氮同位素研究城市湖泊沉积物有机质来源和迁移过程——以北京为例

城市湖泊是陆地水圈的重要组成部分,与人类活动关系极为密切。然而城市发展导致城市湖泊富营养化愈发严重,湖泊生态环境问题引起了广泛关注。本文研究了2012年至2013年间北京城区12个公园湖泊表层沉积物的有机氮同位素组成、碳氮比值、总有机氮和总有机碳含量的分布情况,探讨表层沉积物生产力状态、沉积物的有机质来源定性与定量分析、湖泊营养输入程度和过程等。研究表明,后海及群明湖等的有机碳、氮含量较其他公园湖泊的高,土壤和污水有机质等对湖泊沉积物的贡献突出,表明这些湖泊初级生产力及营养程度高,具有一定的富营养化风险;各个湖泊的分布位置、周围环境以及管理方式导致了其生产力、营养状况及有机质来源的差异,应该分别从控制水土流失、减少污水输入、及时清洁水面上的浮游植物与枯枝落叶等多方面着手进行,减少湖泊环境污染风险,保持湖泊环境生态平衡。本研究为了解城市湖泊环境有机质来源和过程、湖泊现代环境的管理和防治,提供可靠的研究方法和评价体系。     

双同位素示踪定量微藻对碳源利用份额的方法研究

2015年8月,在人工温室培养环境下,以蛋白核小球藻为实验材料,通过向培养液中添加两种标记δ13C的碳酸氢钠来培养微藻,每天定时监测培养液的无机碳稳定同位素组成和微藻生物量,并测定最终获得的微藻藻体的有机碳稳定同位素组成,运用双同位素示踪模型,通过无机碳稳定同位素和有机碳稳定同位素两种方法,分别成功计算出了微藻利用不同碳源的份额,实验结果分别为:添加5.0 mmol/L碳酸氢钠条件下是0.19、添加10.0 mmol/L条件下是0.37、而添加20.0 mmol/L条件下是0.57。并对这两种算法进行了分析。定量计算微藻对不同无机碳源的利用份额,在岩溶湖泊碳循环研究领域具有重要意义。      

现代巢湖生态系统演化规律的地球化学记录分析

<正>富营养化和生态退化是全球浅水湖泊面临的生态环境问题,深入研究湖泊生态系统演化规律及其关键驱动因素与作用机制等问题,对于湖泊富营养化控制、生态恢复和生态系统管理具有重要意义。笔者以中国典型富营养化浅水湖泊——巢湖为研究对象,在其东部与西部湖心分别采集了柱状沉积物样品,对沉积物磁化率、粒度、总有机碳、总氮、稳定碳同位素、正构烷烃、脂肪酸及其单体碳同位素等地球化学指标进行了分析测试和相关特征参数的计算,并利用多种数理统计和数学模型方法(包括方差分析、偏度分析、     

可可西里古湖泊沉积物有机碳δ13C变化特征及其影响因素

文章选择青藏高原腹地可可西里边缘地区古湖泊为研究对象,通过对湖泊沉积物有机碳、氮和粒度等分析,对中更新世以来BDQ06孔湖泊沉积物有机碳同位素的波动特征及其影响因素进行了分析。结果表明:湖泊沉积物有机质以湖泊自生植物为主,有机碳同位素的大小主要指示挺水植物与沉水植物的比例,进而指示湖泊水体大小的变化。沉积物C/N值较低时;碳同位素偏重阶段,湖泊沉积物以沉水植物为主,植物主要利用水中溶解的CO₂进行光合作用,因此有机碳同位素偏正,指示湖泊水体较大,环境条件较好;碳同位素偏负阶段,湖泊沉积物以挺水植物和浮游生物为主,植物主要利用大气中CO₂作为碳源,类似于C3植物,碳同位素偏轻,指示湖泊水体较小,气候偏干。其中在岩芯的部分层位有机碳δ13C曲线出现几个明显偏低的位置,对应的C/N>10,说明此时段有大量陆源高等植物进入湖泊,并不是由挺水植物和浮游植物所造成的。     

