Optimizing dewatering design for a metro station on the Chengdu Metro Line 7

At present, most calculation results regarding foundation pit dewatering are ideal values, making construction resources prone to being wasted. In order to optimize the traditional pipe well design of large wells, the linear programming solution module in Excel is used, with the total water inflow taken as the objective function, the water level drawdown used as the constraint and test condition, and a station project on the Chengdu Metro Line 7 serving as the subject of this study. The total water inflow of the traditional pipe well design is optimized by the simplex method, producing a total water inflow of 4 040.65 m3/d, which, compared with 4 829.79 m3/d, the total water inflow calculated by means of the traditional design optimization method, engenders a reduction of roughly 16% per day. The feasibility of the optimization methodology is verified by the drawdown constraint, which reveals the decrease of construction costs and the diminution of the influence that the lowered groundwater level has on the surroundings of the metro station. Finally, references are provided as to optimizing the dewatering designs for other metro stations in similar engineering and hydrogeological conditions.     

轻型井点降水变参数射流泵的设计

轻型井点变参数射流泵的设计就是利用射流泵的原理和井点降水特点,采用双层喉管变面积比的设计,大面积比m适于降水初期,小面积比m适于降水中、后期,分级地改变面积比,提高降水过程的设备效率,加大轻型井点射流泵吸入真空度,来满足较深基坑的高效降水工程需要。     

某矿第四系底部含水层降水井群优化布置

基于目标函数法,以控制点水位为首要约束条件,以总排水量最少为目标函数,对某煤矿6311工作面上部第四系底部含水层疏放水井群降水进行优化设计。以该矿区的突水溃砂安全水头作为控制点水位,对优化设计方案进行计算。采用优化设计,在达到同样水位要求的前提下,可以使总排水量比采用承压转无压完整井公式计算结果减少20%。优化设计计算结果给出单井出水量,对井点位置的安排与单井出水设备的选择具有指导意义。     

降水效果的数值分析和设计优化研究

降水在各类工程中使用的越来越多,已形成了一套设计和施工方法,但其降水效果分析却少有人研究。针对某露天煤矿开挖中的降水疏干工程,开展了大规模的数值模拟研究。在掌握水文地质条件的基础上,通过Modflow建立了较合理的数值模型,对不同工况的降水效果进行了详细的分析,实际计算表明,加井时间、调整单井抽水量、井的数目、井的排列以及它们的相互作用对降水效果有很大影响。分批次、分时段、优化井排列和调整单井抽水量是提高降水效果的设计措施和优化设计的重要影响因素,这些因素的作用规律将为降水设计和施工以及实际工程效果提供重要理论依据。     

扬州深大基坑降水方案优化设计

扬州东部综合客运枢纽地下配套工程深大基坑采用大放坡+地下连续墙+内支撑围护,场地地层为深厚强透水地层,降水井布置在坡底还是坡间平台,将直接影响降水的动态控制。本文提出了方案一（坡底布井）和方案二（坡间平台布井）2套降水方案,并利用数值模拟方法进行了比选。对比结果：虽然方案一井数和最终总涌水量略少于方案二,但是需提前降水,会造成大量水资源的浪费;而方案二可以根据基坑开挖深度的增加,逐步增加抽水井,体现了按需降水的原则。因此,认为方案二更优。类似基坑进行降水方案设计时,不应仅考虑总井数和最终总涌水量,还应考虑到不同开挖阶段,动态控制、按需降水,才能从源头上实现基坑工程的绿色施工。     

Hydraulic barrier function of the underground continuous concrete wall in the pit of subway station and its optimization

