基于有限结构面的三维复杂块体切割研究

岩体的块体结构和结构面网络模型生成,是进行各种力学分析和场分析的基础。详细研究了有限结构面进行复杂块体切割的过程,提出了相应的算法,并采用C++语言编写了相应的程序。为描述块体切割后的复连通特性,在块体数据结构中添加了有向壳的概念。结构面可以为简单的凸多边形,也可采用形态更加复杂的凹多边形。通过面-面求交线、交线环路搜索形成有向环、有向环包含关系分析形成有向面、有向面拓扑搜索形成有向壳和有向壳包含关系分析形成块体等过程,将有限结构面分别与各块体进行切割运算,形成进行块体切割的一般方法。在切割过程中将得到的有向环,有向面、有向壳和块体分别进行拓扑有效性校核,满足要求后得到最终的块体和结构面网络模型。选取4个算例来验证该方法的可行性。计算结果表明,该方法可以对复杂块体进行有效地切割,结构面可以选择包括凹形面在内的复杂多边形,方法具有普遍意义。     

基于布尔交运算的三维流形单元生成研究

三维流形单元的生成是进行三维数值流形分析的首要问题之一。详细研究了三维流形单元的生成过程,并采用C++语言编写了相应的程序。借鉴二维流形单元的形成技术,基于拓扑学的“有向性”原理,将点、有向边、有向环、有向面和有向壳等作为三维块体的基本数据结构。将材料体和数学网格进行布尔交运算,并对形成的流形块体进行有效性检测,满足要求后即形成新的三维流形单元。每个数学网格的顶点作为新流形单元的数学覆盖,再对数学覆盖进行细分,形成流形单元的物理覆盖。分别选取凹形体、空心体和包含有限结构面的材料体与数学网格进行布尔交运算,并选取一个典型工程来检查该方法和程序的可行性。计算结果表明,该方法可以对复杂块体（凹形体、空心体和包含有限结构面的体）进行处理,为今后进行复杂结构计算和分析奠定基础,具有较强的适应性和可靠性。     

断煤交线求解方法研究

针对直接连接断层控制点所得断煤交线的主观性与不准确性,根据"V"字形法则原理,提出了采用断层面与煤层趋势延伸面布尔求交获取断煤交线的方法。以断层控制点及断层轨迹线数据为基础,构建了断层面模型;以二次多项式模型、指数模型、Gompertz模型为基础,将剖面煤层曲线在断层处趋势延伸,构建了煤层趋势延伸面模型。通过断层面模型与煤层趋势延伸面模型布尔运算求交,得到由断层面与煤层面共同约束的断煤交线,并与直接连接断层控制点所得断煤交线进行比较。结果表明:由断层面与煤层面共同约束的断煤交线,充分顾及到煤层在断层处的趋势,更真实地反应断煤交线的空间形态,对建立煤层实体模型和指导实际生产具有重要理论与实际意义。      

基于离散元的强度折减法分析岩质边坡稳定性

将通用离散元UDEC与强度折减法结合,对含多结构面的岩质边坡的稳定性进行了分析。通过对节理岩质边坡的UDEC模型中的可变形块体和节理单元的强度参数进行折减,使模型不能再达到平衡状态,此时的折减系数就是边坡的安全系数,另外,由对应的边坡块体的速度矢量可以确定滑动面和边坡的破坏形态。通过与传统的条分法的结果比较,表明基于UDEC的强度折减法是一种可靠、有效的方法,为复杂节理岩质边坡的滑动面确定与安全系数计算开辟了新的途径。     

主TIN模式下面向拓扑的三维地质块体构建方法

当前普遍采用主TIN模式对层状地质体进行三维结构建模,然而在地质块体的构建方面还有所欠缺。考虑到由于尖灭、出露等现象引起的各地质块体间空间位置关系的复杂性,根据主TIN建模的特点,处理完地层相交与高程调整之后,通过对地层面中某个区域内的三角网与上下地层中对应区域内的三角网的重叠次数的不同,设置子面类型标记,从而分离出一个地层面中不同类型的子面。依据子面的类型可以快速建立地质块体与被引用的各子面之间的对应关系,最终自动分离出地层中的各个地质块体,并保证相邻块体在邻接处有唯一的公共子面,由此可建立各地质块体间的空间拓扑关系。     