贵州新民剖面晚二叠世碳同位素变化特征及有机碳埋藏的意义

根据碳循环模式,通过无机碳和有机碳碳同位素记录,半定量-定量地计算了贵州新民剖面晚二叠世有机碳埋藏分数forg,同时结合表征古海洋初级生产力的疑源类、藻类与菌孢的丰度值,详细分析了有机碳埋藏分数forg、古海洋生产力与岩石中保存的残余TOC之间的耦合关系。该研究发现新民剖面晚二叠世初级生产力较有机碳埋藏分数forg对残余TOC的贡献更大。但这一结果仍需进一步论证:新民剖面和煤山剖面forg与δ13Ccarb的高度相关性暗示forg主要受控于δ13Ccarb,而在Kump碳循环模型中忽略了晚二叠世火山活动对无机碳同位素组成的重要影响。     

塔里木盆地深层烃源岩可溶有机组分的碳同位素组成特征

塔里木盆地深层烃源岩主要是指埋深大于4000 m的寒武—奥陶系海相碳酸盐岩和三叠—侏罗系陆相泥岩、碳质泥岩和煤。研究表明,塔里木盆地深层烃源岩可溶有机组分的碳同位素组成具有母质继承效应,寒武—奥陶系海相腐泥型烃源岩可溶有机组分的碳同位素组成一般小于-28‰,而三叠—侏罗系陆相腐殖型烃源岩可溶有机组分的碳同位素组成一般大于-28‰。对于高演化的寒武—奥陶系海相深层烃源岩而言,在热力作用下,其可溶有机组分的碳同位素组成普遍发生强烈逆转,并出现饱和烃>芳烃>非烃>沥青质的完全反序分布现象,显示出深层环境下高演化烃源岩可溶有机组分的碳同位素组成特征。      

海洋浮游生态系统中小型浮游动物的生态功能

小型浮游动物在海洋生态系统中的作用,主要指有多少能量通过小型浮游动物传递到桡足类,从而比较沿"浮游植物→中型浮游动物"和"浮游植物+细菌→小型浮游动物→中型浮游动物"两条食物链到达中型浮游动物的能流大小.为达到这个目的,需要研究各个能流路径的传递效率,即能量在各个营养级(初级生产--小型浮游动物,细菌生产--小型浮游动物,小型浮游动物的生长率,小型浮游动物--中型浮游动物)的传递效率.综述了国内外对上述营养级传递效率的研究现状,以期为我国的同类研究提供参考.浮游植物初级生产力被小型浮游动物摄食的比例平均为每天60%～75%,大大高于桡足类对浮游植物初级生产力的摄食压力每天10%.海洋浮游细茵的二次生产力相当于初级生产力的30%.其中80%～180%被小型浮游动物摄食.小型浮游动物的毛生长率为30%～40%,生产力是初级生产力的21%～34%.在西班牙西北部沿海,桡足类每天摄食2%～51%小型浮游动物生产力.因此,桡足类通过微食物网摄食的能量是初级生产力的0.4%～17%,与桡足类摄食初级生产的10%处于同一量级.不考虑碎屑提供的能流,小型浮游动物对桡足类饵料的贡献为20%以上,甚至可高达50%.     

有机碳同位素示踪古环境变化研究

对有机碳同位素示踪环境变化的原理、研究对象、取得的进展和存在的问题等进行了详细研究，认识到C～H键比C-O键有利于富集^12C，从而导致生物或有机碳δ^13C为极低的负值，使有机碳与无机碳之间存在显著的碳同位素差异。光合作用类型的不同使植物分为C3，C4和CAM3种类群，并导致不同类群的植物具有不同的碳同位素组成，C3植物δ^13C=-20‰～-32‰，平均-28‰，而C4植物δ^13C=-9‰～-17‰，平均-14‰。气候环境的差异影响了光合作用的类型和强度，使不同环境的植物类群特征不同，不仅造成植物组合的碳同位素组成不同，而且导致不同食性的动物牙齿等化石的碳同位素组成的差异，甚至相应的无机碳同位素的变化，因此生物链及其衍生物的碳同位素研究也就成为反演某一地区或某一时期气候环境的有效手段。被作为研究对象的地质记录可分为有机和无机两类，有机类主要包括树轮等植物化石、牙齿等动物化石、煤等陆相沉积有机质、海相沉积有机质、土壤(前者的衍生物)，这些研究对象分别适合于目的不同的环境研究，并获得了较好的效果。进而发现有机碳同位素在研究重大生物灭绝事件、C4植物起源、地球早期生命起源、地外生命存在与否、矿产资源形成时的有机质作用等问题上将有重要作为。     