Subway traffic is now being developed in China on a large scale and the planning subway stations are often located in dense district with tall building. The dewatering of confined aquifer may cause ground settlement, the cracking, deformation and tilting of the building, and even collapse. Combing with the dewatering project of environment protection of the pit of Yishan Road station of Shanghai subway No. 9, through the inversion of seepage parameters based on the field pumping test, the hydraulic barrier function of the underground continuous wall is simulated. The result indicates that with the reduction of the exposed length of the filter tube and the increase of that enclosed, the drawdown of the confined aquifer decreases. Especially with the increase of the enclosed length of the filter tube, the drawdown outside the pit can be controlled effectively. According to the result of the numerical simulation, the design of the continuous concrete wall of the pit for Shanghai Subway No. 9 is altered and the depth of the continuous concrete wall of the standing part and that in the end well are increased to 61 and 62 m, respectively. The monitored result of the equal drawdown pumping test indicates that the drawdown outside the pit with a distance of 1–6 m to the wall is less than 2 m; It means that there is nearly no influence on the environment around the pit during dewatering.     

西安地铁三号线某车站基坑降水设计

以西安地铁三号线某车站深基坑降水工程为例,结合工程地质及水文地质条件,确定基坑降水的设计参数,介绍深基坑降水的计算方法和设计方案,总结降水施工时应考虑的因素和可能出现的问题,制定降水施工的应急预案,从而为类似的工程积累经验.     

Numerical simulation and land subsidence control for deep foundation pit dewatering of Longyang Road Station on Shanghai Metro Line 18

In terms of controlling groundwater in deep foundation pit projects, the usual methods include increasing the curtain depth, reducing the amount of pumped groundwater, and implementing integrated control, in order to reduce the drawdown and land subsidence outside pits. In dewatering design for confined water, factors including drawdown requirements, the thickness of aquifers, the depth of dewatering wells and the depth of cutoff curtains have to be considered comprehensively and numerical simulations are generally conducted for calculation and analysis. Longyang Road Station on Shanghai Metro Line 18 is taken as the case study subject in this paper, a groundwater seepage model is developed according to the on-site engineering geological conditions and hydrogeological conditions, the excavation depth of the foundation pit as well as the design depth of the enclosure, hydrogeological parameters are determined via the pumping test, and the foundation pit dewatering is simulated by means of the three-dimensional finite difference method, which produces numerical results that consistent with real monitoring data as to the groundwater table. Besides, the drawdown and the land subsidence both inside and outside the pit caused by foundation pit dewatering are calculated and analyzed for various curtain depths. This study reveals that the drawdown and the land subsidence change faster near the curtain with the increase in the curtain depth, and the gradient of drawdown and land subsidence changes dwindles beyond certain depths. In this project, the curtain depth of 47/49 m is adopted, and a drawdown-land subsidence verification test is completed given hanging curtains before the excavation. The result turns out that the real measurements basically match the calculation results from the numerical simulation, and by increasing the depth of curtains, the land subsidence resulting from dewatering is effectively controlled.     

Numerical simulation and land subsidence control for deep foundation pit dewatering of Longyang Road Station on Shanghai Metro Line 18

In terms of controlling groundwater in deep foundation pit projects, the usual methods include increasing the curtain depth, reducing the amount of pumped groundwater, and implementing integrated control, in order to reduce the drawdown and land subsidence outside pits. In dewatering design for confined water, factors including drawdown requirements, the thickness of aquifers, the depth of dewatering wells and the depth of cutoff curtains have to be considered comprehensively and numerical simulations are generally conducted for calculation and analysis. Longyang Road Station on Shanghai Metro Line 18 is taken as the case study subject in this paper, a groundwater seepage model is developed according to the on-site engineering geological conditions and hydrogeological conditions, the excavation depth of the foundation pit as well as the design depth of the enclosure, hydrogeological parameters are determined via the pumping test, and the foundation pit dewatering is simulated by means of the three-dimensional finite difference method, which produces numerical results that consistent with real monitoring data as to the groundwater table. Besides, the drawdown and the land subsidence both inside and outside the pit caused by foundation pit dewatering are calculated and analyzed for various curtain depths. This study reveals that the drawdown and the land subsidence change faster near the curtain with the increase in the curtain depth, and the gradient of drawdown and land subsidence changes dwindles beyond certain depths. In this project, the curtain depth of 47/49 m is adopted, and a drawdown-land subsidence verification test is completed given hanging curtains before the excavation. The result turns out that the real measurements basically match the calculation results from the numerical simulation, and by increasing the depth of curtains, the land subsidence resulting from dewatering is effectively controlled.     

