地下水数值计算与应用研究进展综述

地下水数值计算是研究分析地下水各种问题的重要手段。文中对近年来地下水数值模拟计算相关方法研究进展、地下水数值模拟工作程序的方法论、地下水数值模拟的参数反演方法、国际流行的地下水数值模型及软件平台、目前国内地下水数值模型的相关应用等几个方面进行了综述,力图从相对全面的角度认识当前地下水计算技术的发展。在回顾地下水以上研究进展的基础上,对现代信息技术在地下水数值计算技术中的积极促进作用、地下水更深入和复杂规律的研究、地下水研究与其他学科之间的综合集成和协同互补等发展趋势进行了探讨,为相关研究人员提供一定的参考。     

干旱区绿洲地下水生态水位阈值研究进展

地下水生态水位是干旱区绿洲水资源管理、地下水保护和生态环境保护的关键指标.从地下水生态水位的概念、确定方法、阈值区间等方面入手,综述了干旱区绿洲地下水生态水位研究的重要进展及未来发展建议:(1)干旱区绿洲地下水生态水位存在显著的多功能性和尺度特征;(2)生态调查统计与分析、模型计算分析和遥感统计分析是确定地下水生态水位...     

含水系统的水位响应矩阵在哈尔滨市地下水管理中的应用

作者在哈尔滨市地下水管理中,把自特征数值法求得的响应矩阵和由此响应矩阵联系的水位降深、开采量之间的线性关系(线性方程组)作为约束条件,把满足供水要求条件下的水位降深最小作为管理目标、建立管理模型,解决了具有大量约束条件的区域性地下水开采的优化问题。     

地下水控制性关键水位研究初探

分析和探讨了地下水控制性关键水位的类别划分以及蓝、黄、红区的划分依据和原则,并结合西北、华北和东部沿海地区普遍存在的地下水问题,提出了西北型、华北型和东部沿海型地下水蓝线水位和红线水位等具体分析成果,为加强水资源的量化管理和地下水"水量与水位"综合管理等提供了重要依据.     

湛江市区地下水水位动态分析

利用江江市区地下水水位动态观测资料,既采用传统的降落漏斗方式来分析地下水位的面状动态,划分开采强度区,大致评价各区的水位变化特征;又根据人工开采 力场的基础理论,讨论湛江市复式多层结构承压含水体三维钠压区的演变特征。提出了预防海水入浸地下水的建议和措施。     

贵州省地下水水位动态分析

地下水作为水资源的重要组成部分,在社会经济发展和生态环境保护等方面起到了关键作用。2016年起,国土和水利两部联合,依托国家地下水监测程在贵州省改建新建了277个自动化监测站,大幅提高了地下水监测与信息服务能力。本文以地下水水位为研究对象,阐述了贵州省的自然地理及水文情况,总结了该地区的地下水类型,然后分别分析了全省地下水水位动态、二级分区地下水位动态和重点监测区地下水动态,分析结果可为合理利用、有效保护、科学管理地下水资源提供基础支撑。     

呼和浩特市地下水水位动态变化及趋势预测研究

利用多年地下水水位资料,较系统地分析了地下水水位动态变化规律,建立了基于BP网络的地下水水位预测模型,预测结果表明地下水水位将持续下降,承压水下降速率远大于潜水的下降速率。     

海口地区地下水水位动态分析

介绍了海口地区的自然地理地下水的概况、水文地质条件、含水层介质条件和补、迳、排条件,分析了地下水水位动态特征、地下水水位降落漏斗的变化情况,并根据水位降深和地下水开采量的关系,对地下水水位进行了预测.     

华北平原地下水生态环境水位研究

华北平原地下水合理生态水位的上限为防止土壤盐碱化水位。下限为地下水获得最大补给的理想水位。研究表明,华北平原防治土壤盐碱化地下水位埋深一般为2～2．5m,有利于获得最大补给的地下水位埋深在山前平原为10m左右,中东部平原为3～5m。     

The evolution of groundwater rights and groundwater management in New Mexico and the western United States

Historically, rights in water originated as public property and only later became individualized rights to utilize the public resource, in a manner consistent with the public welfare needs of society, but protected by principles of property law. Five basic regulatory systems for rights in groundwater in the United States have evolved to date. The problems raised by the hydrologic differences between groundwater hydraulically connected to stream systems and groundwater in non-replenished aquifers have been resolved to some extent by a couple of leading court cases. Numerical modeling and other technical methodologies have also evolved to evaluate the scientific issues raised by the different hydrologic conditions, but these are not immune from criticism. The current role of aquifers is evolving into that of storage facilities for recycled water, and their utilization in this manner may be expanded even further in the future. The policy implications of the choices relating to joint management of ground and surface water cannot be overstated. As this paper demonstrates, proactive administration of future groundwater depletions that affect stream systems is essential to the ultimate ability to plan for exploitation, management and utilization of water resources in a rational way that coordinates present and future demand with the reality of scarcity of supply. The examples utilized in this paper demonstrate the need for capacity building, not just to develop good measurement techniques, or to train talented lawyers and judges to write good laws, but also for practical professional water managers to keep the process on a rational course, avoiding limitless exploitation of the resource as well as conservative protectionism that forever precludes its use.

