烃源岩—流体相互作用模拟实验研究

为了探讨烃源岩与孔隙流体之间相互作用过程和机理以及有机酸的生成及其影响因素,我们开展了烃源岩-流体相互作用模拟实验研究。实验结果表明：Ⅱ型干酪根形成有机酸的能力大于Ⅰ型干酪根,水的矿化度对有机酸的形成影响甚微,随着温度升高,流体中有机酸的含量也随之增大。pH值对有机酸形成的影响非常明显,中性和碱性条件更有利于生成有机酸。其中乙酸的形成有利于碳酸盐矿物的溶解,而草酸的形成不利于碳酸盐的溶解。温度对烃源岩的影响与烃源岩的矿物组成有很大的关系,对于富碳酸盐烃源岩,Ca、Mg、Na三元素在水中的溶解量,与温度呈反相关的关系,对于贫碳酸盐烃源岩,与反应温度之间则呈现出正相关的关系。而无论碳酸盐含量高低,Si在溶液中的含量都会随着温度的升高而增大。酸性溶液对烃源岩的溶解能力最强,无论原始反应溶液的酸碱性,反应结果都最终趋于弱碱性。流体的含盐量对烃源岩中Mg的溶解影响差异较大,低盐度的流体有利于Mg溶解。     

烃源岩的有机酸生成及其影响因素的模拟实验研究

不同温度下地层水—烃源岩相互作用模拟实验结果表明:（1）在整个实验温度范围内（60～300℃），均有有机酸的生成，有机酸的总浓度在35.4 mg/l至153.9 mg/l之间，其中在100℃和140℃的温度下浓度最大，其它温度下浓度相对较低；（2）在低温（60℃）条件下，成熟度相对较高、有机碳含量较大的烃源岩，有利于生成有机酸，但是在中温（140℃）和高温（180℃、220℃和300℃）条件下，有机酸的生成受有机碳含量、成熟度和碳酸盐含量的多重影响；（3）中低温（60℃和140℃）时，随着碳酸盐含量的增加，有机酸浓度表现为逐渐降低的趋势，表明在60～140℃，有机酸对碳酸盐的溶解和沉淀起主要的控制作用，而高温（180℃、220℃和300℃）条件下，碳酸盐的溶解和沉淀作用受有机酸和CO2的共同控制，从而导致有机酸浓度与碳酸盐的关系变化复杂。     

东营凹陷古近系砂岩透镜体钙质界壳形成机理及其对油气成藏的影响

砂岩透镜体 / 泥岩接触带钙质界壳是含油气盆地泥岩（烃源岩）－流体（油、气、水）－砂岩（储集岩）相互作用过程中的产物。烃源岩－地层水相互作用生成的有机酸促使烃源岩中矿物、特别是碳酸盐矿物的溶解。烃源岩中生成的烃类流体和地层水，在驱动力的作用下，向临近的砂岩透镜体内运移，同时携带含碳酸盐的有机酸一起运移。烃源岩－水溶液作用后的流体重新进入到一个新的储集岩，在新的物理化学环境中要与储集岩再次发生作用。流体与储集岩作用的直接结果是方解石和白云石沉淀到储集岩中，它们将占有原岩的部分孔隙空间，形成胶结物，进而形成钙质界壳。这样形成的碳酸盐胶结物为晚期胶结物，主要为含铁方解石和铁白云石。砂岩透镜体碳酸盐胶结物含量与孔隙度、渗透率和含油饱和度存在很好的负相关性。钙质界壳的存在使得孔隙结构也发生变化：原生孔隙被碳酸盐胶结物充填，发育的次生孔隙是碳酸盐胶结物的晶间和晶内微孔隙；压汞曲线较陡，排驱压力和中值压力高；喉道偏细，分选较差。东营凹陷牛35井沙三中段2 939 ～3 003 m井段6个主要砂层组的精细解剖表明，砂岩透镜体 / 泥岩接触带钙质界壳是控制砂岩透镜体成藏的重要因素。     

不同类型烃源岩气态烃的生成特征研究——来自差热—色谱联机热模拟实验方法的证据

运用差热—色谱联机分析仪对不同煤阶的标准煤样及泥岩和碳酸盐岩烃源岩的热模拟研究表明,低成熟的煤具有更强的放热反应和较大的失重量,其放热反应第一峰温度和失重温度相对较低。低煤阶煤在热模拟过程中比高煤阶煤具有更强的生烃能力。烃源岩气态烃的生成量和特征不仅受控于烃源岩中有机质的丰度而且与其岩石类型、干酪根类型、成熟度等存在着密切关系。成熟度较高的烃源岩属耗尽了的烃源岩,其生烃能力相对较弱。含Ⅰ、Ⅱ型干酪根烃源岩生成的气态烃中重组分含量普遍较高,含Ⅲ型干酪根烃源岩生成的气态烃中甲、乙烷等轻组分含量普遍较高。碳酸盐岩烃源岩在热模拟的高温阶段往往能生成比较大量的气态烃。     