南昌地铁二号线隧道开挖风险性可拓学评价

地铁建设中始终面临着隧道开挖风险和毗邻建筑环境的风险,对其进行详细评价并找出主要影响风险源,对于控制工程风险、提高工程安全性和投资效益是地铁工程建设不可忽视的重要环节。应用可拓学方法,分别对南昌地铁二号线翠苑路-地铁大厦区间的隧道开挖风险和毗邻开挖区的建筑环境的风险进行评价,找出了最主要的风险影响因子,对同类工程建设具有借鉴意义。     

深基坑开挖中桩墙体系支护的结构优化设计

针对桩墙加内支撑这种支护型式在常规支护结构设计中所存在的不足,提出了一种优化设计方法,通过决策变量、约束条件、目标函数、优化算法的确立以及计算机程序的编制,成功实现了桩墙体系支护结构的参数优化设计。     

某电站左岸溢洪道单孔灌浆效果分析

某电站左岸溢洪道为优化灌浆设计方案,需要对左岸溢洪道布置钻孔进行综合勘察,并在此基础上按照灌浆设计要求进行单孔灌浆试验。为确保施工质量,事先对工艺流程进行优化,同时精选了设备和人员,并严格按照灌浆规范以及符合设计要求的情况下,通过在溢洪道启闭机闸墩、溢洪道二侧、溢流堰等具有代表性的部位进行单孔灌浆试验,取得了良好的灌浆效果,为完善灌浆设计方案提供了依据。     

泡沫轻质材料试验研究的均匀设计方法及配方优化

泡沫轻质材料是一种用于岩土工程的新型材料。采用均匀试验设计方法进行材料的配方试验,运用多元非线性回归方法进行方差分析,分析了试验因素的主效应和因素间的交互效应,并建立有约束的非线性规划问题,采用最优化方法进行寻优计算,得出满足工程要求的最优配比。     

Modelling the behaviour of a retaining wall in residual soils for a cut and cover construction of a deep station in Metro do Porto

This paper presents a re-appreciation of the ground characterisation and the criteria to select the most representative geomechanical parameters to consider in a numerical model to predict the behaviour of a retaining wall of a deep excavation in highly weathered granite rock masses and residual soils. This study was focused in the construction of a deep station of Metro do Porto, which involved a cut and cover solution, with unusual proportions (in plant and in depth), built in the typical Oporto's granite weathered profiles, being the excavation conducted with retaining walls consisting of multi-anchored concrete piles. Specific sections were carefully instrumented, due to the presence of historic buildings in the vicinity. The definition of representative model parameters was based on precise laboratory tests over high quality soil samples, including oedometer and high-precision triaxial tests. Geotechnical and geological characterisation of all the area for the original design, was initially based on in situ tests, such as SPT and rock masses classification, and on the local experience on this type of ground. After this construction, the assumptions of parameterisation, using a constitutive modelling based on new laboratory tests over high quality block samples, allowed a reanalysis of the assumptions on the design phase. A back-analysis of monitored displacements and forces during the construction was made, assuming the designed structural solutions, which were in fact implemented in construction, but considering the new approaches on the definition of the geomechanical parameters for the prevailing weathered rock masses, necessary for the numerical simulation based on the commercial software Plaxis®, using the Mohr-Coulomb and “Hardening-Soil” models. Some specific changes of the constructive sequence during the excavation and activation of supporting system were attained, by looking at the information found during the construction. The results of this parametrical re-approach and analysis of the singularities of highly weathered granite and corresponding residual soils masses for modelling of retaining walls of large excavations are discussed.     

