盾构施工对大型立交桥超长桩工作性状的影响

盾构近距离穿越大型立交桥超长桩基础会对桩基础及上部桥梁结构产生不利影响。通过对盾构近距离侧穿超长桩基础过程进行数值模拟,研究了不同深度处盾构掘进对超长桩承载性状、变形和内力的影响。研究表明：盾构近距侧穿超长桩会导致桩身出现较大变形及内力,且隧道轴线与超长桩处于不同相对位置时会对桩的特性产生不同影响。其他条件不变时,盾构从桩身上部的近距离穿越,将引起桩身最大的横向水平位移;盾构从桩身中部近距离穿越则将引起桩身产生沿盾构掘进方向的最大的水平位移;盾构从桩端附近穿越时将引起桩身产生最大的竖向位移;盾构从桩身中下部穿越时将引起桩身产生最大的附加轴力。桩身侧阻在隧道轴线附近呈“S”型,同时桩身轴力最大值也出现在隧道轴线附近。盾构导致桩身产生纵向和横向变形延伸至桥面高度的变形量相当可观。当盾构穿越高架桥梁基础时应该严格控制桩顶水平位移。     

盾构隧道施工对邻近承载桩基影响研究

针对苏州轻轨1号线成层非均质土地基,选用Mohr-Coulomb弹塑性本构模型,建立三维有限元数值模型,研究非均质土中盾构隧道施工对邻近承载桩基工作性状的影响规律。数值计算结果表明,随着成层非均质土中各土层软硬程度差异的增大,隧道开挖会在邻近承载单桩引起明显反弯点,且桩体沉降亦随之增大;位于上软下硬成层土中的承载单桩桩身正弯矩更大,且该正弯矩出现在桩身中上部的反弯点部位,而上硬下软成层土中的承载单桩下部出现更大的负弯矩;与均质土中同位置承载单桩相比,位于上软下硬成层土中承载单桩桩顶及桩端轴力均更大,而位于上硬下软成层土中承载单桩桩顶轴力则更小。不同竖向集中荷载作用下,非均质土中盾构隧道开挖引起的承载群桩中前桩水平位移沿桩身分布与同位置承载单桩重合,后桩挠曲程度小于承载单桩;盾构隧道施工对承载群桩内力的影响明显高于对变形的影响。     

盾构法开挖隧道对桩基础影响的有限元分析

利用有限元软件ABAQUS,采用对隧道洞室周边及开挖面的土体施加由盾构机引起的各种荷载的方法模拟天津市地铁1号线盾构施工。计算结果表明,有限元模型能够很好地模拟盾构施工过程。利用此模型研究隧道开挖对桩基础的影响。隧道开挖引起的桩顶沉降、桩身侧移主要发生在盾构机推进面逐渐接近桩的过程中,当盾构机推进面通过桩所在的位置后桩顶沉降、桩身侧移增加不明显;与隧道水平距离相同时,由于长桩能够充分发挥桩身下部的侧摩阻力,隧道开挖引起的长桩的桩顶沉降小于短桩的桩顶沉降;隧道开挖过程中12 m长桩的桩身发生了整体倾斜,16、19 m长桩的桩身出现了弯曲变形,16、19 m长桩的桩身最大弯矩发生在地面下12～13 m之间,即在隧道轴线附近;开挖过程中桩顶出现沿隧道推进方向的往复位移;桩顶作用的竖向荷载越大,由隧道开挖引起的桩顶沉降越大     

地下水位循环变化时隧道开挖对群桩的长期影响研究

为解决地下水位随季节升降变化时隧道开挖对邻近桩基的长期影响难题,通过三维离心模型试验,研究了地下水位循环变化时隧道对群桩的长期影响。主要分析水位循环变化时地表长期沉降、桩顶长期附加沉降、桩身长期附加弯矩和附加轴力的变化规律。试验结果表明：在隧道附近,地下水位循环变化尤其是降水对地表长期沉降影响更为明显。地表长期附加沉降随着地下水位循环次数增加而增大,且呈衰减式变形,即使经过3次水位升降循环也不能稳定;桩基长期附加沉降显著,其附加沉降量占总沉降量的50%以上;前、后桩的长期附加轴力基本为正值,桩总轴力增加,对既有受压桩极为不利,附加轴力拐点位置及最大值有所区别;经过3次地下水位循环变化后,前、后桩桩身弯矩反弯点个数减少,但桩身最大附加弯矩均明显变大,当达到极限弯矩,桩身出现塑性铰,这对穿越厚软弱层地基中的既有受压柔性桩极为危险。     

