陆地热泉钙华研究进展与展望

陆地热泉钙华是沉淀于富Ca2+和HCO₃-热泉（普遍T≥30℃）的陆地碳酸盐沉积物/岩。热泉钙华独特的形成环境、岩石矿物学特征、地球化学特征和流体性质对古环境、古气候、早期生命起源、新构造运动、陆相热水沉积学、地热资源等方面研究具有重要指示意义。尽管相关学者对陆地热泉钙华开展了相关研究,但由于热泉钙华沉积-成岩过程中受复杂外界条件控制,其时空分布、沉积特征、矿物组成、地球化学特征、微生物作用、流体来源、成岩作用、古气候记录等系列科学问题有待深入研究。在国内外大量文献的基础上,结合研究团队对云南腾冲火山地热区热泉钙华的认识,综述了目前国内外学者对陆地热泉钙华的研究进展,总结了热泉钙华研究意义,提出了当前热泉钙华研究存在的问题及下步研究方向,为更加全面地认识陆地热泉钙华沉积及未来研究提供启示。     

雪宝顶区块流域钙华形成的生物作用研究

钙华不仅具有重要的景观旅游价值,而且对确定区内碳酸盐沉积特征、环境演化规律及同期环境生物的作用与贡献有重要的研究意义。本文在对比国内外典型钙华特征的基础上,以黄龙和九寨沟为例,对雪宝顶区块流域内钙华的沉积特征、环境化学与生物作用进行阐述,指出了雪宝顶区块流域冷水型钙华的形成与演化是化学沉积-溶解作用、生物沉积与溶蚀作用等共同作用的结果,并受非生物、生物因素影响。在雪宝顶冷水型钙华的形成过程中,微生物协同参与了钙华的沉积与溶蚀过程,通过自身新陈代谢促活动促使使钙离子结晶,并诱导晶型变化;其他生物体如植物、藻类等或以间接的方式促进或加快了钙华形成,或为钙华生长提供模板和体量。     

雪宝顶流域黄龙彩池新生钙华生物沉积特性

为探究钙华沉积的生物特性,以雪宝顶流域黄龙景区的五彩池和争艳彩池为研究对象,采集和分析研究点藻类的优势种类,利用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪和高效液相色谱确定优势藻胞外产物的主要组成和含量,并采用X射线荧光光谱仪、X射线衍射光谱仪、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪和扫描电子显微镜分析其新生钙华的元素组成、物相结构和微观形貌。结果表明：五彩池和争艳彩池的优势藻类分别是黄藻门（Xanthophyceae）和硅藻门（Bacillariophyta）,藻类的胞外产物主要为蛋白质、多糖和有机酸;新生钙华以方解石为主,表面含羧基、甲基、醛基等基团;与无藻类参与的钙华沉积物对比,新生钙华晶体无特定形状,并出现溶蚀及穿孔现象。藻类及其胞外产物参与钙华沉积过程,调控钙华晶体微观形貌。     

美国西尔斯盐湖钙华研究综述

钙华具有重要的科研价值.美国加利福尼亚州西尔斯湖内北部、中部和西南部广泛发育钙华丘,丘状体的高度从几厘米至45 m不等,通常高度为5～12 m.钙华丘内存在4种沉积相,分别为多孔海绵状钙华沉积相、结壳状钙华沉积相、柱状钙华沉积相和薄层结壳状钙华沉积相.从时空分布来讲,钙华呈两种沉积层序,分别为多孔海绵状钙华沉积相-结壳...     

九寨沟黄龙地区钙华漏斗的特征与成因探讨

九寨沟黄龙地区广泛发育着钙华滩流、湖泊、瀑布、洞穴与漏斗。本文对钙华漏斗进行了特征描述和成因分析,并将其与钙华池、盆特征进行了对比,进而得出钙华漏斗导致九寨沟地区景观水量减少的结论,并提出解决这一重要问题的办法是工程堵漏。本文对九寨沟黄龙地区景观的开发利用和环境保护具有重要的参考价值。     

钙华沉积机制的研究现状及展望

通过分析大量相关文献并结合作者近年来的工作成果,总结了四种钙华沉积模式: 泉水、河流障、湖泊以及沼泽钙华沉积;综合讨论了气候环境、水文地质条件、水体的物理化学性质、生物作用等因素对钙华沉积的影响。针对目前研究中存在的问题,作者认为今后的工作要从碳酸钙沉积反应的热力学、动力学和晶体生长等微观过程进行研究,从而更加全面地认识钙华沉积的机制,以便为钙华景观的科学保护提供理论基础。      