不同类型烃源岩气态烃的生成特征研究--来自差热-色谱联机热模拟实验方法的证据

运用差热-色谱联机分析仪对不同煤阶的标准煤样及泥岩和碳酸盐岩烃源岩的热模拟研究表明,低成熟的煤具有更强的放热反应和较大的失重量,其放热反应第一峰温度和失重温度相对较低。低煤阶煤在热模拟过程中比高煤阶煤具有更强的生烃能力。烃源岩气态烃的生成量和特征不仅受控于烃源岩中有机质的丰度而且与其岩石类型、干酪根类型、成熟度等存在着密切关系。成熟度较高的烃源岩属耗尽了的烃源岩,其生烃能力相对较弱。含Ⅰ、Ⅱ型干酪根烃源岩生成的气态烃中重组分含量普遍较高,含Ⅲ型干酪根烃源岩生成的气态烃中甲、乙烷等轻组分含量普遍较高。碳酸盐岩烃源岩在热模拟的高温阶段往往能生成比较大量的气态烃。     

未熟烃源岩中矿物低温催化脂肪酸脱羧生烃动力学模拟实验研究

在150～160 ℃和未熟烃源岩矿物的催化下,使十八烷酸脱羧生烃,用测定反应放出的CO2量随时间的变化关系直接研究了我国7个油田未熟烃源岩对脂肪酸催化脱羧生烃的动力学.由所得到的动力学参数与未熟烃源岩中碳酸盐含量的关联中发现,在低温、常压、无水条件下或低温、高压、碱性盐水条件下未熟烃源岩对脂肪酸催化脱羧生烃的动力学参数与其碳酸盐的含量有关,一般碳酸盐含量高反应速率常数大,而反应活化能低.     

渤海莱州湾凹陷不同类型烃源岩活化能影响因素分析

选取不同干酪根类型的低熟烃源岩作为剖析对象,从干酪根类型、干酪根中有机硫含量、可溶有机质和黏土矿物对烃源岩活化能的影响进行研究,结果表明：Ⅱ1和Ⅰ干酪根活化能分布范围窄,Ⅱ2和Ⅲ干酪根活化能分布范围宽,干酪根平均活化能Ⅲ>Ⅱ2>Ⅰ>Ⅱ1;有机硫含量高的干酪根平均活化能低,有机硫对烃源岩生烃起催化作用;可溶有机质的存在影响烃源岩平均活化能的大小和分布特征,可溶有机质分布在活化能低值区间,对烃源岩生烃起催化作用;烃源岩黏土矿物中伊/蒙混层含量高,平均活化能高;伊利石含量高,平均活化能低,伊利石对烃源岩生烃起催化作用。     

未熟烃源岩中矿物低温催化脂肪酸脱羟生烃动力学模拟实验研究

在１５０～１６０℃和未熟烃源岩矿物的催化下,使十八烷酸脱羟生烃,用测定反应放出的ＣＯ２量随时间的变化关系直接研究了我国７个油田未熟烃源岩对脂肪酸催化脱羟生烃的动力学。由所得到的动力学参数与未熟烃源岩中碳酸盐含量的关联中发现,在低温、常压、无水条件下或低温、高压、碱性盐水条件下未熟烃源岩对脂肪酸催化脱羟生烃的动力学参数与其碳酸盐的含量有关,一般碳酸盐含量反应速率常数大,而反应活化能低。     

阿姆河右岸地区侏罗系海相烃源岩生烃潜力

阿姆河右岸地区侏罗系发育三种类型的烃源岩,其有机质丰度均不相同,上侏罗统海相高伽马值泥岩的最高,其次为海相泥灰岩,中下侏罗统海陆过渡相煤系泥岩相对偏低,烃源岩的等级分别属于好烃源岩、中等烃源岩和中—差烃源岩。对比表明,这三种烃源岩的有机质丰度高于中国含油气盆地的同类型烃源岩,说明盆地具有油气生成的较好物质基础。本区海相烃源岩干酪根微组分中腐泥组含量高,但干酪根中氢原子含量低,有机质主要来源于藻类等低等生物。根据干酪根H/C原子比、氢指数IH和碳同位素δ13C三项指标判断,上侏罗统海相烃源岩属于Ⅱ—Ⅲ型母质。上侏罗统高伽马值泥岩和泥灰岩已达生烃高峰阶段(Ro大多在0.8%~1.3%),有利于常规油、凝析油和湿气的生成,总烃/有机碳已达到15.88%~18.4%,接近Ⅱ型烃源岩液态烃的产烃率,说明侏罗系海相烃源岩具有较高的生烃能力。     

阿姆河右岸地区侏罗系海相烃源岩生烃潜力

阿姆河右岸地区侏罗系发育三种类型的烃源岩,其有机质丰度均不相同,上侏罗统海相高伽马值泥岩的最高,其次为海相泥灰岩,中下侏罗统海陆过渡相煤系泥岩相对偏低,烃源岩的等级分别属于好烃源岩、中等烃源岩和中—差烃源岩。对比表明,这三种烃源岩的有机质丰度高于中国含油气盆地的同类型烃源岩,说明盆地具有油气生成的较好物质基础。本区海相烃源岩干酪根微组分中腐泥组含量高,但干酪根中氢原子含量低,有机质主要来源于藻类等低等生物。根据干酪根H/C原子比、氢指数IH和碳同位素δ13C三项指标判断,上侏罗统海相烃源岩属于Ⅱ—Ⅲ型母质。上侏罗统高伽马值泥岩和泥灰岩已达生烃高峰阶段(Ro大多在0.8%~1.3%),有利于常规油、凝析油和湿气的生成,总烃/有机碳已达到15.88%~18.4%,接近Ⅱ型烃源岩液态烃的产烃率,说明侏罗系海相烃源岩具有较高的生烃能力。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861