珠江水体悬浮物碳稳定同位素组成与流域土壤侵蚀研究

以珠江流域水体悬浮物为研究对象,对其碳稳定同位素组成(δ13C)及颗粒有机碳(POC)的含量进行了测定和研究。结果表明:河流悬浮物同位素组成与珠江流域植被分布格局、土壤有机质密切相关;珠江悬浮物碳同位素组成主要受C3植被影响,其中,西江悬浮物碳同位素组成表现出较强的C4植被特征。东江水体悬浮物碳同位素组成在洪水季节表现出较强的C4植被特征,其它季节则表现出C3植被特征;北江水体悬浮物碳同位素组成无明显的C4植被特征。东江悬浮物样品POCδ13C值呈逐年上升趋势,与近年来流域内植被破坏和土壤侵蚀加剧相对应,并显示其侵蚀程度超过西江流域。     

煤系地层中有机质碳同位素组成特征

本文研究了我国几个含油气盆地中煤系地层干酪根碳同位素组成和氯仿抽提物族组份碳同位素组成特征.研究结果表明,在煤系地层中干酪根相对均较富集重碳同位素;不同煤系地层中干酪根碳同位素组成差异不大.煤系地层中可溶有机质烷烃、芳烃、非烃和沥青质的碳同位素组成与非煤系地层源岩中可溶有机质的碳同位素分布特征有明显的差别,其分布特征不是随着族组份极性的增加而逐渐富集重碳同位素,而是烷烃组份相对其它三个组份明显富集轻碳同位素;芳烃组份相对非烃要稍富集重碳同位素.煤系地层中有机质碳同位素组成与现代沼泽沉积中的有机碳同位素组成存在明显的差别.     

Research Progress of the Transfer Process of Organic Carbon Through Food Chain in Seagrass Bed

Seagrass beds are highly productive coastal ecosystems, which provide good nursery habitat and abundant Organic Carbon Sources (OCS) as food for marine animals. Human activities have led to widespread eutrophication in coastal areas. Eutrophication may alter the composition and properties of OCS, thereby affecting the feeding process of herbivores and secondary consumer, and energy transfer efficiency in food chain. This may affect the production function of biological resource in seagrass beds. Based on the summary of the foreign and domestic researches, primary achievements were systematically reviewed in this paper in five aspects: the composition of OCS and their contribution, feeding process of herbivore, food web structure and energy transfer efficiency, and their responses to eutrophication. Future researches that should be emphasized were also prospected. With the combined application of stable isotope analysis for bulks and tissues, fatty acid biomarkers and compound-specific stable isotope analysis, the quantitative study of the contribution of OCS, food web structure, key carbon flow pathway and their seasonal change patterns should be enhanced. Meanwhile, the differences of OCS between larval and adult stages of key consumers will need to be further examined to clarify the transformation of their feeding habits. Through field investigation, in-situ mesocosm and laboratory simulation experiments, the effects of nutrient increase on the structure (seagrass and epiphyte, etc.) and chemical composition (nutritional quality and secondary compounds, etc.) of OCS, the response of feeding process of herbivore and secondary consumer to the alteration of chemical compounds in primary producers, and the response mechanism of carbon transfer efficiency of the grazing food chain and detritus food chain need to be further studied.     

