气候变化对陆地水循环影响研究的问题

简要地回顾了现存的由气候情景驱动水文模型研究气候变化对陆地水循环影响的方法。指出这种单向连接方法很难将气候变暖及人类活动引起的陆地水循环变化反馈给大气。这既影响对降雨的预测精度,又不能正确地描写陆地水循环的变化。近10年来气候学家对大气环流模型中陆面过程模型的改进以及水文气候学家对大尺度水文模型研究所取得的进展,展现了它们之间的互补性,以及未来用水文-气候耦合模型方法研究气候变化与人类活动对陆地水循环影响及水资源预测的可能性。     

黄河流域水循环演变若干问题的研究

从若干方面的研究结果揭示了黄河流域水循环发生的巨大变化.水循环是水资源科学评价与合理开发利用的基本依据.水循环主要要素的变化取决于气候条件的变化与人类活动的影响.对前者宜采用适应性对策,在研究气候变化的基础上,分析水循环变动的规律并预测其趋势,制定相应的适应性措施;对于后者则应加强水资源开发利用的科学管理,以维持流域天然水资源的可更新(可再生)性.     

陆地生态系统与气候相互作用的研究进展

陆地生态系统与气候系统通过地面与大气之间能量平衡、水汽交换和生物地球化学循环相互作用,影响大气中温室气体浓度和气溶胶,继而影响气候变化。较系统分析总结了当代国际上陆地生态系统与气候相互作用的最新研究进展。首先介绍了陆地生态系统与气候相互作用的机制与过程,总结了陆地生态系统与气候相互作用研究的三个发展阶段,以及当代相互作用的过程模拟研究中三类主要的全球生态系统模型,即生物物理模型、生物地理模型和生物地球化学模型。并介绍了气候对生态系统变化的响应,即两种主要的反馈机制。最后,对未来的研究方向和重点作了分析。     

土地利用变化影响陆地水循环

森林尤其是热带森林在全球水循环中发挥着重要作用。代尔夫特理工大学(TU Delft)研究员Ruud van der Ent最近指出,亚马孙森林的蒸发对秘鲁、玻利维亚、阿根廷、乌拉圭、巴拉圭以及巴西南部等地区的降雨     

关于陆地水循环演变及其在全球变化中的作用研究设想

围绕中国在全球变化及应对领域多学科交叉研究能力提升和维护国家利益两大重大实践需求,本研究将以全球变化背景下大气-陆面-水文过程演变为主线,融合气象与气候学、水文及水资源学、系统工程学等多学科理论与技术,采用高密度原型观测、多尺度机理实验、数值模拟与仿真、地理信息技术等多方法相结合的途径,发挥云平台的存储、计算和管理等功能与优势,按照“机理识别-规律揭示-形势诊断”的总体思路开展陆地水循环演变及其在全球变化中的作用研究,将发布过去60年全球陆地广义水资源及水循环通量与干旱事件、1级至4级河流径流性水资源与洪涝事件的成果数据;将为中国参与全球气候谈判、国际气候治理和“一带一路”等国家战略的实施提供直接支撑,潜在的经济社会效益显著。     

大型灌区陆地水循环模式的参数化方案:LWCMPS_ID

地表水系统、地下水系统和土壤植物大气连续体的强烈耦合作用是大型灌区水文过程的基本特点,这导致对大型灌区的陆地水循环和水资源进行评价必须采取综合的方法,然而目前还缺少适用的模拟工具。农业灌区的水文特征与天然流域存在显著差别,常规流域水文模型和陆面过程参数化方案用于大型灌区陆地水循环的分析还存在较大的困难。LWCMPS_ID是本文提出的一个适用于大型灌区陆地水循环模式的参数化方案,采用分块集中参数模型简明地实现了地表水、地下水和土壤水的动力学耦合分析,并且包含了一个土壤水冻结融化的简化模型。对处在黄河流域的内蒙古河套灌区,用LWCMPS_ID进行20 年水文动态的模拟,取得了较好的效果。     

陆地表层水贮量变化对海平面上升贡献的综合评估

由于气候变暖和人为活动的加剧，大陆表面水贮量正在发生着显著的变化，这必将引起海平面的变化。然而，陆地表层水贮量的变化是非常复杂的。主要讨论了地下水、人工水库、天然湖泊和森林退化对海平面影响的主要研究结果，重新评估了这些因素对海平面贡献的程度，尤其是考虑了中国相关因子的作用。还就一些不确定的因素，如水库深层渗透水、土壤水贮量变化、灌溉蒸腾等对海平面的影响也进行了讨论。     