四川黄龙钙华的形成

作者通过现场测试、实验及室内分析,从薄膜(扩散边界层)效应及水化学的变化对黄龙钙华进行了研究,得出黄龙钙华的沉积速率为0.43～4.7mm/a,其中速率较大者出现在流速较快(边界层较薄)的部位,如边石坝上;而速率较小者则出现在流速较慢(边界层较厚)的部位,如钙华池内。      

黄龙与黄石钙华微生物沉积作用比较研究

本文通过调查黄龙风景区水体的环境地质特征与微生物群落结构及多样性,并与黄石公园对比分析,探讨了两种特殊地理环境下的微生物群落结构和多样性及其对钙华沉积的影响。结果表明：黄龙沟泉水属于地下冷泉,且景区内覆盖着大量植被,水体中有大量藻类和细菌;黄石公园猛犸象温泉区泉水属于地下热泉,植被覆盖率很低,泉水中微生物多为嗜热菌,藻类较少。黄龙与黄石钙华主要由方解石组成并且微生物参与了钙华的形成过程。微生物对钙华沉积的作用,主要分为模板作用、产物诱导作用和代谢调控作用,对比探讨了特殊地质环境下的微生物对钙华沉积的贡献,指出微生物沉积作用在钙华沉积过程中的重要性,可为黄龙钙华“黑化”防治提供理论依据。     

基于钙均衡估算黄龙钙华沉积速率的探讨

从黄龙钙华的成因研究出发,结合地质历史分析及长观资料对核心景区景观水系统的相对稳定性作出了评价。通过对景观水中钙离子及其它组分含量在时间及空间上变化特征的分析研究,揭示了钙离子含量在时间上的相对稳定以及在空间上自上游而下逐渐降低的规律,这为采用钙均衡模式来研究钙华堆积区内的年沉积量提供了重要保证。在此基础上,进一步通过同位素测年、物探、测绘等综合手段对钙华堆积区内的历史与现代的平均沉积速率进行系统研究,并与前人的研究成果对比,验证了钙均衡模型的可行性和可靠性。计算结果表明,黄龙核心景区钙华的平均沉积速率为1～ 4. 86mm /a。      

国内外钙华岩溶景观的研究进展与展望

利用计量学软件Citespace处理分析2008-2020年间国内外文献,揭示钙华研究在基于同位素技术的钙华成因、钙华景观特点及地貌演化、钙华生物成因和钙华景观退化等方面取得的重要研究进展,阐明了全球钙华景观的分布、特点、物质组成、成因类型及典型钙华景观退化的现状和原因,推动了钙华自然遗产景观的保护及钙华研究的国际合作。目前,急需加强钙华内生动力与外生动力的复合作用、微生物对钙华沉积的耦合作用、钙华景观退化的微观结构表现等方面的基础研究及钙华景观生态修复保育关键技术的研发。     

Biological Processes Responsible for Travertine Deposition: A Review and Future Prospect

The investigation of biological processes responsible for travertine deposition allows us to better understand the travertine petrographic and geochemical signatures as proxies of climatic and environmental change. This paper reviewed the organisms associated with travertines, the biotic micro-fabrics formed within travertines, the biological processes associated with travertine precipitation and their controls on travertine geochemical properties. Prospects of the future research on biological processes responsible for travertine precipitation were provided. Bacteria, algae and mosses are the most important organisms that involve in the precipitation of travertines. The growth of these organisms leads to the formation of a range of various porosity, crystal fabrics and lamination within travertines. Three main biological processes responsible for travertine deposition can be classified, including \mathrm{①} a process of aquatic plant growth generating a turbulent condition and consequent CO₂ evasion, \mathrm{②} a metabolic (mainly photosynthetic) process mediating carbonate precipitation and \mathrm{③} a ‘surface-control’ process influencing nucleation and crystal growth. These processes play an important role in the migration and transformation of elements in travertine-depositing system and thus determine the properties of water chemistry and geochemistry of carbonate deposits. Travertine deposits have great potential to be valuable records for the geobiological study. Further investigation is required to simultaneously track biotic and abiotic interactions in modern travertine-depositing environments and quantify the contribution of these two processes and apply the results to accurately interpret travertine records.     

