档案目标管理实现现代化管理问题的探讨

本文结合我公司档案目标管理的实践,对档案目标管理中如何实现现代化管理问题进行了探讨,提出了贯彻ＩＳＯ９０００质量保证体系与档案目标管理相结合、利用计算机局域网建立档案数据库管理系统等思路,并在实际应用中取得了良好的效果。     

Public management in New Zealand and its effect on institutional arrangements for managing fisheries

In the last few decades Western democracies, predominately those of British origin, have debated vigorously about how to improve public management performance. These debates have created an influx of new ideas and initiatives regarding the concept and practise of public management. New Zealand implemented public management reform further and faster than most other nations. At the same time, New Zealand implemented sweeping reforms to the management of fisheries, which led to the quota management system based on the allocation of individual transferable quota. This article briefly outlines the history of changes in New Zealand's public management system and the effect these changes have had on institutional arrangements for managing fisheries. Each institutional arrangement has been devised to accommodate the priorities and policies of the government of the day, spanning the Marine Department established in 1866 to recent structural changes made to the Ministry of Fisheries. The recent structural changes have placed greater emphasis on governance to improve performance, but have also led to substantial losses of in-house experience and institutional knowledge. This article contributes to the broader discussion about whether structural changes provide measureable benefits or the most cost effective way to deliver improvements in performance.     

Key principles of marine ecosystem-based management

Ecosystem-Based Management (EBM) has gained international popularity in recent years, but the lack of consensus on its definition has precluded the use of a universal implementation framework. The large number and variety of principles that make up EBM, and the diversity in perspectives among key management players, has impeded the practical application of EBM. Agreement on a list of the essential ingredients of EBM is vital to successful application. A frequency analysis of EBM principles was conducted to identify the Key Principles that currently define EBM, from a list of twenty-six principles extracted from a subset of the EBM theoretical/conceptual literature (covering a range of published sources across disciplines and application types). Fifteen Key Principles were identified (in descending frequency of appearance in the literature): Consider Ecosystem Connections, Appropriate Spatial & Temporal Scales, Adaptive Management, Use of Scientific Knowledge, Integrated Management, Stakeholder Involvement, Account for Dynamic Nature of Ecosystems, Ecological Integrity & Biodiversity, Sustainability, Recognise Coupled Social-Ecological Systems, Decisions reflect Societal Choice, Distinct Boundaries, Interdisciplinarity, Appropriate Monitoring, and Acknowledge Uncertainty. This paper also examines the development of EBM principles over time, leading to predictions on the directions EBM will take in the future. The frequency analysis methodology used here can be replicated to update the Key Principles of EBM in the future. Indeed, further research on potential emerging Key Principles such as ‘Consider Cumulative Impacts’, ‘Apply the Precautionary Approach’ and ‘Explicitly Acknowledge Trade Offs’ will help shape EBM and its successful application in the management of marine activities.     

Considering ecosystem-based fisheries management in the California Current

Recognizing that all management decisions have impacts on the ecosystem being exploited, an ecosystem-based approach to management seeks to better inform these decisions with knowledge of ecosystem structure, processes and functions. For marine fisheries in the California Current, along the West Coast of North America, such an approach must take into greater consideration the constantly changing climate-driven physical and biological interactions in the ecosystem, the trophic relationships between fished and unfished elements of the food web, the adaptation potential of life history diversity, and the role of humans as both predators and competitors. This paper reviews fisheries-based ecosystem tools, insights, and management concepts, and presents a transitional means of implementing an ecosystem-based approach to managing US fisheries in the California Current based on current scientific knowledge and interpretation of existing law.     

海洋石油工程服务管理研究

海洋石油工程具有高投资、高风险、高技术含量等特点.海洋石油工程是项复杂的系统工程,提高服务管理水平,对于保证施工、建造、拖航及安装设置过程的安全,提高效率,进而提高竞争力极为重要.文中提出了海洋石油工程服务管理的系列理论与方法,并提出海洋石油工程服务管理中应注意的事项,为此类工程项目管理提供合理建议.     

