扁铲侧胀试验在软土地基评价中的应用研究

在回顾分析国内外利用扁铲侧胀试验评价地基土性参数基础上,介绍了应用扁铲侧胀试验（DMT）和其它试验手段进行高速公路软土地基综合分析评价所取得的一些成果。根据扁铲侧胀试验结果估算的不排水抗剪强度与十字板试验结果基本一致,并能够反映土的强度随深度增长的规律,也分析了造成扁铲侧胀试验结果与室内试验结果之间差异的因素,研究结果可为扁铲侧胀试验在我国岩土工程领域的应用提供参考。     

扁铲侧胀试验在浅海钙质土力学特性评价中的应用

利用扁铲侧胀仪对海底浅层钙质土进行原位测试,能够一次获得多个评价土性的试验参数。试验表明,由于波浪循环动荷载的作用使得海底表层（深1～2 m）钙质砂的密实度比其紧邻的下部偏大,以珊瑚礁为主要胶结物的钙质土,内部具有大的孔隙或松散堆积体结构是造成海底浅层钙质砂表层与浅部土体的扁铲侧胀压力明显变化的主要原因。扁铲试验结果与现场标准贯入试验具有较好的相关性,基于Seed公式推导的适合于计算水下平均动应力比的简化公式能够较好地用于对不同地震烈度下海底浅层钙质土液化可能性的判别。     

化学与稳定同位素指纹示踪原油类污染:以广东南海两次小型溢油事件为例

化学和稳定同位素指纹是目前国际上用于示踪石油类污染来源及其环境命运的有效技术。通过气相色谱-质谱(GC—MS)分析可疑重油与被污染水体及植物表面污染物的饱和烃和芳烃分布以及生物标志化合物姥姣烷、植烷、“不可分辨的混合物”(UCM)等化学指纹特征,对比可疑重油与被污染水体表面漂浮重油的沥青质同位素组成,追踪了发生在广东省南海市的两次小型重油泄漏事件。结果揭示,2002年10月16日晚发生的污染事件源于某饲料公司锅炉房的重油泄漏;而2002年10月25日的泄漏事故则是某加油站重油渗漏所致。     

中国油气储层中纳米孔首次发现及其科学价值

油气储层孔隙可分为毫米级孔、微米级孔、纳米级孔3种类型,常规储层孔隙直径一般大于1μm。北美地区页岩气储层纳米级孔径范围为5~160nm,主体为80~100nm。在对中国非常规油气储层研究中,应用场发射扫锚电子显微镜与纳米CT重构技术,首次发现了小于1μm的油气纳米孔。其中,致密砂岩油气储层中纳米级孔隙以颗粒内孔、自生矿物晶间孔及微裂缝为主,喉道呈席状、弯曲片状,孔隙直径范围10~1000nm,主体为300~900nm;页岩气储层纳米级孔隙以有机质内孔、颗粒内孔及自生矿物晶间孔为主,孔隙直径范围5~300nm,主体为80~200nm。纳米级孔是致密储层连通性储集空间的主体。纳米级孔隙系统的发现,改变了微米级孔隙是油气储层唯一微观孔隙的传统认识,为认识常规油气局部富集,非常规油气连续聚集的地质特征、研究连续型油气聚集机理、增加资源潜力具有重要的科学意义。     

Applicability of piezocone and dilatometer to characterize the soils of the Venice Lagoon

The effectiveness of two geotechnical investigation tools—the piezocone and the dilatometer—to characterize the soils forming the shallowest deposits of the upper quaternary basin of the Venice lagoon soil is examined in this study. For this purpose, the results of a comprehensive site and laboratory investigation carried out recently over a small lagoon area—the Malamocco Test Site—are used to evaluate the applicability of the most widely used charts or correlative equations to characterize soil profile and estimate the main geotechnical properties of these soils, when applied to the interpretation of CPTU and DMT results. The particular interest of this site—apart from its unquestionable historical relevance—is the presence, apparently without any regular pattern in depth and site, of a predominantly silty fraction combined with clay and/or sand, thus forming an erratic interbedding of various types of sediments. This case represents therefore the opposite condition of that which has been normally utilized in the past to calibrate the two devices, namely the presence of particularly homogeneous natural deposits or artificially sedimented homogeneous layers of sand or clay. The Malamocco Test Site may therefore be considered as test benchmark for the applicability of the two devices to characterize highly heterogeneous silty deposits.     