Regional-Scale Differences in Eutrophication Effects on Eelgrass-Associated (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Zostera marina</Emphasis>) Macrofauna

Eutrophication has caused strong shifts from perennial seagrass to opportunistic macroalgae and phytoplankton in many coastal ecosystems worldwide, yet responses of the primary-producer assemblage can vary with regional environmental and nutrient-loading conditions. The wider consequences of this variable primary-producer response on the associated animal community are little known. We used large-scale field surveys across 12 study sites with low or high eutrophication levels in two geographic provinces in Atlantic Canada to examine region-specific responses of macrofauna associated with eelgrass beds. In both regions, abundances of all groups increased with eutrophication, but species richness of mobile fishes and invertebrates decreased. Generally, filter feeders, epibenthic detritivores and some herbivores increased, while more hypoxia sensitive species declined. Small fishes and invertebrate predators increased with eutrophication mirrored by decreases in their prey. Despite similar general trends, our results show distinct shifts in species composition in each geographic region associated with differences in food availability and predation refuge offered by phytoplankton and opportunistic epiphytic or benthic macroalgae as well as tolerance to an increasingly hostile physico-chemical environment. So far, the continued persistence of eelgrass beds at our “highly” eutrophied sites indicates intermediate eutrophication levels with short-term benefits for some species. However, the loss of sensitive species and decrease in species richness highlight that eutrophication has already changed seagrass ecosystems in Atlantic Canada. Our work suggests that mitigating these changes will require regional-scale management.     

The primacy of top-down effects in shallow benthic ecosystems

Individual scientists, scientific organizations, and government agencies have all concluded that eutrophication is among the most detrimental of all human activities in coastal ecosystems; very large amounts of funding have been earmarked to study the negative consequences of nutrient pollution. Most studies of eutrophication have been conducted long after the numbers and diversity of larger marine consumers were dramatically reduced by centuries of intense harvesting. It is now understood that these once abundant predators played pivotal roles in regulating ecosystem structure and function, and that the widespread overharvesting of large consumers can trigger indirect effects that alter species compositions in ways that are very similar to those reported to result from eutrophication. All of this suggests that we should reevaluate whether the many negative effects attributed to eutrophication are actually a result of nutrient additions or whether they may be the result of the indirect effects of dramatically altered coastal food webs. In this essay, we review experimental assessments of the degree to which changes in consumer abundances have indirectly altered the structure of benthic ecosystems in coastal waters, and on the relative importance of top-down and bottom-up effects on coral reefs, rocky shores, and seagrass meadows. We find that the evidence clearly indicates that indirect consumer effects are the primary drivers of coastal benthic ecosystem structure and function.     

Stable Isotopes Reveal Complex Changes in Trophic Relationships Following Nutrient Addition in a Coastal Marine Ecosystem

Complex links between the top-down and bottom-up forces that structure communities can be disrupted by anthropogenic alterations of natural habitats. We used relative abundance and stable isotopes to examine changes in epifaunal food webs in seagrass (Thalassia testudinum) beds following 6 months of experimental nutrient addition at two sites in Florida Bay (USA) with different ambient fertility. At a eutrophic site, nutrient addition did not strongly affect food web structure, but at a nutrient-poor site, enrichment increased the abundances of crustacean epiphyte grazers, and the diets of these grazers became more varied. Benthic grazers did not change in abundance but shifted their diet away from green macroalgae + associated epiphytes and towards an opportunistic seagrass (Halodule wrightii) that occurred only in nutrient addition treatments. Benthic predators did not change in abundance, but their diets were more varied in enriched plots. Food chain length was short and unaffected by site or nutrient treatment, but increased food web complexity in enriched plots was suggested by increasingly mixed diets. Strong bottom-up modifications of food web structure in the nutrient-limited site and the limited top-down influences of grazers on seagrass epiphyte biomass suggest that, in this system, the bottom-up role of nutrient enrichment can have substantial impacts on community structure, trophic relationships, and, ultimately, the productivity values of the ecosystem.     