Community involvement in fisheries management: Experiences in the Gulf of Thailand countries

This paper examines the involvement of coastal communities in fisheries management among the countries of the Gulf of Thailand—Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia and Thailand. Initiatives to decentralize management to local governing bodies, to utilize traditional management methods and to engage in community agreements to protect local resources are explored. An examination of recent experiences indicates some movement toward more local involvement in management. However, the study also leads to several suggestions for the future: in Vietnam and Cambodia, there is a need for significant legislation to control fisheries operations and greater clarity of the role of communities in management; in Malaysia, there is an overall need for more support to local fisheries management; and in Thailand, the need is for greater support of local-level enforcement and monitoring activities.     

The importance of marine spatial planning in advancing ecosystem-based sea use management

During the past 10 years, the evolution of marine spatial planning (MSP) and ocean zoning has become a crucial step in making ecosystem-based, sea use management a reality. The idea was initially stimulated by international and national interest in developing marine protected areas, e.g., the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. More recent attention has been placed on managing the multiple use of marine space, especially in areas where conflicts among users and the environment are already clear, e.g., in the North Sea. Even more recent concern has focused on the need to conserve nature, especially ecologically and biologically sensitive areas, in the context of multi-use planning of ocean space. Despite academic discussions and the fact that some countries already have started implementation, the scope of MSP has not been clearly defined. Terms such as integrated management, marine spatial management, and ocean zoning are all used inconsistently. This is one of the reasons why its importance is not more seriously reflected at the levels of policy and decision-making in most countries. This article attempts to deal with this problem. It describes why MSP is an essential step to achieve ecosystem-based sea use management, how it can be defined and what its core objectives are. The article concludes with an analysis of the use and achievements of MSP worldwide, with particular focus on new approaches in Europe.     

A procedural framework for robust environmental management of deep-sea mining projects using a conceptual model

Robust environmental management of deep-sea mining projects must be integrated into the planning and execution of mining operations, and developed concurrently. It should follow a framework indicating the environmental management-related activities necessary at each project phase, and their interrelationships. An environmental management framework with this purpose is presented in this paper; it facilitates the development of environmental information and decision-making throughout the phases of a mining project. It is based environmental management frameworks used in allied industries, but adjusted for unique characteristics of deep-sea mining. It defines the gathering and synthesis of information and its use in decision-making, and employs a conceptual model as a growing repository of claim-specific information. The environmental management activities at each phase have been designed to enable the implementation of the precautionary approach in decision making, while facilitating review of adaptive management measures to improve environmental management as the quantity and quality of data increases and technologies are honed. This framework will ensure fairness and uniformity in the application of environmental standards, assist the regulator in its requirements to protect the environment, and benefit contractors and financiers by reducing uncertainty in the process.     

海洋石油工程全程质量管理研究

海洋石油开发工程具有投资相对较高、应用技术的科技含量高、风险性高、安全要求高等特点,其质量要求比陆地工程要高得多。文中结合作者在海洋石油工程项目质量管理方面的研究,依照项目管理知识体系指南(PM BOK),运用全面质量管理的思想,分析了海洋石油开发工程设计、建造和海上安装调试等全过程的质量管理,提出相应管理内容,为此类工程项目管理提供了合理化建议。     

自然资源信息化框架下海洋资源数据管理体系设计有关思考

自然资源信息化总体建设方案提出了建立自然资源“一张图”的大数据体系,海洋资源是自然资源的重要组成部分,开展海洋资源数据管理体系设计是将其有机融入自然资源大数据体系的一项基础工作.本文以现有国家海洋数据管理体系为基础,从海洋资源的有关概念和分类入手,分析了在自然资源信息化总体框架下,海洋资源数据管理体系建设的发展形势和需求,探讨了海洋资源数据管理体系总体设计思路与主体框架,并对下一步海洋资源数据管理体系的建设运行提出建议.     