扁铲探头贯入干砂的位移特征试验研究

扁铲侧胀试验（DMT）已在国内外岩土工程勘察、地基加固效果评价等领域中得到广泛应用。DMT的测试过程在扁铲探头贯入到测试位置后进行,因此探头的贯入过程对土体造成的扰动在一定程度上将直接影响测试结果。目前关于扁铲探头的贯入机理,以及贯入过程可能引起的土体扰动及其对测试结果的影响尚未研究清楚。通过室内模型试验手段,进行扁铲探头贯入不同初始密实状态下均质干砂的试验研究,分析了探头贯入过程中产生的土体位移场分布特征。试验结果表明：扁铲探头的楔形部和膜片所在的侧胀部贯入产生的挤压作用是引起土体变形扰动的主要原因;探头楔形部的贯入过程表现为向下和向斜侧面挤压土体,竖向位移量很小,产生向两侧扩展为主的扁状位移场,而探头侧胀部的贯入过程主要表现为向两侧面水平向挤压土体,产生半椭圆状水平位移场且分布范围明显更大,同时探头侧面表现为一定的剪切作用而产生较窄范围的竖向位移场。另外,扁铲探头贯入干砂产生的位移场受砂土初始密实状态的影响较小,主要表现为探头楔形部周围的位移场分布范围随密实度增大而扩大。     

扁铲侧胀试验在天津滨海新区软土中的应用

简要介绍扁铲侧胀试验(DMT)的基本原理及一些应用成果,并将其应用于天津滨海新区软土的研究。结果表明:DMT对天津滨海新区的正常固结软土划分合理,但对吹填软土划分不够准确;DMT对应力历史的描述除粉土外符合实际情况;天津滨海新区扁铲土性指数I_D值在0.3左右的软土的静止侧压力系数K₀值为0.65,且真空预压将导致K₀值变大。     

稠油油藏热-流体-力学耦合模型研究及应用

在稠油油藏开发中,由于原油黏度高一般采用注蒸汽开采。基于连续介质力学理论,考虑了热对流的影响,建立了蒸汽注入条件下对地层压力、变形和有效应力定量评价的改进的热-流体-力学耦合数学模型;应用全隐式顺序Galerkin有限元数值解方案对注蒸汽井热-流体-力学耦合过程进行了数值模拟。计算结果表明,由于地层流体高温膨胀引起的高压力,会导致位移、变形,甚至地层结构破裂;温度对地层破裂形态的影响显著。研究表明,这个改进模型比传统模型更加准确、实用,可以用于蒸汽注入速率优化和油藏、地质、热-流动力反应、地应力水平等综合作用效应研究。     

上海地区扁铲侧胀试验与其他原位试验结果的相关性分析

由于扁铲侧胀试验（DMT）在国内应用时间不长,如何合理地解释和应用DMT试验成果尚待进一步探讨。与其他原位试验结果进行对比分析是研究方法之一。介绍了多元回归在岩土工程相关分析中的应用。根据上海地区多个工程的扁铲侧胀试验、十字板剪切试验、标贯试验和静力触探试验的数据,通过选元分析和多元回归,得出扁铲侧胀试验与其它原位试验的相关关系,可供勘察设计相关人员参考使用。     

岩溶热储井间连通性的示踪研究

岩溶热储储层的不均匀性强,采灌井之间的连通性不易确定。示踪技术可以将运移参数量化,有效刻画储层流体的特征,研究回灌井和开采井之间的水力联系,包括导水通道,流体流速等信息,对长期回灌可能引起的开采井的冷却进行预测,是岩溶热储井间连通性研究十分有效的技术。本文以华北牛驼镇地热田雄县地区为例,针对蓟县系雾迷山组岩溶热储,采用荧光素钠示踪剂,进行了1口井注入,10口井观测的群井示踪试验。采用裂隙介质溶质运移模型,对示踪试验数据进行了解释,得到优势通道的长度、渗透流速、纵向弥散度、回收率等储层性质,获得了试验区内采灌井之间的连通特征。对调整采灌井布局提出了建议。     

基于神经网络的储层识别处理技术及在塔河油田的应用

简述神经网络用于储层识别模型的建立,并指出单独使用神经网络进行识别的不足。对此,设计了具有辅助神经网络作用的计算机程序,从而使单独使用网络的不足之处得到完善。通过塔河油田实际资料应用表明,在单独使用BP神经网络进行储层类型预测效果不是十分理想的情况下,采用这种处理技术,能够取得较好的效果。     

Investigation of in situ thermomechanical behaviors of soil around an energy pile with flat dilatometer tests

Acta Geotechnica - An energy pile alters the ground temperature fields around it, which may lead to uneven settlements and a higher risk of failure. The thermomechanical behaviors of soils have...     

Interpretation of strains in torsion shear tests

The normal and shear strains obtained in torsion shear tests may be interpreted in two different ways to gain insight into (1) the type of plastic potential to be employed in hardening plasticity stress–strain models, and (2) the coincidence in physical space of the plastic strain increment direction with the stress direction during principal stress rotation. Thirty-four drained torsion shear tests were performed on hollow cylinder specimens of Santa Monica Beach sand deposited by dry pluviation. Twenty-six tests were performed on tall specimens with height of 40 cm, and eight tests were performed on short specimens with height of 25 cm to investigate the effect of the specimen height on the soil behavior in hollow cylinder specimens. Each test was conducted with the same, constant inside and outside confining pressure, σ_r, thus tying the value of b = (σ₂–σ₃)/(σ₁– σ₃) to the inclination, β, of the major principal stress. The directions of strain increment vectors at failure are compared with the directions corresponding to associated and non-associated flow. The relation between the directions of major principal strain increment and major principal stress during rotation of principal stress axes in physical space are investigated.     