基于块体单元法的岩石边坡安全系数研究

岩石边坡因其结构面数量众多、块体系统及其滑动方式复杂,给危险块体组合的搜索及其安全系数计算带来很大困难。基于块体单元法,对岩石边坡中的危险块体组合搜索及其安全系数的计算方法进行了研究。首先,在块体元强度折减计算的成果下,根据屈服面贯通理论提出搜索危险块体组合的新方法;然后,对安全系数计算方法进行研究,建议在位移突变判据下采用双线性交叉法计算安全系数;最后,进行了单面、双面和多面滑动以及复杂块体系统的算例分析,并与刚体极限平衡法计算结果进行了对比。结果表明,由于块体单元法考虑了力与力矩的平衡及结构面上应力的非均匀分布,其计算结果更准确。该方法有望广泛应用于复杂岩石边坡稳定分析。     

基于二次划分的大规模三角网曲面求交分割法

在地质建模过程中,层位面与层位面之间,断层面与层位面之间经常需要求交运算.由于地震数据解释得到的层位面和断层面往往数据量非常庞大,因此研究时间复杂度、空间复杂度都很低的求交算法,具有很强的理论意义和实用价值.这里提出一种新算法,先构造两曲面的最小包围盒,求出相交部份,再对相交部份空间构造出平均单元格,将各三角形分配到平均单元格后进行求交,最后根据交线进行曲面分割.数值实验表明,该算法能正确地、高效地求交,并根据交线有效完成曲面分割.     

非拓扑一致性三维地质块体建模算法研究

三维块状地质建模方法是一种重要的地质建模方法,被广泛应用于多种主流地质建模软件中。三维块体追踪技术是块状地质建模最为核心的技术之一,现有的块体追踪技术都基于模型的交线拓扑结构,当曲面模型在交线处存在一定拓扑错误,或者存在漏缝或交越现象时,将无法自动建立正确的块体模型。为此这里研究了一种完全不依赖模型交线拓扑结构的非拓扑一致性三维块体建模算法,该算法仅根据曲面模型自身形态进行块体构建,利用视觉观察技术自动追踪块体边界三角网,大幅降低了对曲面模型的要求,提高了块状建模的成功率和效率。     

基于结构面网络模拟的桥基岩体空间状态分析

分析结构面在岩体中的分布和组合特征是研究岩体稳定性的前提。根据结构面网络随机模拟方法,通过对岩体表面结构面的测量,可以建立岩体结构面空间分布的概率统计模型,从而确立了岩体结构面的网络结构模型。在此基础上分析了局部临空块体的空间几何形态,指出了块体的可能破坏形式,从宏观角度对块体系统整体稳定性进行了预测。     

三维复杂块体系统边坡深层加固条件下稳定性及破坏机制模型试验研究

白鹤滩水电站左岸为强卸荷岩体三维复杂块体系统高边坡,采用三维地质力学模型试验,进行了边坡变形特性、失稳破坏过程、破坏机制、边坡稳定性及加固处理效果研究。模型试验表明,边坡失稳模式为块体滑动破坏,破坏形态表现为底滑面的剪切破坏和后缘结构面的拉裂破坏以及块体沿底滑面和侧滑面的滑动。边坡破坏过程为模型结构面初裂、结构面组合块体边界贯通、最终至边坡整体失稳3个阶段。采用地质力学模型试验综合法获得了左岸块体系统边坡整体稳定安全系数,典型块体稳定安全系数与三维刚体法及块体单元法(BEM)计算成果对比基本一致,模型试验综合法安全系数相对较大。同时,针对层内错动带LS_(337)界面部位相对变位监测表明,深层混凝土置换洞加固有效地控制了底滑面的滑动变形,提高了相关结构面组合块体的稳定性,边坡加固效果较为明显。研究成果对白鹤滩工程左岸强卸荷区三维复杂块体系统边坡及类似工程边坡稳定性及加固处理具有重要的指导意义。     

