化学与稳定同位素指纹示踪原油类污染:以广东南海两次小型溢油事件为例

化学和稳定同位素指纹是目前国际上用于示踪石油类污染来源及其环境命运的有效技术。通过气相色谱-质谱(GC—MS)分析可疑重油与被污染水体及植物表面污染物的饱和烃和芳烃分布以及生物标志化合物姥姣烷、植烷、“不可分辨的混合物”(UCM)等化学指纹特征,对比可疑重油与被污染水体表面漂浮重油的沥青质同位素组成,追踪了发生在广东省南海市的两次小型重油泄漏事件。结果揭示,2002年10月16日晚发生的污染事件源于某饲料公司锅炉房的重油泄漏;而2002年10月25日的泄漏事故则是某加油站重油渗漏所致。     

Applicability of piezocone and dilatometer to characterize the soils of the Venice Lagoon

The effectiveness of two geotechnical investigation tools—the piezocone and the dilatometer—to characterize the soils forming the shallowest deposits of the upper quaternary basin of the Venice lagoon soil is examined in this study. For this purpose, the results of a comprehensive site and laboratory investigation carried out recently over a small lagoon area—the Malamocco Test Site—are used to evaluate the applicability of the most widely used charts or correlative equations to characterize soil profile and estimate the main geotechnical properties of these soils, when applied to the interpretation of CPTU and DMT results. The particular interest of this site—apart from its unquestionable historical relevance—is the presence, apparently without any regular pattern in depth and site, of a predominantly silty fraction combined with clay and/or sand, thus forming an erratic interbedding of various types of sediments. This case represents therefore the opposite condition of that which has been normally utilized in the past to calibrate the two devices, namely the presence of particularly homogeneous natural deposits or artificially sedimented homogeneous layers of sand or clay. The Malamocco Test Site may therefore be considered as test benchmark for the applicability of the two devices to characterize highly heterogeneous silty deposits.     

基于神经网络的储层识别处理技术及在塔河油田的应用

简述神经网络用于储层识别模型的建立,并指出单独使用神经网络进行识别的不足。对此,设计了具有辅助神经网络作用的计算机程序,从而使单独使用网络的不足之处得到完善。通过塔河油田实际资料应用表明,在单独使用BP神经网络进行储层类型预测效果不是十分理想的情况下,采用这种处理技术,能够取得较好的效果。     

Investigation of in situ thermomechanical behaviors of soil around an energy pile with flat dilatometer tests

Acta Geotechnica - An energy pile alters the ground temperature fields around it, which may lead to uneven settlements and a higher risk of failure. The thermomechanical behaviors of soils have...     

Estimation of the rock mass deformation modulus using a rock classification system

It is often difficult to directly obtain specific design parameters of interest. In these situations, estimation based on empirical correlations is an alternative. The deformation modulus of a rock mass, which is important to know for engineering projects, is measured by in situ tests, such as plate bearing, flat jack, pressure chamber, borehole jacking and dilatometer tests. Nevertheless, these in situ tests are expensive, time consuming and sometimes even impossible. Many attempts have been made to estimate the E modulus using easy-to-obtain parameters of a rock mass. This paper reviews previous studies and the equations that have been developed. In addition, this study presents a new relation developed using a database of 82 dilatometer test results gathered from two dam sites and a tunnel site. Statistical analyses were performed to correlate accessible rock parameters with measured E modulus values from in situ tests. Knowing that discontinuity characteristics and the strength of rock materials are the most important contributors to rock deformability, the focus was on identifying parameters that are affected by the mentioned properties. Among the tested parameters, RMR (Rock Mass Rating) showed the best correlation with the E modulus. Statistical analyses resulted in a new empirical equation that has an acceptable estimation ability.     

Degradation of petroleum contaminants in oil

The treatment of diesel-contaminated soil with hydrogen peroxide oxidation is investigated in this paper. The factors influencing reactions such as initial oil content, H2O2 dosage, pH-value, catalyst and so on are studied. The results indicate that it is feasible to remediate diesel-contaminated soil by adding oxidant directly at room temperature because of higher absolute removal content although the degradation efficiency is low for the contaminated soil of 1%, 2% and 5% initial oil content. The more the H2O2 dosage, the better the degradation efficiency; it is economical and efficient to add 4 mL H2O2 to 10 g diesel-contaminated soil （2% or so） directly in-situ chemical oxidation （ICO）. For the contaminated soil of 5% initial oil content, when pH-value is 5-8 and H202 dosage is 20 mL, the removal efficiency reaches more than 96%; when pH-value is 1-3 and volume ratios of H2O2 to Fe^2＋ are 1 ： 1, 2：2, the degradation efficiencies are all very high （i.e., 86%-88% or so）. It can be concluded that the degradation efficiencies are comparative when adding 1 mL or 2 mL H2O2 of Fenton Reagent or adding 4 mL of H2O2 only to 10 g diesel-contaminated soil.     

Interpretation of well-cell pressures on hexagonal grids in numerical reservoir simulation

Peaceman’s equivalent well-cell radius for 2D square grids has been generalized to 2D grids consisting of regular hexagons. The development consists of the following steps. Firstly, the analytical solution for the pressure drop between injector and producer for wells in a seven-spot pattern is determined. Secondly, this solution is compared with the numerical solution on hexagonal grids for a sixth of a seven-spot pattern. Finally, the equivalent well-cell radius is calculated, and its asymptotic behavior for infinitely fine grids is derived. The results are valid for both steady-state and unsteady-state conditions.     