浅薄层稠油油藏开采技术

河南油田稠油油藏具有浅，薄，稠，散的特点，在我国属于浅薄层稠油开采的典型，回顾了河南油田筒油基地建设的历程，分析了目前稠油开发的现状及存在问题，提出了今后主攻方向及挖潜对策，故此文对河南筒油油藏实现产能接替，挖替，确保“十五”稳产等均具有重要意义和指导作用。     

一个典型的寒武系油藏:塔里木盆地塔中62井油藏成因分析

塔里木盆地志留系沥青砂岩广泛发育,主要原因是来源于寒武系的原油在进入志留系储层后区域性的抬升剥蚀使油藏遭到严重破坏,但到目前为止,究竟是寒武系烃源岩还是中上奥陶统烃源岩或是两者都对现今的志留系沥青砂岩中的有机质有贡献还不清楚.对塔中62井原油的化学组成和油源的分析表明,其甾萜类组成具有寒武系烃源岩的组成特征,反映该油藏原油主要来源于寒武系.另一方面,塔中62井砂岩透镜体被泥岩圈闭,油藏具有较好的保存条件,且后期中上奥陶统生成的烃类难以充注进入油藏.塔中62井志留系油藏破坏作用较弱、保存较好,是塔里木盆地在志留系发现的第一例来源于寒武系的油藏.     

A fully coupled hydro‐thermo‐poro‐mechanical model for black oil reservoir simulation

A fully coupled formulation of a hydro‐thermo‐poro‐mechanical model for a three‐phase black oil reservoir model is presented. The model is based upon the approach proposed by one of the authors which fully couples geomechanical effects to multiphase flow. Their work is extended here to include non‐isothermal effects. The gas phase contribution to the energy equation has been neglected based on a set of assumptions. The coupled formulation given herein differs in several ways when compared to the earlier work and an attempt is made to link the flow based formulation and mixture theory. The Finite Element Method is employed for the numerical treatment and essential algorithmic implementation is discussed. Numerical examples are presented to provide further understanding of the current methodology. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

上海地区扁铲侧胀试验计算地基承载力的探讨

通过对扁铲侧胀试验和试验机理的研究和对试验指数的对比分析 ,提出了用扁铲侧胀试验计算地基承载力的方法 ;利用上海地区部分重大工程中的扁铲侧胀试验数据 ,在与室内土工试验、静力触探试验及十字板剪切试验的相关分析的基础上 ,经数理统计后给出了上海地区用扁铲侧胀试验计算地基承载力的经验公式。最后 ,通过与室内土工试验、静力触探试验和十字板剪切试验计算的地基承载力对比 ,分析了本经验公式计算地基承载力的精度。研究分析表明 ,可以用扁铲侧胀试验计算地基承载力     

Estimation of the rock mass deformation modulus using a rock classification system

It is often difficult to directly obtain specific design parameters of interest. In these situations, estimation based on empirical correlations is an alternative. The deformation modulus of a rock mass, which is important to know for engineering projects, is measured by in situ tests, such as plate bearing, flat jack, pressure chamber, borehole jacking and dilatometer tests. Nevertheless, these in situ tests are expensive, time consuming and sometimes even impossible. Many attempts have been made to estimate the E modulus using easy-to-obtain parameters of a rock mass. This paper reviews previous studies and the equations that have been developed. In addition, this study presents a new relation developed using a database of 82 dilatometer test results gathered from two dam sites and a tunnel site. Statistical analyses were performed to correlate accessible rock parameters with measured E modulus values from in situ tests. Knowing that discontinuity characteristics and the strength of rock materials are the most important contributors to rock deformability, the focus was on identifying parameters that are affected by the mentioned properties. Among the tested parameters, RMR (Rock Mass Rating) showed the best correlation with the E modulus. Statistical analyses resulted in a new empirical equation that has an acceptable estimation ability.     

有效应力对保德区块煤储层渗透率影响研究

通过有效应力单因素影响保德区块煤岩气体渗流实验,分析了煤岩渗透率应力敏感性以及割理压缩系数变化特征.结果表明:保德区块煤储层渗透率与有效应力呈负指数函数关系;煤层埋深越深,煤岩渗透率变化幅度越小,渗透率应力敏感性下降。渗透率损害系数的线性函数拟合相关系数较低,应力敏感系数的负指数函数拟合相关系数较高,应力敏感系数比渗透率损害系数更具规律性。在高有效应力阶段,煤岩割理压缩系数更趋近于常数,低有效应力阶段,割理压缩系数应视为变量。