路基填土对桥台桩基影响的试验与数值仿真分析

台后路基荷载会使地基软弱下卧层发生压缩和水平移动,致使桥台桩基的受力性状非常复杂。在现场测试结果的基础上,建立了三维有限元模型,模拟了台后路基荷载作用下桥台桩基的受力性状,并与实测结果进行了对比分析。结果表明,有限元计算结果与实测结果较为一致。中间桩排和后排桩桩身最大弯矩与台后路基荷载的关系呈双折线型,与Stewart等提出的一致,但双折线转折点所对应的路基填土荷载并不一致。中间桩排的填土荷载为软土层固结不排水黏聚力强度ccu与土层厚度的加权平均值的3.34倍,后排桩约为2.22倍;前排桩的最大弯矩与路基填土荷载呈线性变化。桩顶变形与台后路基荷载呈非线性关系,可以分为两部分。前排桩桩身最大弯矩位置一直在软土层中,不随台后路基荷载变化;而后排桩桩身最大弯矩位置在台后路基荷载较小时位于软土层中,随着台后路基荷载的增大,最终出现在桩顶。     

下穿隧道开挖引起的挤土桩沉降控制分析方法

随着地下空间开发利用的立体式发展,地下近接工程中结构相互作用问题日益突显。针对盾构隧道下穿既有挤土桩问题,提出了基于岩土介质小孔扩张（收缩）理论的分析方法。通过基于统一砂黏土本构模型和大应变假设推导的小孔扩张-收缩排水解析解,建立了隧-桩相互作用力学模型;提出了隧道开挖影响下桩基的承载力衰减因子,并采用荷载-沉降曲线预测了桩基沉降。由分析结果可知,隧道地层损失引起的桩侧承载力减小、桩端承载力减小和桩端刚度损失,三者共同作用促使桩基发生沉降失稳,并提出了桩基的承载力控制准则、稳定控制准则和变形控制准则。此外,研究得到了桩基失稳时隧道地层损失与各因素之间的相关关系。其结果为揭示隧道与邻近结构相互作用机制、保障地下结构稳定性提供了有效的分析手段和必要的理论依据。     

隔离桩及盾构近接施工对高铁桩基的影响分析

针对饱和砂土地区盾构隧道超近接高铁桥墩摩擦桩的工程问题,采用钻孔灌注桩及高压旋喷桩组合隔断隧桩间位移。分别对钻孔灌注桩、高压旋喷桩及盾构上下行线近接高铁桥梁桩基引起的高铁桩基的变形及变位开展现场试验,对现场实测数据及规律进行分析。结果表明,钻孔灌注桩施工使高铁桥墩产生沉降,占施工过程最大沉降量的 75%～125%;高压旋喷桩施工导致桥墩产生隆起,占施工过程最大沉降量的-50%,旋喷桩施工完成后将持续一段时间;盾构施工对高铁桥墩竖向变形产生影响,距离高铁桩基越近影响越大,同时累计沉降跟盾构施工控制有较大关系。     

基于桩-土界面剪切特性的单桩沉降和承载问题研究

近年来,西北地区出现了许多高填方场地,为减小建筑物基础的不均匀沉降,基础类型广泛使用桩基础。与一般场地不同,黄土填方场地中的单桩桩周土受力后仍会产生较大的变形,该类场地单桩沉降机制复杂。桩顶总沉降计算是桩基设计的重要依据,为此,建立了高填方黄土场地单桩桩顶总沉降计算模型。基于传统的荷载传递法和剪切位移法,分别考虑桩-土界面的桩-土相互作用和桩-土界面外剪切带土体的剪切变形。依据桩端边界,将单桩类型分为摩擦桩和端承摩擦桩,分别建立桩周土弹性阶段和塑性阶段的桩身位移控制微分方程,结合边界条件进行求解,得到桩身位移、轴力、侧摩阻力,并通过弹塑性理论求解了桩周土剪切带土体剪切变形,进而通过叠加原理求得桩顶总沉降。用桩长与桩周土塑性发展深度的比值,定义了桩基承载力安全系数K。通过算例分析与现场试验数据对比分析,研究结果表明：使用新的模型计算得到的桩顶总沉降与现场试验结果相近;当桩顶荷载较小、桩周土处于弹性阶段时,桩端边界对桩身轴力、位移和侧摩阻力影响很小,但桩周土进入塑性滑移阶段后,桩端边界的影响开始变大,考虑桩端土的承载能力会极大提高单桩极限承载力;建立了将荷载传递法和剪切位移法综合起来的计算...     