导向钻机液压管路的优化设计

导向钻机液压管路的尺寸直接影响着能量损失以及管路体积、质量的大小。采用优化设计方法,综合考虑能量损失及管路体积2方面的影响,建立了导向钻机吸油管路的目标函数,经编程求解,确定了管路的合理尺寸。     

Dynamic programming with colour graphics smoothing for open-pit design on a personal computer

Summary Dynamic programming is a technique which has been used to design the optimum final surface mining pit limit. In using dynamic programming there is a trade-off: if the geometric constraints are specified too strictly, the pit limit will not be the optimum, but if they are specified more loosely, then the computed pit contours must be smoothed. The smoothing process has usually been manual and is time consuming. In this paper a colour graphics computer routine is presented. This not only facilitates the smoothing but also has the following benefits: open-pit limits can be designed interactively on a personal computer; pit designs that are closer to the economic optimum can be obtained; and the engineer can bring his or her own experience and intuition to bear on the final open-pit design.     

黄河上游梯级水电站施工洪水优化设计方法探讨--以黄河公伯峡水电站施工洪水优化设计为例

梯级水电站设计洪水方法一直是梯级水电站水文设计的难点．几十年来在黄河上游梯级电站设计中已总结出一套比较完整的设计洪水及施工洪水计算方法。通过黄河公伯峡水电站施工洪水优化设计过程，论述了该套方法．并就目前存在的一些观点及疑问给予了较为明确的回答。     

具有相邻建筑物的岩质基坑支护结构优化设计的讨论

传统岩质基坑支护设计方法通常没有考虑岩质基坑与支护结构相互作用以及相邻建筑物对支挡结构和岩质基坑稳定性的影响。结合实际工程,采用PLAXIS有限元软件,分别应用有限元强度折减法和有限元法对具有相邻建筑物条件下的岩质基坑的稳定性和变形、岩石侧压力、基坑开挖对相邻建筑物的影响以及支护结构的优化设计等方面进行了分析。结合《高层建筑结构设计规程》和《建筑地基基础设计规范》提出了相邻既有建筑基础变形的控制条件,并以此作为控制基坑变形的依据,并根据岩质基坑的变形限值计算岩石侧压力和进行岩质基坑支护设计,该方法能够有效地节约造价和缩短工期。     

西藏某滑坡成因机制分析及治理工程设计初探

某滑坡位于西藏昌都镇境内,总体积52 6×104m3,复活部分体积仅14 7×104m3。因其位置特殊、危害严重、社会影响强烈而倍受各方重视。该滑坡诱发机制为在异常的气候条件下,人类工程活动———不合理开挖坡脚可能导致古滑坡体的中、前部复活。文章结合滑坡的形态、结构特征,采用地质历史分析法,剖析滑坡形成机制,探讨滑坡复活变形影响因素,评价滑坡稳定性及其演化趋势;在此基础上,结合该滑坡前缘一带建有高挡墙的这一特殊情况,进行了滑坡治理工程的初步设计。     

浅析城市地下空间室内环境特点及设计思路:以西安赛格国际购物中心为例

随着中国城镇化进程的迅猛发展,城市规模不断扩大,人口不断增长,城市交通拥堵、环境污染、土地资源日益紧缺等问题日益凸显。城市地下空间作为城市资源的重要组成部分,适当的城市地下化发展可以在一定程度上缓解这些问题。文章简要叙述了目前我国城市地下空间开发利用的现状及城市地下空间的应用类型,分析了地下空间的恒温性、隔热性、湿度较大、环境封闭空气流通性差、天然光线不足、缺乏自然景观、没有外部形态等内部环境特点。以西安赛格国际购物中心为例,从自然采光、人工照明、植物水体和界面设计的角度概述了地下综合体室内设计的核心理念和关键步骤。最后提出了如下关于城市地下商业空间室内设计的优化思路：(1)空间布局明确,符合人的空间认知习惯;(2)通过扩大建筑入口和先进的技术手段,引入天然光;(3)运用照明模拟自然光;(4)引入自然元素,使室内外环境自然过渡,增加地下空间的活力,改善封闭感,缓解人的心理和生理障碍;(5)地下空间的各类尺度应符合人体尺度,避免产生不适感;(6)注重行动不便的人群,设置人性化的无障碍设施;(7)设计充足的休憩场所;(8)注重设计本土化,展现地域文化特色。