基于AVIM的中国陆地生态系统净初级生产力模拟

利用AVIM（植被与大气相互作用模式）模拟了现代中国陆地生态系统NPP的分布并计算了全国NPP的碳总量。研究结果表明我国现代陆地生态系统的年NPP变化范围在0~1 389 gC/m2之间,年平均值为355 gC/m2,年吸收3.33 Pg的大气碳。中国陆地植被NPP呈现自东向西逐渐减小的趋势,NPP的最大值出现在云南西双版纳地区,最小值分布于青藏高原以及新疆地区。中国现代陆地植被NPP主要分布于小于100 gC/(m2·a)、300~500 gC/(m2·a)以及500~700 gC/(m2·a)3个区间,其占总计算值的比例都超过了20%以上;大于1 000 gC/(m2·a)的NPP最少,只占总数的2.15%。对中国陆地植被NPP与气候的相关性分析表明,降水是影响我国陆地生态系统NPP的主要原因。     

广东沿海陆地主要地质灾害及其控制因素分析

广东沿海不仅是我国经济较为发达的地区 ,同时也是我国地质环境较为脆弱及各类地质灾害较为发育的一个地带。通过地质灾害案例的调查、地质灾害孕育环境、诱发因素等的研究与分析看出 ,南奥、汕头、揭阳、阳江等是历史强震和潜在地震活跃区 ,地震多发生在 NEE、NNW和 NW向活动断裂交汇部位附近。丘陵、台地及其边缘区的河流两岸、海岸、交通沿线、城镇人工切坡等构成了是水土流失、崩塌和滑坡等的多发区。降雨的时空分布直接控制着丘陵和台地不稳定斜坡出现的机率。雷州半岛的地裂缝与地下水活动密切相关 ,雨、旱季节性变化利于地裂缝的发育。岩溶塌陷是过度抽、排岩溶区地下水的结果。而地面沉降是长期超采深层承压水的反映。软土构成了沿海三角洲与滨海平原区工程建筑的非稳定地基。地质灾害的防治应采取防为主、预治结合的可持续对策与措施     

基于水库模型的扎龙湿地水循环模拟

基于水库模型的概念,根据地形地物将扎龙湿地划分为相互联系的9个水库单元,对每个水库单元进行水量平衡模拟,建立了扎龙湿地水循环系统模拟模型。以月为时间步长,利用建立的模型对扎龙湿地1971-2003年33年的水循环过程进行模拟,应用1971-1981年出口径流量进行模型参数标定,应用1982-1987年出口径流量和12个水面面积对模型模拟效果进行检验。模拟的出口径流量效率系数和相关系数接近0.90,相对误差小于3%;模拟的湿地水面面积也具有满意的精度。模拟结果表明,建立的模型对湿地水循环系统具有较好的模拟能力。     

Integrated Water Systems Model for Terrestrial Water Cycle Simulation

The terrestrial water cycle is influenced by a wide range of climatic variables and human disturbances. In the era of the Anthropocene, when humans drive the changes in atmospheric and hydrological processes in river basins, there is an urgent need to include human impacts in the study of the terrestrial water cycle. This paper focused on the large-scale hydrological modeling which takes account of human impacts, reviewed the research progress of the natural and human-induced changes in the terrestrial water cycle and the development of comprehensive terrestrial hydrological models in recent years, and proposed that an integrated water system model with human-related processes such as crop water demand model, engineering regulation and social water demand, be the key to large-scale water cycle simulations under changing environment. Based on the existing large-scale land surface hydrological model, there is a need to put forward the integration of the human-related processes. A comprehensive integrated water system model that considers multi-processes can help us to understand the key mechanisms of how climate change and human activity influence the regional water cycle. It also provides a theoretical and practical basis for investigating the causes and effects of changes in terrestrial water cycle under a changing environment, and thus offers scientific support for climate change adaptation in the water sector.     

Impacts of Human Water Use on the Large-scale Terrestrial Water Cycle

Along with the increase of population and extraordinary economic and social development, human appropriation of freshwater supply increases rapidly. Anthropogenic activities have become an important driving factor of the large-scale terrestrial water cycle. The hydrological effects of human water use have attracted growing attention. In this paper, we briefly reviewed the recent studies addressing the anthropogenic disturbance of the large-scale terrestrial water cycle. The review focused on the direct alteration of the water cycle for human needs, with special coverage for the primary aspects of human water use such as irrigation, domestic and industrial water use, reservoir regulation and groundwater mining. The state-of-the-art parameterization schemes of human water use for macroscale land surface hydrological modeling were introduced and the limitations of the schemes were discussed. Considering the impacts of human water use on the terrestrial water cycle is currently a challenge for macroscale land surface hydrological modeling, which hinders the use of the models in assessing water resources under changing environment. Further studies are needed to understand the interactions between human and water systems, to develop integrated assessment model of coupled human-water systems, and to assess regional and global water security.     