盾构隧道平行侧穿诱发的建筑纵向沉降实测与模拟分析

当盾构隧道平行侧穿建筑物时,大多关注建筑物的横向沉降规律,对其纵向沉降关注较少。为此,针对盾构隧道平行侧穿建筑物引发的空间变形开展研究。首先,对天津地铁6号线平行侧穿四座结构形式相近的砖混建筑的实测数据进行分析,得到建筑物基本变形模式;基于工程实测并考虑土体的小应变硬化特性建立三维有限元数值分析模型,研究了盾构侧穿引发的建筑物纵向挠曲、土体变形与应力变化规律,并分析了不同建筑平面长宽比的影响。结果表明,盾构隧道平行侧穿将诱发平面长宽比较大的建筑出现"下凹式"挠曲变形,纵墙中部沉降最大可为其角点沉降的2倍,平行侧穿并不能简化为平面应变问题进行分析。建筑物修建和盾构开挖将导致隧道上方土体经历较为复杂的应力变化过程,并可划分为6个阶段。沿建筑纵向基础中部的土体与边缘土体相比,其首先经历更大的压缩变形(建筑施工导致),在盾构穿越后又产生了更大的卸荷变形。当建筑平面长宽比小于2时,盾构开挖导致的纵向挠曲变形将显著减小。     

软岩陡坡椅式桩支挡结构受力变形模型试验研究

对软岩陡坡椅式桩（CSP）支挡结构,通过大比例模型试验研究路基面分级荷载作用下其内力变形规律、结构-岩土体相互作用,根据试验条件和结构受力状态,提出了其设计计算方法。结果表明,椅式桩的空间结构特性可有效控制结构变形和减小桩身内力;主副桩桩身弯矩大小接近,最大弯矩位于坡面处,桩侧岩石压力主要跟桩基变形与岩石变形模量有关;椅式桩一般不会出现结构倾倒破坏,软岩边坡则以浅层破坏为主;基于弹性地基梁的分析解,可较好地描述椅式桩的内力变化及其分布规律。研究结果对正确分析椅式桩支挡结构的抗滑机制和设计计算具有较好的参考价值。     

隧道盾构施工引起邻近建筑物及其桩基变形的数值分析

以天津地铁2号线隧道盾构施工为背景,取沿盾构轴线右侧一6层框架居民楼为研究对象,基于ABAQUS软件,建立了隧道和邻近建筑物及其桩基的计算模型,分析盾构施工对邻近建筑物及其桩基础变形的影响。结果表明,隧道盾构施工导致地表沉降,引起框架结构及其桩基变形,框架整体向隧道盾构一侧倾斜。其中框架梁靠近中柱一端沉降较大,而框架中柱及其桩基也较两侧边柱及其桩基的沉降大。同时表明,盾构施工对邻近建筑物及地下桩基变形产生的影响是整体相关的,在隧道盾构施工时应引起相关设计与施工部门的注意。      

盾构隧道施工对临近桥桩影响数值及现场监测研究

随着城市内地铁盾构区间隧道临近城市道路桥桩工程的增多,急需研究盾构隧道临近桥桩施工对桥桩的变形影响问题。采用有限元数值计算方法,结合盾构隧道穿越桥桩实际工程,建立了盾构隧道施工对临近桥桩影响的数值分析模型,模拟盾构隧道施工,对盾构隧道穿越临近桥桩的桩体沉降、桩体侧移、地表沉降进行了数值分析研究,盾构隧道穿越时及穿越后桩体沉降、桩体侧移、地表沉降控制结果较为理想,桩体处于稳定状态。结合现场监测成果,对数值计算结果和监测结果进行对比分析,表明采用的数值分析计算模型、参数取值对盾构隧道施工对临近桥桩影响的模拟是可靠的,可以运用文中的数值计算方法预测后续盾构隧道施工引起临近桥桩沉降、桩体侧移和地表沉降结果。     

Ground disturbance caused by shield tunnelling in a stiff, overconsolidated clay

Attewell, P.B. and Farmer, I.W., 1974. Ground disturbance caused by shield tunnelling in a stiff, overconsolidated clay. Eng. Geol., 8: 361–381.

Some of the factors affecting ground deformation around shield tunnelling excavations in stiff clays are considered. There is particular reference throughout the paper to an analysis and interpretation of measured ground deformation around a 4.146-m diameter, hand-excavated, shield-driven tunnel at a nominal axis depth of 29.3 m in the overconsolidated London Clay. The maximum surface settlement was found, by precise levelling, to be 6.1 mm but the shape of the transverse surface settlement profile conformed to a normal probability curve only up to the time of shield passage. Of the contributory ground losses at the tunnel, yield of the clay at the tunnel face appears to dominate to the extent of generating up to 50% of the eventual surface settlement. Measurement evidence suggests a rate of yield at the face that is 2 to 3 times the radial yield over the shield and implies that up to about one-fifth of the surface settlement could be attributed to radial yield into the grouted sections of the erected tunnel lining.     