The effective stress concept and the evaluation of changes in pore air pressure under jacketed isotropic compression tests for dry sand based on the 2‐phase porous theory

The effective stress concept for solid‐fluid 2‐phase media was revisited in this work. In particular, the effects of the compressibility of both the pore fluid and the soil particles were studied under 3 different conditions, i.e., undrained, drained, and unjacketed conditions based on a Biot‐type theory for 2‐phase porous media. It was confirmed that Terzaghi effective stress holds at the moment when soil grains are assumed to be incompressible and when the compressibility of the pore fluid is small enough compared to that of the soil skeleton. Then, isotropic compression tests for dry sand under undrained conditions were conducted within the triaxial apparatus in which the changes in the pore air pressure could be measured. The ratio of the increment in the cell pressure to the increment in the pore air pressure, m, corresponds to the inverse of the B value by Bishop and was obtained during the step loading of the cell pressure. In addition, the m values were evaluated by comparing them with theoretically obtained values based on the solid‐fluid 2‐phase mixture theory. The experimental m values were close to the theoretical values, as they were in the range of approximately 40 to 185, depending on the cell pressure. Finally, it was found that the soil material with a highly compressible pore fluid, such as air, must be analyzed with the multi‐phase porous mixture theory. However, Terzaghi effective stress is practically applicable when the compressibilities of both the soil particles and the pore fluid are small enough compared to that of the soil skeleton.     

Unusual biomarker maturation ratio changes through the oil window, a consequence of varied thermal history

Saturated and aromatic biomarker ratios continue to change systematically through the oil window and into the gas-condensate window to high vitrinite reflectances (R_o = 1.16%) in mature marine and lacustrine Mesozoic clastic samples from a South African basin. Two of the ratios reverse above R_o = 0.9%. These unusual maturation effects result from isolated periods of high rates of maturation increase. The basin cooled regionally after the break-up of Gondwana but high heating rates prevailed during the late Cretaceous-early Tertiary, as Africa moved across a hotspot, and again in the late Tertiary as a result of a possible hotspot and hydrothermal event.     

Interpretation of well-cell pressures on stretched hexagonal grids in numerical reservoir simulation

Peaceman’s equivalent well-cell radius for 2D Cartesian grids has been generalized to 2D uniform Voronoi grids consisting of stretched hexagons in an isotropic medium. An analytical expression for the equivalent well-cell radius for infinitely fine grids is derived. The derivation is performed by comparison of analytical and numerical solution for boundary value problems with one or two wells. Since the well-cell radius varies slowly with the grid fineness, the found formula can be considered representative for all grid sizes.     

Geochemistry and genesis of heavy oil in the Erlian Basin

1Introduction StudyonheavyoilintheErlianBasin,NorthChi na,hasbeenreportedbysomescholars(DouLironget al.,1995;TangJietingetal.,1992),butthegene sisandformingmechanismofheavyoilneedtobefur therstudied.Thepapersyntheticallydiscussedthege ochemistry,genesisandinspissationseriesofheavyoil intheErlianBasinbaseduponalargenumberofsta tisticsdataonthephysicalpropertiesofdifferenttypes ofheavyoil,theGCanalysesofsaturatedandaromatic hydrocarbons,andtheGC MSanalysesofsteranesand terpanes. T…     

New Technology of Optimizing Heavy Oil Reservoir Management by Geochemical Means：A Case Study in Block Leng 43,Liaohe Oilfield,China

Geochemical methods can be used to optimize heavy oil reservoir management.The distribution of some biomarkers in oils is different with the degree of biodegradation.Geochemi-cal parameters can be used to predict oil viscosity and thus to preliminarily evaluate the difficult-ties involved in oil production.The results of viscosity prediction for oils from reservoir S3^2 in block Leng 43 and preliminary evaluation of oil production difficulty are consistent with the geological data.     

Geological and geochemical studies of heavy oil reservoirs in China

Thickened heavy oils in China are genetically characteristic of continental fades. As to their physico-chemical properties, these oils are very high in viscosity and low in sulphur and trace element contents. In the group constituents, the concentrations of non-hydrocarbons and asphaltene are very high but those of saturated hydrocarbons and aromatics are very low. The gas chromatograms of alkanes show that these heavy oils have high abundances of iso - alkanes and cyclic hydrocarbons. In all the steroids and terpenoids, bicyclic sesquiterpenoids, tricyclic diterpenoids, re - arranged steranes and gammacerane are strongly biodegradation - resistent. The formation of heavy oil reservoirs is controlled mainly by late basin ascendance, biodegradation, flushing by meteoric water and oxidation in the oil - bearing formations. According to their formation mechanisms, heavy oil reservoirs can be classified as four categories: weathering and denudation, marginal oxidation, secondary migration and thickening of bottom water. Spatially, heavy thick oil reservoirs are distributed regularly: they usually show some paragenetic relationships with normal oil reservoirs. Heavy oil reservoirs often occur in structural highs or in overlying younger strata. Their burial depth is about 2000m. Horizontally, most of them are distributed on the margins of basins or depressions. Weng Weijin, Guo Jiaofeng and Li Huaqi also took part in this work.     

系统试井方法在普通黑油及挥发性油藏中的应用

矿场实验数据表明,在井底流压高于饱和压力(Pf >Pb)条件下,油藏的渗流特征表现为单相达西流,当井底流压低于饱和压力(Pf相似文献   

油气化探异常预测油气藏埋藏深度探讨

通过对大庆油田丰富的地表油气化探、钻井资料分析研究,结合油藏放射性异常模型,提出了氡异常水平分布及特征值与油气藏深度的关系数学模型及参数计算方法。通过大庆油田杜29井区实际资料验证和平洋来27井区、来36井区试验应用,证实用地表油气化探特征值估算确定油气田埋藏深度的技术方法是可行、实用的。而这种解释结果结合地质解释分析,对指导油气田勘探部署,提高勘探效益都具有实际意义。