tropospheric temperature record appear to confirm the general features of the curve. On the other hand, the curve's use as an indicator of local temperature changes and such derivatives as the length of the growing season and climatic variability is shown to be fallacious. This emphasizes the fact that local temperature trends are not necessarily similar to the hemispheric trend.     

前期500 hPa高度场与贵州降水可预报性的关系

基于秩序统计量三因子最优子集回归求最大复相关系数的方法，采用北半球500hPa逐月高度场和贵州15个站1～12月各月降水资料，研究前期3～5个月500hPa高度场预报后期贵州各站月降水量所提供的可预报性时空分布变化特征。结果表明：从空间分布上看，除夏季外，可预报性存在着北高南低的空间分布特点。从时间变化上看，2、6月降水的可预报性没有4、12月降水的可预报性好。另外，虽然影响贵州降水的前期环流集中分布在主要的环流关键区，但不同时段提供的预报信息存在差异。     

云开大山冬季热量资源利用

云开大山位于南亚热带南缘,种植亚热带作物热量有余,种热带作物常常不能安全越冬。为了合理利用地形环境,本文分析了山地环境避寒原理,给出了平流型寒害的综合表达指标,根据不同地形环境,提出了作物合理种植的建议。     

A POTENTIAL CENTURY–SCALE RHYTHM IN SIX MAJOR PALAEOCLIMATIC RECORDS IN THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE

Six millennial proxy records of temperature in the northern hemisphere were analysed using both the Fourier and wavelet approaches. We found that the analysed temperature proxies have appreciable synchrony at multidecadal and centennial time scales. These data also show evidence for the presence of a roughly regular large‐scale rhythm with a periodicity of 50–130 years in the climate of the northern hemisphere over the last millennium. It is shown that the amplitude of this variation might reach 0.20–0.28°C and contribute appreciably to the rise of global temperature over the first part of the 20th century. Possible origins of the global centennial climatic cycles are discussed.     

ERA40中北半球高纬地区冬季气候变化和冰-气相互作用特征分析

利用欧洲中期天气预报中心(ECMWF)再分析资料(ERA40)分析了最近几十年冬季北半球高纬地区的气候变化和冰-气相互作用特征。在全球增暖背景下,冬季北半球高纬地区增温幅度更大,但温度变化明显具有区域性特点。20世纪70年代末期开始,格陵兰海、巴伦支海及欧亚大陆大部分区域和北美大陆部分区域在增暖,而拉布拉多海、格陵兰和白令海峡区域却变冷。与此对应,中央北极区及气候冰岛低压中心海平面气压在降低,而再往南区域海平面气压在升高。从20世纪70年代开始,格陵兰海和巴伦支海给大气的感热通量和潜热通量增多,这说明由于气温增加,使得海冰密集度减小,海冰对海气感热通量和潜热通量交换的隔离层作用减小,通量交换大大增加。而在挪威海非海冰区,由于气温增加,海气温差减小,海洋给大气的感热通量和潜热通量减少。在拉布拉多海,由于气温降低,海气温差增大,使得海洋给大气的感热通量和潜热通量增加,有利于拉布拉多海海冰的增多。海平面气压、海冰密集度及表面感热通量和潜热通量之和对大气表面温度 EOF 展开第一模时间系数的线性回归结果均与各自的EOF 展开第一模空间分布特征接近。     

南极瑞穗站上空动量和感热等湍流通量的观测研究

本文根据南极瑞穗站气温、风等平均廓线资料,利用相似理论通量一廓线关系计算得出了该站的湍流通量,并与西太平洋热带海域和北京地区湍流通量计算结果进行了比较。     

哀牢山云南松林冬季鸟类群落与地理环境的关系

本文运用了群落相似系数、种间相遇机率指数、生态位分布型和食性研究,观测分析了同一山体两侧山坡八块样地冬季鸟类群落状况。在哀牢山西坡观测到鸟类44种,东坡观测到28种,其中13种为两坡共有。西坡除种多样性较高外,鸟类生态类型也与东坡有别。所有这些差别与哀牢山地理位置,西南季风影响所形成的东西坡植被和气候等环境因素有关。文章还分析了人类活动对森林演替和鸟类群落的影响。     

东亚冬季风活动与厄·尼诺的关系

本文利用1951—1986年全球月平均海平面气压资料以及赤道东太平洋的海温资料,研究了东亚冬季风的年际变化与厄·尼诺的关系,主要结果有:(1)东亚冬季风盛行期(10—3)赤道东太平洋海温与海平面气压场的密切相关区,主要位于亚洲南部和西太平洋(正相关)、澳洲北部(正相关)以及阿留申群岛地区(负相关)。(2)海温的变化一般超前冬季风的变化1—2个季节,以11月的海温与之相关最密切。(3)厄·尼诺年冬季,东亚大陆冷空气南下路径偏东,我国南方多雨。反厄·尼诺年相反,冷空气南下路径偏西,我国南方少雨。     

青藏高原热状况与大气超长波的关系

本文分析了青藏高原冷暖年中大气超长波和东亚至西太平洋地区副热带纬圈环流的变化,认为冷年和暖年中大气超长波和东亚副热带纬圈环流状况的不同,可能是影响汛期长江流域大范围持续性旱涝变化的原因之一。     