盾构地铁隧道穿越既有铁路桥的沉降分析

HTSS以大连地铁2号线香沙区间盾构隧道下穿铁路桥特殊地段为依托,通过三维有限元程序仿真模拟以及工程现场动态监测,研究盾构施工法对周围地层变形的影响和盾构下穿铁路桥造成的沉降特征。结果表明:盾构开挖引起的地表沉降经历了5个阶段,即初期扰动沉降、开挖面前部沉降、盾构机正上方沉降、盾构通过沉降、后期固结沉降;地表沉降整体为一个凹槽形,即隧道中心线地表沉降大,隧道两边沉降较小,按隧道横截面轴线左右对称,符合地表沉降机理,并与现场监测数据一致;距离开挖隧道越近,总体沉降位移越大,盾构开挖小于20 m时,其沉降位移沿着横向与纵向都有扩展,隧道开挖至40 m时,沉降位移主要沿着纵向扩展,横向扩展不明显;不同深度的上部土体沉降呈漏斗形,即隧道正上方沉降最大,两边沉降递减,沉降曲线基本对称,地表右侧受右线隧道开挖影响,沉降量略大于左侧;桥桩底端处于隧道拱顶上,且整个桩身处于破裂面之上,属于短桩范畴,桥桩变形主要以受土体作用而产生的竖向沉降变形为主。     

Numerical analysis of pile response to open face tunnelling in stiff clay

Three-dimensional (3D) finite element analyses have been performed to study the behaviour of a single pile and 3 × 3 and 5 × 5 pile groups during open face tunnelling in stiff clay. Several governing factors, such as tunnelling-induced ground and pile settlement, axial pile force changes and shear transfer mechanism at the pile–soil interface, have been studied in detail. Tunnelling resulted in the development of pile head settlement larger than the free-field soil surface settlement. In addition, axial force distributions along the pile change substantially due to changes in the shear transfer between the pile and the soil next to the pile, which triggers tunnelling-induced tensile forces in the piles with tunnel advancement. It was found that the relative displacements and the normal stresses at the pile–soil interface drastically affected shear transfer. The extent of slip length along a pile increased as the tunnelling proceeded. The apparent allowable pile capacity was reduced by up to approximately 42% due to the development of tunnelling-induced pile head settlement. Shear stress on the pile was increased for most of the pile depth with tunnel advancement, which was associated with changes in soil stresses and ground deformation, and hence, the axial pile force was gradually reduced with tunnel advancement, indicating the development of tunnelling-induced tensile pile force. The maximum tunnelling-induced tensile force on the pile was approximately 0.33P_a, where P_a is the allowable pile capacity applied to the pile head prior to tunnel excavation. The range affected by tunnelling in the longitudinal direction may be identified as approximately −2D ∼ +(1.5–2.0D), where D is the tunnel diameter, from the pile centre (behind and ahead of the pile axis), in terms of pile settlement and axial pile force changes based on the analysis conditions assumed in the current study. Larger pile head settlements and smaller changes in axial pile forces were computed for piles that were part of groups. It has been found that the serviceability of piles experiencing adjacent tunnelling is more affected by pile settlement than by axial pile force changes, in particular for piles inside groups. The magnitude of the tunnelling-induced excess pore pressure was small and may not substantially affect pile behaviour.     

Pile and pile group response to tunnelling using a large diameter slurry shield – Case study in Shanghai

The study investigates the disturbance to piles and pile groups caused by multiple nearby drives of a large diameter slurry shield-driven tunnelling machine in Shanghai. The minimum distance between the slurry shield tunnel (with diameter D = 15.43 m) and the adjacent pile groups of Metro Line 3 and Yixian Elevated Road is 1 m. The nonlinear finite element (FE) software program ABAQUS was used to analyse the movement of the pile groups caused by the process of shield tunnelling. A field investigation was conducted before the multiple crossings to study the impact (movement and excess pore water pressure) on the surrounding soil and piles caused by the tunnelling process. The field investigation is divided into two sections: (i) free-field tunnelling, and (ii) tunnelling close to trial piles pre-installed in the section. For the full-scale test, tunnelling variable, including slurry pressure and grouting pressure, are adjusted during construction to reduce the disturbance during tunnelling close to pile groups supporting two elevated bridges. The FE simulation of the multiple crossings includes two steps: (a) shield tunnelling along the south bound tunnel approaching the working shaft at the western bank of the Huangpu River, and passing separately between two adjacent pile groups of each bridge; (b) return tunnel passing again between the pile groups of the two bridges along the north bound tunnel. Three different FE models are generated: (1) free-field tunnelling process, (2) tunnelling close to trial piles, and (3) multiple tunnel passes adjacent to pile groups supporting the two elevated bridges. Most of the relevant factors in tunnelling are taken into consideration in the FE models including (a) slurry pressure, (b) grouting pressure, (c) grouting material hardening, and (d) soil-pile interaction.