昆明盆地地下水水质水位长序列数据特征分析

通过对昆明盆地,特别是主城区长序列水质水位监测数据对比分析,采用水文地质法、数据统计法、Piper和Matlab软件建立模型进行水质水位动态特征和变化趋势分析研究。昆明盆地地下化学类型以HCO3-Ca和HCO3-Ca·Mg型为主。孔隙水超标项以Mn、NH地下水监测; 水质; 水位; 趋势分析; 昆明盆地国家重点研发计划项目(2016YFC0502502);通过对昆明盆地,特别是主城区长序列水质水位监测数据对比分析,采用水文地质法、数据统计法、Piper和Matlab软件建立模型进行水质水位动态特征和变化趋势分析研究。昆明盆地地下化学类型以HCO3-Ca和HCO3-Ca·Mg型为主。孔隙水超标项以Mn、NH地下水监测; 水质; 水位; 趋势分析; 昆明盆地国家重点研发计划项目(2016YFC0502502);通过对昆明盆地,特别是主城区长序列水质水位监测数据对比分析,采用水文地质法、数据统计法、Piper和Matlab软件建立模型进行水质水位动态特征和变化趋势分析研究。昆明盆地地下化学类型以HCO₃-Ca和HCO₃-Ca·Mg型为主。孔隙水超标项以Mn、NH₄⁺、 NO₃^-、COD为主;岩溶水超标项以Mn、NH₄⁺、F为主;近年来超标物项目趋于复杂,出现I、SO₄^2-、As、Cd等有毒有害和有机物超标,水质变化原因为工业和生活污染加剧。对地下水位20年长序列动态变化特征和趋势研究表明,昆明盆地地下水位年际变化主要受工农业生产、开采量和工程活动等影响,孔隙水2002—2009年呈下降趋势,2009年后总体呈上升趋势;岩溶水2002—2012年呈下降趋势,2012年后总体呈上升趋势;翠湖等5个降落漏斗区地下水位回升趋势较为显著,主要与昆明市限制地下水开采、封填地下水开采井的措施...     

Effects of groundwater level fluctuation on its chemical composition in karst soils of Lithuania

Groundwater regime and mineralization process in moraine sandy loam and peat soils of the active sulphatic karst zone (karst processes develop in the Upper Devonian gypsum–dolomites) in Lithuania and the dependence of chemical compounds concentrations on water level fluctuations are reviewed. According to ion sum, groundwater mineralization in peat soil is 1.1–1.3 times higher than in loam soil. Based on this result, lower levels of groundwater predetermine a more intensive mineralization process. A stronger correlation was determined between groundwater levels and concentrations of chemical compounds (Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, SO₄ ²⁻ and HCO₃ ⁻) enhancing groundwater mineralization. In mineral soil (sandy loam) nitrate (NO₃)⁻ concentration is highly influenced by changing stages of groundwater level as well as by nearby sinkholes.     

水资源管理模型的研究过程和发展趋势

本文在分析和总结现有资料的基础上，把水资源管理模型的研究过程划分为４个阶段，对各阶段的研究程度、使用方法和存在问题等进行了论述，并总结出水资源和管理模型的３大发展趋势。     

Assessment of water level threshold for groundwater restoration and over-exploitation remediation the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Plain

The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Plain (BTHP) is the political, economic and cultural center of China, where groundwater is the main source of water supply to support social and economic development. Continuous overdraft of the resources has caused a persistent decline of groundwater level and formed a huge cone of depression at a regional scale. This paper addresses current groundwater situation over the BTHP area. The paper also delineates the groundwater flow field, using groundwater level data, in order to provide an effective method for the restoration of groundwater level and associated water resources management. Based on the analysis of multiple factors, such as groundwater level, soil salinization, ground subsidence, groundwater recharge and storage, urban underground space security, formation of fractures, and seawater intrusion, the threshold for groundwater level restoration is defined, and some measures for groundwater over-exploitation management are accordingly proposed. The study shows that: (i) Since the 1980s to 2020, shallow groundwater level in the western part of the BTHP area has dropped by 25 m to 60 m, while the cumulative decline of deep groundwater in the central and eastern regions is in the range of 40–80 m; (ii) The water table of the shallow groundwater within the depression zone over the Western Piedmont Plain should be controlled in the range of 15–30 m below ground level (mbgl), while the depth of groundwater level in large and medium-sized urban areas should be controlled within 20–30 mbgl. The groundwater level in the resource preservation area should be controlled within 10–15 mbgl, and the groundwater level in the area with identified soil salinization in the central and eastern plain should be controlled within 3–10 mbgl. However, for the deep groundwater in the central and eastern plainwater, the main focus of the resources management is to control the land subsidence. The water level in the severe land subsidence area should be controlled within 45–60 mbgl, and in the general subsidence area should be controlled within 30–45 mbgl; (iii) Based on the water level recovery threshold and proposed groundwater overdraft management program, if the balance of abstraction and recharge is reached in 2025, the shallow groundwater abstraction needs to be gradually reduced by about 2×10⁸ m³. Meanwhile, the ecological water replenishment of rivers through the South-to-North Water Transfer Project should be increased to 28.58×10⁸ m³/a, and the deep groundwater abstraction needs to be gradually reduced by 2.24×10⁸ m³. To reach the target of shallow groundwater level in 2040, surface water replacement is recommended with a rate of 25.77×10⁸ m³/a and the ecological water replenishment of rivers in the South-to-North Water Diversion Project should reach 33.51×10⁸ m³/a. For deep groundwater recovery, it is recommended to replace the deep freshwater extraction with the utilization of shallow salt water by 2.82×10⁸ m³ , in addition to the amount of 7.86×10⁸ m³ by water diversion. The results are of great significance to the remediation of groundwater over-exploitation, the regulation of water resources development and utilization, and ecological protection in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei plain.     