Variations in stable carbon isotope ratio of the copepod Acartia tonsa during the onset of the Texas brown tide

The Laguna Madre of South Texas is a shallow coastal lagoon whose dominant primary producers shifted from seagrasses to phytoplankton with the onset of the Texas brown tide, which persisted from 1990 through 1997. Acartia tonsa is the dominant component of the mesozooplankton and forms an important link in both the phytoplankton and detritus-based pelagic food webs. Stable carbon isotope ratios of A. tonsa, as well as the two major primary producers: phytoplankton (as particulate organic carbon) and seagrasses, were measured from March 1989 to October 1991. Zooplankton samples were collected at four locations in the Laguna Madre: two in shallow water (c. 1 m) over seagrass beds and two in slightly deeper water (c. 2–3 m) over a muddy bottom in a secondary bay without seagrasses. We found seasonal trends in the isotopic composition of A. tonsa collected within both habitats as well as distinct differences between the average {ie995-1} values of individuals collected in the two regions. Isotopic ratios of animals collected during the summer months were generally 4–8‰ enriched in ¹³C compared with those collected in the winter, at all stations. A. tonsa collected over seagrass beds were 2–5‰ more enriched in ¹³C than those collected over muddy bottoms. These observations suggest carbon derived from seagrasses can be an important source of nutrition for these copepods in summer, especially for copepods living over seagrass beds. The effects of the persistent brown tide decreased the contribution of seagrasses as a carbon source for A. tonsa during the summer of 1991. The pathway by which seagrass carbon enters the diet of A. tonsa is unclear, but the two pathways considered most likely are through copepods feeding on microzooplankton that have fed on bacteria nourished on seagrass carbon, or by copepods feeding directly on particles of seagrass detritus.     

Extreme <Superscript>15</Superscript>N Depletion in Seagrasses

Seagrass beds form an important part of the coastal ecosystem in many parts of the world but are very sensitive to anthropogenic nutrient increases. In the last decades, stable isotopes have been used as tracers of anthropogenic nutrient sources and to distinguish these impacts from natural environmental change, as well as in the identification of food sources in isotopic food web reconstruction. Thus, it is important to establish the extent of natural variations on the stable isotope composition of seagrass, validating their ability to act as both tracers of nutrients and food sources. Around the world, depending on the seagrass species and ecosystem, values of seagrass N normally vary from 0 to 8?‰ δ¹⁵N. In this study, highly unusual seagrass N isotope values were observed on the east coast of Qatar, with significant spatial variation over a scale of a few metres, and with δ¹⁵N values ranging from +2.95 to ?12.39?‰ within a single bay during March 2012. This pattern of variation was consistent over a period of a year although there was a seasonal effect on the seagrass δ¹⁵N values. Seagrass, water column and sediment nutrient profiles were not correlated with seagrass δ¹⁵N values and neither were longer-term indicators of nutrient limitation such as seagrass biomass and height. Sediment δ¹⁵N values were correlated with Halodule uninervis δ¹⁵N values and this, together with the small spatial scale of variation, suggest that localised sediment processes may be responsible for the extreme isotopic values. Consistent differences in sediment to plant ¹⁵N discrimination between seagrass species also suggest that species-specific nutrient uptake mechanisms contribute to the observed δ¹⁵N values. This study reports some of the most extreme, negative δ¹⁵N values ever noted for seagrass (as low as ?12.4?‰) and some of the most highly spatially variable (values varied over 15.4?‰ in a relatively small area of only 655 ha). These results are widely relevant, as they demonstrate the need for adequate spatial and temporal sampling when working with N stable isotopes to identify food sources in food web studies or as tracers of anthropogenic nutrients.     

Lessons learned: The effects of nutrient enrichment on the support of nekton by seagrass and salt marsh ecosystems

Coastal ecosystems such as eelgrass beds and salt marshes have always been valued for their high productivity and rich bounty of fish and shellfish. High plant productivity, complex physical structure, and suitable environmental characteristics combine to create areas of high production of important recreational and commercial species. If we are to successfully manage and restore these ecosystems, it is important to understand the mechanisms by which support of nekton may be affected by nutrient enrichment. A review of the literature suggests that there are some similarities and differences in the effects of nutrient enrichment on the support of nekton by seagrass and salt marsh ecosystems. Nutrient enrichment may compromise the ability of these habitats to support fish and invertebrates before the habitat itself is gone. In both ecosystems, alteration of characteristics within the ecosystem (for example, stem density in seagrass and food webs in marshes) affect the support of nekton, even though the basic ecosystem is still clearly extant. Because of differences in natural ecosystem characteristics, loss of ecosystem function does not occur through the same mechanisms. In seagrass systems, physical structure is usually lost first, followed by alteration of food webs and finally changes in dissolved oxygen. In salt marsh systems, loss of dissolved oxygen may occur early in the process, followed by food web alterations and eventually changes in the physical structure may occur. For both seagrass and salt marsh ecosystems, the mechanisms suggested to operate at the ecosystem-level are often based on relatively small-scale plot experiments that have been conducted in only a few locations. A better understanding of how these ecosystems function across broad geographic regions will be needed to ensure functioning coastal ecosystems.     