黄河下游断面形态与水沙输移关系及数学模拟方法

以前人对黄河下游的实测资料分析为基础,本文讨论断面形态与来水来沙关系、断面形态对输水输沙的影响,并根据实测资料,提出黄河下游弯段与直段断面冲淤变化的两种模式,建立了主流摆动及坍岸影响断面形态变化以及纵向冲淤量在断面的分布两种数学模拟方法。     

极地热状况异常与冬季季风高压的关系

应用1951—1986年北半球海平面气压资料定义了冬季季风高压,并就季风高压与极地热状况的关系及其对东亚气温的影响进行分析。结果发现:季风高压强弱变化对我国冬季气温具有显著影响,对苏联远东南部地区及日本等地的气温趋势也具有一定的影响作用。     

A NEW RECONSTRUCTION OF TEMPERATURE VARIABILITY IN THE EXTRA‐TROPICAL NORTHERN HEMISPHERE DURING THE LAST TWO MILLENNIA

A new temperature reconstruction with decadal resolution, covering the last two millennia, is presented for the extratropical Northern Hemisphere (90–30°N), utilizing many palaeo‐temperature proxy records never previously included in any large‐scale temperature reconstruction. The amplitude of the reconstructed temperature variability on centennial time‐scales exceeds 0.6°C. This reconstruction is the first to show a distinct Roman Warm Period c. ad 1–300, reaching up to the 1961–1990 mean temperature level, followed by the Dark Age Cold Period c. ad 300–800. The Medieval Warm Period is seen c. ad 800–1300 and the Little Ice Age is clearly visible c. ad 1300–1900, followed by a rapid temperature increase in the twentieth century. The highest average temperatures in the reconstruction are encountered in the mid to late tenth century and the lowest in the late seventeenth century. Decadal mean temperatures seem to have reached or exceeded the 1961–1990 mean temperature level during substantial parts of the Roman Warm Period and the Medieval Warm Period. The temperature of the last two decades, however, is possibly higher than during any previous time in the past two millennia, although this is only seen in the instrumental temperature data and not in the multi‐proxy reconstruction itself. Our temperature reconstruction agrees well with the reconstructions by Moberg et al. (2005) and Mann et al. (2008) with regard to the amplitude of the variability as well as the timing of warm and cold periods, except for the period c. ad 300–800, despite significant differences in both data coverage and methodology.     

广州城市交通系统与土地利用互动关系格局演化研究

利用有关政府部门资料和统计数据,分析1980—2000年广州城市交通系统与土地利用的演化特征,发现两者互动关系格局已经由上世纪80年代的人口高密度、土地利用高密度集中开发、高密度交通、公共交通与自行车交通相结合的“三高一结合”格局向90年代的高人口密度、土地利用高密度集中开发、高密度交通、公共交通与私人交通相结合的又一“三高一结合”格局演化。文中分析了新形势下广州城市交通系统与土地利用互动关系格局特征的发展,探讨了两者格局存在的矛盾及其协调措施。     

SPATIAL ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN LONGEST-LASTING WINTER SNOW COVER AND COLD REGION LANDFORMS IN THE HIGH DRAKENSBERG, SOUTHERN AFRICA

Although snow is known to influence landform genesis and distribution, the spatial associations between snow and landforms within particular cold regions has received limited research attention. We present a case study from the high Drakensberg of southern Africa, comparing the contemporary spatial pattern of longest-lasting cold-season snow patches with the distribution patterns of active and relic cold region landforms. Two 30 m resolution sets of TM images dated 3 and 19 August 1990 and a DEM were used to demonstrate the geographic trends of snow patch depletion during late winter. Geomorphological phenomena with known coordinates were then incorporated into the GIS. The spatial distribution of several periglacial land-forms (earth hummocks, stone-/turf-banked lobes, block deposits, large sorted patterned ground) coincides with topographic positions that limit snow accumulation. However, the strong spatial association between longest-lasting snow patches and palaeo-moraines implies substantial snow accumulation at some high altitude south-facing sites during the last glacial cycle.     

我国东部季风区不同自然带年径流特征及人类活动影响的比较研究*

本文在分析我国东部季风区不同自然带年径流与气侯因子关系的基础上,揭示了径流深随纬度和经度变化的规律,并对不同自然带中人类活动对河川径流的干预强度进行了比较,指出半干旱区是人类活动对径流影响最严重的地区,在这里应加强水资源的保护并大力推行各种节水措施。     

THE NONPARAMETRIC ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE AND MULTIPLE COMPARISONS PROCEDURES IN GEOGRAPHY*

Geographers employing the parametric F statistic in analyses of variance should consider that it can be highly sensitive to departures from normality. The Friedman and Kruskal-Wallis tests offer geographers nonparametric alternatives to the analysis of variance, for k dependent and independent samples respectively. Associated with the tests are little known methods for examining ordered alternatives and making multiple comparisons between samples, thereby permitting in-depth analysis of sample data. Both tests and these latter procedures are illustrated by examples drawn from population and urban retailing geography.