Development of a conjunctive use model to evaluate alternative management options for surface and groundwater resources

A conjunctive use model has been developed to evaluate alternative management options for surface and groundwater resources. A simple water balance approach was used to estimate net recharge to the aquifer. The groundwater model FEFLOW takes net recharge as an input for the water balance calculation and simulates flow in the groundwater under all boundary stresses. The developed model was applied to an irrigated area in the Indus Basin, Pakistan, to predict groundwater levels up to 2010 in response to the possible need for intervention in irrigation and/or agricultural practices. A geographical information system (GIS) was used to assemble various types of spatial data. The study revealed that an increase in pumpage from the present rate would further strain the scarce water resources. Lining of watercourses and adjustment in cropping pattern could be adopted as alternatives for better management of surface and groundwater resources.

Karst groundwater management by defining protection zones based on regional geological structures and groundwater flow fields

In a semiarid region, the karst aquifer generally forms a large groundwater reservoir that can play an important role in regional water supply. But because of the specific physical properties of karst aquifers, they are vulnerable to pollution and anthropogenic impacts. Karst groundwater management strategies are vital. As representative of karst springs in a semiarid area, Niangziguan Springs is located in the east of Shanxi Province, China with an annual average rate of discharge of 10.34 m³/s (1956–2003) (Y. Liang, unpublished data). The Niangziguan Spring Basin covers an area of 7,394 km² with an annual average precipitation of 535 mm (1958–2003) (Hao et al. in Carsologica Sinica 23(1):43–47, 2004). Over the past three decades, accelerated groundwater exploitation has caused water-table decline in the aquifer, reduction of the spring discharge, and deterioration of water quality. In this study, three protection zones were defined to ensure the quality and capacity of this resource. The confluence of the 11 spring systems and the discharge areas were defined as I protection zone, the recharge basin was II protection zone, and the slack water area where there is little surface recharge was the III protection zone. Management strategies for each zone were suggested and evaluated to provide a scientific foundation for sustainable utilization.     

Determining safe yield and mapping water level zoning in groundwater resources of the Neishabour Plain

Groundwater is a crucial sources of water supply, especially in arid and semi-arid areas around the world. With uncontrolled withdrawals and limited availability of these resources, it is essential to determine the safe yield of these valuable resources. The Hill method approach was used in this study to determine the safe yield the Neishabour aquifer in Khorasan Razvi province in Iran. The results showed that the safe yield in the Neishabour aquifer is 60% lower than the current pumping amounts...     

Effects of urbanization on groundwater level in aquifers of Binh Duong Province,Vietnam

The purpose of this paper was to assess the impact of urbanization on the groundwater level(GWL)in aquifers of Binh Duong(BD)Province.The research method is to analyze the trend of GWL,the recharge capacity of surface over time and the relationship between them.The data of the GWL used in the study are the average values in the dry and rainy seasons of 35 observation wells from 2011 to 2018,which are in Pleistocene and Pliocene aquifers.The ability to recharge groundwater from the surface in this study was represented by the curve number(CN),a parameter used in hydrology for calculating direct runoff or infiltration from rainfall.The land use data to identify the CN was analyzed from the Landsat images.The results show that besides over-exploitation,the change of surface characteristic due to the urbanization development process is also the cause of the GWL decline.The analysis of seasonal GWL data shows that the increase in impervious surface area is the cause of GWL decline in the Pleistocene aquifer,which is more evident in the rainy season than in the dry season.The statistical results also show that in the rainy season and in shallow aquifers,a higher CN change can be found with the wells that had a remarkable GWL decline compared to the remaining wells.     

地下水管理模型中响应函数解法探讨

响应矩阵法所形成的约束条件矩阵较嵌入法要小的多,加之直接实现管理决策目标,是管理模型建立及求解的有效方法。重点单值法对奇点的处理和时域上拉普拉斯变换解法,使边界元法较其他数值法更适于求解响应函数。