海洋监测设备动力环境实验室信息管理系统的构建

实验室信息管理系统(LIMS)为实验室提供了便捷、准确、及时、规范的技术服务,已经被越来越多的实验室认可与应用。针对海洋监测设备动力环境实验室的实验业务与信息管理,分别从业务流程、用户需求和功能需求进行了分析,并对系统功能进行了详细设计。系统由基础设施层、数据层、支撑功能层、业务系统、标准规范支撑体系与信息安全支撑体系六部分组成,分为对外和对内两个应用部分,根据不同用户的不同权限,对实验室信息、实验数据、设备数据以及新闻等信息分别有不同的权限。该系统能够满足实验人员、管理人员与一般用户的不同需求,实现了对海洋监测设备动力环境实验室信息、实验数据与实验资源的有效管理,提高了仪器设备预约效率,实现了测试仪器装置的最大程度共享,节省了人力、物力和财力,同时,便于仪器设备的维修与维护与用户快速获得实验室各类信息。     

金-厦海域环境综合管理机制探讨

本文根据对金-厦海域自然条件、管理现状及两岸关系形势的分析，认为金-厦海域环境统一管理势在必行。在金门和厦门海洋管理部门之间建立协商和协调机制的时机已经基本成熟，如能积极主动地进行双方沟通和协商。便可以实现金-厦海域环境的全面管理和统一管理。     

海洋测绘科研经费网络化管理系统设计与实现

分析了海洋测绘科研经费计划与管理的现状、发展方向以及存在问题,结合海洋测绘科研经费计划与管理主管部门的应用需求和财务管理的特点,系统地分析了科研经费数据的特性和财务管理的机制,设计了科研经费计划与管理、财务报销管理及公共经费查询三大功能模块,实现了科研经费计算机网络化计划和管理系统。     

The need and practice of monitoring, evaluating and adapting marine planning and management—lessons from the Great Barrier Reef

An increasing number of scientists and resource managers recognise that successful marine management approaches, including marine spatial planning (MSP), cannot occur without effective monitoring, evaluation and adaptation. These basic components are necessary to ensure that any marine planning or marine management measures are both effective and efficient. While a number of fundamental principles for marine monitoring, evaluation and adaptive management exist, there are varying levels of understanding about how these should be undertaken and what they may achieve. Challenges include the development of realistic and measurable objectives and indicators against which effectiveness can be practically measured. The matter becomes even more complicated as the focus of marine planning and management strategies changes from ‘single species’ to ‘habitats’ and ‘ecosystems’ that may enable a diversity of permitted uses consistent with a variety of overall objectives. Over the last 30 years, the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park (GBRMP) has successfully established a multiple-use spatial management approach that allows both high levels of environmental protection and a wide range of human activities. Drawing on this unique long-term experience in the GBRMP, this article discusses key aspects of effective monitoring and evaluation, and summarises lessons learned from over two decades of adaptive management.     

Tangled lines in New Zealand's quota management system: The process of including recreational fisheries

This article uses New Zealand as a case study of processes relating to the inclusion of recreational fisheries in modern fisheries management systems based on Individual Transferable Quotas (ITQs). The New Zealand case highlights challenges governments often meet when attempting to integrate the recreational sector into fisheries management, including: (a) resistance to restrictions on what has historically been free-of-charge public access to fish for recreational purposes and (b) the fragmented character of the recreational sector, which makes it difficult to have recreational interests attend to their management role and responsibilities.     

Expanding fisheries co-management to ecosystem-based management: A case in the Shiretoko World Natural Heritage area,Japan

Fisheries co-management in the Shiretoko World Natural Heritage area was expanded to ecosystem-based management, in which the fisheries sector plays an essential role in management. A marine management plan was drawn up to define the management objectives, strategies to maintain major species, and methods for ecosystem monitoring. A network of coordinating organizations from a wide range of sectors was established to integrate policy measures. Experience from this case could inform ecosystem-based management in other countries where large numbers of small-scale fishers take a wide range of species under a fisheries co-management regime.