Block theory on the complex combinations of free planes

The core problem of block theory is to determine the finiteness, removability and mechanical stability of various blocks under different engineering structures based on dip angles, dip direction angles of discontinuities, frictional angles and the direction of the active resultant force. The practices of the classical block theory focus mainly on the convex blocks, assuming that joint surfaces and excavation faces are planar and extended infinitely in the rock mass. However, in practical engineering structures, the concave combinations of free planes (natural of excavated surfaces) are common. For example, the non-convex blocks usually exist in underground edges, corners and portals, and some of them are quite dangerous. In this paper, the characteristics of the non-convex blocks with complex combinations of free planes are analysed deeply based on the classical block theory. First, a non-convex block is seen as a combination of a series of convex blocks, then the criteria for finiteness and removability of the non-convex blocks are proposed, and finally, the identification algorithm is designed and validated by some cases. The results show that the method is effective and feasible and has important theoretical significance and practical value.     

金沙江溪洛渡水电站拱肩槽工程边坡块体稳定性评价

采用层次性分析原理，研究了金沙江溪洛渡水电站拱肩槽工程边坡各类结构面和临空面组合而成的块体特征，将边坡块体分为确定性块体、半确定性块体和随机块体三个层次；采用块体理论计算评价了不同层次的块体在天然、地震、爆破、地下水状况下的稳定性，并对影响块体稳定性各种内外因素做了敏感性分析，建立了一套非规则边坡块体稳定性分析评价的技术思路和方法体系。研究表明，拱肩槽边坡出现确定性块体的可能性较小，边坡中的不稳定块体大部分为半确定性块体，且规模较小，影响深度有限，切割边界不完善。     

Constructing boundary structures of rock blocks

Determining rock-block structures is important for modeling jointed rock masses. This paper presents a method to construct the boundary structures of complex blocks by eliminating fictitious surfaces. The planes involved in forming a complex block are retrieved, and the boundary polygons on each plane are determined using a series of Boolean operations. A regulation method is used to adjust the resulting polygons so that the regulated outer boundary structures can be used directly in the contact-detection algorithms. The interior fracture boundaries that are not explicitly associated with the formation of blocks are also constructed. These boundary surfaces are valued in hydraulic models to provide conductive channels of fluids in rock masses. The proposed method extends previous developments on block-identification algorithms, and the constructed boundary structures can be used directly in the modeling process of most discrete models. The program implemented based on this method has been used to study the stability and morphology of blocks in the Three Gorges Project, and several examples are given to further demonstrate the ability and performance of the proposed method.     

Determining the size and shape of blocks from linear sampling for geotechnical rock mass classification and assessment

Classifying and assessing geotechnical aspects of rock masses involves combining parameters in various ways, guided by empirical considerations, to derive quantitative geotechnical parameters. Geological structures and the deformation history of rocks underpin the nature of rock masses. The kinematics of a deforming rock mass may occur as sliding along throughgoing discontinuities or as distributed sliding on block faces. Distributed sliding will tend to disrupt the continuity of planar structures such that data on the size and shape of blocks is needed, rather than relying on discontinuity orientation data alone. Orientation and spacing data can be combined to provide a geometric analysis of block systems from linear samples, such as drill core. Dihedral angles and spacing of sequential pairs of discontinuities provides a sample of the size and shape of blocks that can be interpreted stereologically. Further detail can be derived by combining neighbouring intersections that enclose or partially enclose individual blocks. The shape and size of a block can be represented on a stereograph with the enclosing faces shown as poles and their perpendicular distance from an arbitrary point inside the block shown as a number. Identifying the size and shape of specific blocks rather than relying on statistical methods is beneficial to critical aspects of design such as analysing keyblocks that would be exposed during excavations. The detailed characterization of block size and shape is also a step toward interpreting the kinematics of rock mass deformation and the analysis of rock masses as ultra-close packed dilatant granular systems.     