生物土壤结皮研究：进展、前沿与展望

生物土壤结皮是由隐花植物和相关土壤微小生物与表层土壤颗粒胶结而形成的复合体,与维管束植物覆盖一样,它是干旱区地表的重要覆盖类型(其盖度达40%)。生物土壤结皮是荒漠生态系统组成和地表景观的重要特征,在不同生物气候区的荒漠景观过程、土壤生态过程、土壤水文过程、土壤生物过程和地球化学循环过程,以及干旱半干旱地区生态修复过程中发挥着重要作用。关于生物土壤结皮的研究是地学和生物学学科交叉的前沿研究领域,已成为国际干旱区地表过程研究的重要核心科学问题之一。综述了国内外该领域最新研究进展,分析了研究的趋势,讨论了其前沿科学问题和未来研究的重点,以期促进我国生物土壤结皮的研究,加深对我国干旱半干旱区地表过程的认识。     

高温多年冻土区冻土地基预先融化技术研究现状及展望

在气候变暖背景下,多年冻土退化加剧,高温冻土将会在更大范围出现,保护冻土原则的适用性将受到经济、技术、环保合理性的挑战.在条件适宜高温冻土区,根据建筑结构和基础类型,采用预先融化技术(简称预融技术)处理冻土地基可在经济合理的前提下,保证工程的安全可靠性和长期稳定性.回顾了国内外冻土区预先融化技术的经验,总结和展望了预融技术在工程设计、施工及运行中的三个基本步骤,包括施工前多年冻土的融化、已融土的密实和固结,工程运行期间保持融化和防止冻胀措施的实施.预融技术主要利用蒸汽,热、冷水的对流换热和电流热效应,以及改变地表热状况来融化下伏多年冻土.保持融化的方法主要包括改变地表反射率和地基土的结构,融土保温以及利用主动和被动升温传热装置等(如热管技术).结合中国东北的一些预融技术运用实例,如漠河机场工程等,简要评述了预融技术的应用效果.     

Technical Challenges and Engineering Solutions for Gas Pipelines in Permafrost Regions: A Review

Oil and gas pipelines in permafrost regions differ greatly from those in temperate climate zones. People only know that these pipelines were constructed in remote areas with fragile environments. However, gas pipeline engineering, construction, operation and management will face a series of unique problems because of unforgiving environment, special hydrogeology, engineering geology, and freezing and thawing disasters. Being different from the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System, Roman Wells Oil Pipeline, China-Russia Crude Oil Pipeline from Mo’he to Daqing and Golmud-Lhasa Oil Products Pipeline, natural gas pipelines in permafrost regions face new problems and challenges in many areas including different transporting media, gas flow temperature control and environmental protection. This paper systematically reviewed issues such as chilled transporting processes, coupled hydrothermal-hydraulic-mechanical modeling of the pipe-soil system, temperature overrun in station outage scenarios, engineering constraints of stress-based design, single laying method and low reliability of monitoring system during operating stage. Initial framework solutions were proposed in the hope of identifying new approaches for gas pipeline in northern and upland permafrost regions.     

近海营养盐和微量元素的大气沉降

受气候变化和人类活动的影响,传输和沉降到全球近海的大气污染物急剧增加.1997年后对近海营养盐和微量元素大气沉降的众多研究表明,通过大气沉降至近海的氮和磷分别为13～73 mmol N/(m2·a)和0.11～1.6 mmol P/(m2·a),微量元素的沉降通量具有显著的时空变化特征,在不同海区最高可相差3个数量级.对于很多近海包括东海(East China Sea)和黄海(Yellow Sea),大气沉降的营养盐和部分微量元素可能超出了其河流输入量.大气沉降除了对近海富营养化有重要贡献之外,其事件性特征可使初级生产力在短期内大幅度增加,从而影响赤潮发生.微量元素沉降还可能抑制某些藻类生长,对初级生产力和生态系统结构产生更为复杂的影响.未来研究重点是准确估算近海各物质的大气沉降通量,了解其对浮游植物生长的影响机制.     

沙地地区水文过程及模拟——以秃尾河流域为例

根据气候条件的不同,沙漠可分为沙质荒漠和沙地两种类型.其中沙地地区降水相对丰富,具有降水、蒸发、下渗、产流及汇流等过程的相对完整的水文过程,但已有研究较少.以黄河中游沙地地区的秃尾河为例,分析了沙层水分分布及演化特性,进而将整个水文过程进行概化,得到物理意义明确,结构简单的概念性水文模型.该模型应用方便,精度较高.研究定量地阐明,研究区域沙层孔隙特征决定了沙层水分易保存而不易蒸发,使该地区径流深相对较大,而地下水丰富,调节能力强,是该地区河流径流年内分配均匀,年际变化小的重要原因.流域的非闭合性是该类地区水文研究中需要重点考虑的问题.     