Research on Climate Feedback of Human Water Use and Its Impact on Terrestrial Water Cycles —Advances and Challenges

The terrestrial water cycle is the mutual transformation of surface and near-surface water, which controls the supply of fresh water resources. It is affected by human activities, solar radiation and gravity, as well as climate and environmental conditions. Inter-basin water transfer, irrigation, crop cultivation and harvesting, exploitation of groundwater water and other human activities lead to the change of spatial and temporal distribution of soil moisture, the underground water level, surface albedo, surface evaporation, as well as water and energy exchange between land surface and atmosphere. Human water use generates important feedback on the climate and changes the processes of the terrestrial water cycle significantly. The spatial and temporal distribution of precipitation in China is uneven. In addition, human activities further exacerbate the fragility of water resources and the contradiction between supply and demand, posing a serious challenge to the sustainable development of social economy. Therefore, understanding the laws and mechanisms of terrestrial water cycle change is very important for water resources utilization and human sustainable development. From the perspective of climate change and human activities, this paper summarized the impact of human activities on terrestrial water cycle and the progress of climate feedback research. It is urgent to consider the evolution of terrestrial water cycle and its climate under the dual impact of natural and human activities, and develop the large-scale land surface hydrological models and climate models with human water use, crop planting and irrigation, lateral groundwater flow. From the perspective of a fully coupled system, we need quantitatively to assess the climate feedback of human water use and its impact on the terrestrial water cycle process, and to explore its mechanism. We need to distinguish the contribution of human water activities and global climate change to the evolution of terrestrial water cycle in the context of climate change, and to propose water resources management strategies to address climate change.     

Coupling Earth System Model and Integrated Assessment Model

According to the guideline of National Key Research and Development Project, this project aims at developing a world-class Integrated Assessment Model (IAM) in China, which will be used to assess the impacts of climate change on economy system. The objects of this project are to ① Improve the spatial resolution of Earth System Model (ESM); ② Modify the Integrated Assessment Model; ③ Couple the ESM and IAM; ④ Evaluate the impacts of climate change on society and economy. This project will solve two key scientific questions: how to identify the impacts of climate change in the IAM; How much the impacts of climate change on economy in China. Meanwhile, two techniques will be developed to complete the mission of this project: Simulate of small-scale human activities in the EAM and spatial and temporal resolution match of ESM and IAM.     

氮输入对陆地生态系统碳循环关键过程的影响

碳氮作为陆地生态系统最关键的两大生源要素,它们在自然界的循环过程中不仅各自对全球变暖做出重要贡献,而且两者的循环过程显著耦合,互相影响各自的作用和效果。从氮元素对植物光合作用、呼吸作用以及土壤呼吸作用影响的角度入手,综述了氮输入对陆地生态系统碳固定和碳排放这两个碳循环关键过程的影响特征和机理,分析了陆地生态系统碳源汇对氮素变化响应的不确定性,在此基础上对未来的相关重点研究方向进行了探讨和展望。     

水资源系统模糊优化多维动态规划模型与应用

水资源系统模糊优化多维动态规划模型是水资源系统优化研究中的一个重要课题.在陈守煜多阶段多目标系统模糊优化理论与模型的基础上提出了模糊优化多维动态规划模型,并给出具体应用实例.     

陆地生态系统与全球变化的联网观测研究进展

全球变化引起的环境问题已成为国际社会及其科技界共同关注的重大挑战。陆地生态系统的联网观测作为研究全球变化与陆地生态系统相互关系的一种有效手段,越来越受到人们的重视,并且得到了广泛的应用。本文讨论了陆地生态系统联网观测在全球变化科学研究中的作用和地位,并简要介绍了几个有影响的国际陆地生态系统联网观测计划。在此基础上,分析评述了中国陆地生态系统联网观测研究的主要进展以及在全球变化研究中做出的主要贡献,并结合我国科学技术和社会经济发展的需求,指出了近期中国陆地生态系统联网观测研究应该重点发展的领域。     

基于二元水循环理论的用水评价方法探析

用水评价是水资源评价的重要内容。现行的用水评价存在4个方面的不足,即:缺乏供用耗排统一评价,缺乏用水过程与自然水循环过程的统一评价,缺乏地表用水和地下用水的统一评价,缺乏用水量与用水效率和效益的统一评价。以上4个方面的不足,导致评价结果不准,评价内容不能满足水资源管理的需要。基于流域二元水循环理论,通过理论推导,本文提出了基于流域二元水循环全过程的用水评价方法,即体现4个统一评价的评价方法:供用耗排统一评价,用水过程与自然水循环过程统一评价,地表水和地下水用水统一评价,用水量与用水效率、效益统一评价。所提出的方法对用水评价实践具有指导意义。