弹粘塑性块体单元法在龙滩水电站右坝肩边坡稳定分析中的应用

介绍了三维弹粘塑性块体单元法的基本原理。该方法假定岩石块体为刚体,只考虑结构面的变形和强度特性。在建立块体系统的平衡方程、结构面的变形与块体位移的几何相容方程以及结构面上的弹粘塑性本构方程的基础上,出块体系统位移与稳定的基本方程。针对龙滩水电站右坝肩边坡地质条件复杂,块体稳定问题较为突出的情况,采用块体单元法计算了边坡中典型结构面切割形成的特定块体在不同工况下的强度储备安全系数,并针对结构面的几何参数和力学参数等重要影响因素进行了敏感性分析,为工程设计提供了依据。应用表明,作为一种新型的水工结构数值方法,块体单元法应用于复杂地质条件下的岩石高边坡的稳定和变形分析具有准确、适用和简便的特点。     

Kinematic and Block Theory Analyses for Shiplock Slopes of the Three Gorges Dam Site in China

The granitic rock mass that exists in the shiplock region of the Three Gorges dam site contains a number of major discontinuities and about four sets of minor discontinuities. One hundred and thirty three major discontinuities have been mapped around the shiplock covering an area of 1740×600 m. These major discontinuities were used to perform rock slope kinematic and block theory analyses. Kinematic analyses were performed under the following two cases: (1) assuming all the mapped discontinuities cross the shiplock; (2) using only discontinuities that actually intersect the shiplock. Under case (1) and case (2) the shiplock faces in the proposed permanent shiplock region in fresh rock were found to be stable up to a cut slope of about 45° and 58°, respectively. Block theory was applied to identify different block types that exist on the shiplock faces and to estimate the maximum safe slope angles on the shiplock faces. The orientations of the major discontinuities that actually intersect the shiplocks were considered in this analysis. The total length of the shiplock (1750 m) was divided into 50 m segments. From the stereo-plots, the key blocks (Type I) and/or potential key blocks (Type II) were found for only five segments of the shiplock slopes. It was found that the dip of the cut slope should be less than about 60° to avoid creation of a key block on the proposed shiplock slopes. However, it is important to keep in mind that these conclusions are based on the kinematic analyses performed using only the major discontinuities. Further kinematic as well as kinetic analyses are recommended incorporating minor discontinuities, water forces, earthquake forces etc. before making the final conclusions about the maximum safe slope angle for the shiplock region.     

The key‐group method

This paper proposes an extension to the key‐block method, called ‘key‐group method’, that considers not only individual key blocks but also groups of collapsable blocks into an iterative and progressive analysis of the stability of discontinuous rock slopes. The basics of the key‐block method are recalled herein and then used to prove how key groups can be identified. We reveal that a key group must contain at least one basic key block, yet this condition is not entirely sufficient. The second block candidate for grouping must be another key block or a block whose movement‐preventing faces are common to one or more single key blocks. We also show that the proposed method yields more realistic results than the basic key‐block method and a comparison with results obtained using a distinct element analysis demonstrates the ability of this new method. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

汤屯高速公路某变质砂岩边坡块体稳定性评价

汤屯高速公路存在大量变质砂岩组成的高边坡,岩体质量一般较好,但结构面发育,组合形成大量潜在失稳块体,这些块体的稳定性状况直接影响边坡安全.本文选取一个典型边坡,通过对边坡结构面详细地质素描,查明构成可能失稳块体的边界条件,并利用块体理论对可能失稳的块体在各种工况下的稳定性进行计算,并结合块体工程特性,对边坡的稳定性进行系统评价.该研究成果对该边坡的支护优化设计提供了基础资料,同时对同类型的边坡设计具有一定的指导意义.