Soil Moisture Parameterization and Its Influences in Weather and Climate Simulation: A Review

The soil hydrological process in land surface models and its influences on weather and climate simulation have got much attention by scholars both at home and abroad. First, this paper traced the definition and determination of soil moisture, and then reviewed its parameterization in different models, including soil-water characteristic curves for different soil types and numerical methods for solving soil moisture equations. Moreover, methods of soil hydrological parameter determination and uncertainties within land surface models were specified. Also, the importance of methods in parameter sensitivity analysis and optimization was emphasized, and the new datasets of soil hydraulic parameters would play a very important role in the improvement of the land surface model and soil moisture simulation. Finally, the research progress of feedback mechanism between soil moisture and precipitation was summarized. Spatial and temporal distribution of soil moisture and its abnormal would cause a positive feedback, and on the contrary, the meso-scale characteristics of soil moisture distribution had a negative feedback. By summarizing the progresses of the uncertainties and problems in soil moisture simulation, the influences of soil moisture on simulating weather and climate were pointed out.     

Spatial Variations in Particle Size and Magnetite Concentration on Cedar Beach: Implications for Grain-Sorting Processes, Western Lake Erie, Canada

<正>This study examined spatial variations in the concentration,grain size and heavy mineral assemblages on Cedar Beach(Lake Erie,Canada).Magnetic studies of heavy mineral-enriched,dark-reddish sands present on the beach showed that magnetite(～150μm) is the dominant magnetic mineral.Surficial magnetic susceptibility values defined three zones:a lakeward region close to the water line(Zone 1),the upper swash zone(Zone 2) and the region landwards of the upper swash zone (Zone 3).Zone 2 showed the highest bulk and mass susceptibility(κ,χ) and the highest mass percentage of smaller grain-size(250μm) fractions in the bulk sand sample.Susceptibility(i.e.κandχ) values decreased and grain size coarsened from Zone 2 lakewards(into Zone 1) and landwards (into Zone 3),and correlated with the distribution of the heavy mineral assemblage,most probably reflecting preferential separation of large,less dense particles by waves and currents both along and across the beach.The eroded western section of Cedar Beach showed much higher concentrations of heavy minerals including magnetite,and finer sand grain sizes than the accreting eastern section, suggesting that magnetic techniques could be used as a rapid,cost-effective way of examining erosion along sensitive coastline areas.     

生物有机酸的来源及其测试分析方法

对目前生物有机酸的来源及其测试分析方法研究现状进行了评述,目前已知的生物有机酸的来源有植物生代过程中的直接释放,有机物质的燃烧,机动车辆燃油的尾气排放、稀烃等不饱和有机物的大气氧化,人类生产和生活对大气环境的污染以及及甲酸蚁社会活动过程中的释放等等,有机酸来源的一个判别指标是甲酸／乙酸比值的大小,与人类活动有关的来源中,甲酸／乙酸比值〈１。而自然源的两者比值〉１。要准确地测定降水中生物有机酸的含量     

The Role of Open-System Processes in the Development of Silicic Magma Chambers: a Chemical and Isotopic Investigation of the Fogo A Trachyte Deposit, Sao Miguel, Azores

The processes operating in the development of chemical zonationin silicic magma chambers have been addressed with a Sr–Nd–Pb–Hf–Thisotope study of the chemically zoned trachyte pumice depositof the Fogo A eruption, Fogo volcano, Azores. Sr isotopic variationis observed in whole rocks, glass separates and sanidine phenocrysts(whole-rock ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr: 0·7049–0·7061; glass⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr: 0·7048–0·7052; sanidine ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr:0·7048–0·7062). Thorium isotopic variationis observed in glass separates, with (²³⁰Th/²³²Th)_o rangingfrom 0·8737 to 0·8841, and exhibiting a negativecorrelation with Sr isotopes. The Nd, Pb and Hf isotopic compositionsof the whole-rock trachytic pumices are invariant and indistinguishablefrom basalts flanking the volcano. The Sr isotope variationsin the whole rocks are proposed to be the result of three distinctprocesses: contamination of the Fogo A magma by assimilationof radiogenic seawater-altered syenite wall rock, to explainthe Sr and Th isotopic compositions of the glass separates;incorporation of xenocrysts into the trachytic magma, requiredto explain the range in feldspar Sr isotopic compositions; andpost-eruptive surface alteration. This study emphasizes theimportance of determining the isotopic composition of glassand mineral separates rather than whole rocks when pre-eruptivemagmatic processes are being investigated. KEY WORDS: Azores; open-system processes; Sr isotopes; trachytic pumices; zoned magma chambers