Food Web Structure in a Chesapeake Bay Eelgrass Bed as Determined through Gut Contents and <Superscript>13</Superscript>C and <Superscript>15</Superscript>N Isotope Analysis

Changes in seagrass food-web structure can shift the competitive balance between seagrass and algae, and may alter the flow of energy from lower trophic levels to commercially important fish and crustaceans. Yet, trophic relationships in many seagrass systems remain poorly resolved. We estimated the food web linkages among small predators, invertebrate mesograzers, and primary producers in a Chesapeake Bay eelgrass (Zostera marina) bed by analyzing gut contents and stable C and N isotope ratios. Though trophic levels were relatively distinct, predators varied in the proportion of mesograzers consumed relative to alternative prey, and some mesograzers consumed macrophytes or exhibited intra-guild predation in addition to feeding on periphyton and detritus. These findings corroborate conclusions from lab and mesocosm studies that the ecological impacts of mesograzers vary widely among species, and they emphasize the need for taxonomic resolution and ecological information within seagrass epifaunal communities.     

The relationship of physical factors and biological response in coastal seagrass meadows

Continuous, long-term studies of coastal grassbed assemblages in the N.E. Gulf of Mexico indicate complex relationships between physical controlling factors and biological response. Such seagrass systems are physically unstable over short periods. Seasonal ranges of temperature, salinity, and natural water quality conditions are considerable with periodic, recurrent “catastrophic” events such as floods and cold winters. These factors control the distribution and productivity of the seagrasses and algae which constitute the habitat and organic substrate for diverse assemblages of organisms. In addition, the benthic plants mediate predator-prey relationships and competitive interactions. Despite the physical instability, timed sequences of distinct ontogenetic feeding populations are generally stable from year to year as are other population and community characteristics. Thus, physical processes determine overall habitat conditions and productivity cycles whereas biological processes such as predation and competition define specific community relationships. However, seemingly minor changes in the physical environment due to anthropogenous activities can lead to major reorganization of the biological system; the observed biological stability of the seagrass beds can be ephemeral if important habitat features are altered in a way that exceeds the adaptive response of the system. Concepts are discussed which relate observed sequences of ontogenetic feeding units to food web patterns and geographic differences of population-niche relationships from one estuary to another.     

Patterns of seagrass community response to local shoreline development

Three quarters of the global human population will live in coastal areas in the coming decades and will continue to develop these areas as population density increases. Anthropogenic stressors from this coastal development may lead to fragmented habitats, altered food webs, changes in sediment characteristics, and loss of near-shore vegetated habitats. Seagrass systems are important vegetated estuarine habitats that are vulnerable to anthropogenic stressors, but provide valuable ecosystem functions. Key to maintaining these habitats that filter water, stabilize sediments, and provide refuge to juvenile animals is an understanding of the impacts of local coastal development. To assess development impacts in seagrass communities, we surveyed 20 seagrass beds in lower Chesapeake Bay, VA. We sampled primary producers, consumers, water quality, and sediment characteristics in seagrass beds, and characterized development along the adjacent shoreline using land cover data. Overall, we could not detect effects of local coastal development on these seagrass communities. Seagrass biomass varied only between sites, and was positively correlated with sediment organic matter. Epiphytic algal biomass and epibiont (epifauna and epiphyte) community composition varied between western and eastern regions of the bay. But, neither eelgrass (Zostera marina) leaf nitrogen (a proxy for integrated nitrogen loading), crustacean grazer biomass, epifaunal predator abundance, nor fish and crab abundance differed significantly among sites or regions. Overall, factors operating on different scales appear to drive primary producers, seagrass-associated faunal communities, and sediment properties in these important submerged vegetated habitats in lower Chesapeake Bay.