有限宽切槽对CCNBD断裂试样应力强度因子的影响

国际岩石力学学会（ISRM）在1995年提出一种新型的岩石断裂韧度试样--人字形切槽巴西圆盘试样（cracked chevron notched Brazilian disc--CCNBD）,对该试样的一个重要力学参数即最小无量纲应力强度因子的标定,以前的分析和计算都没有考虑切槽宽度的影响。然而试样切槽的宽度受切割刀具厚度所限,不能为零。当试样较小时,切槽宽度则相对较大。通过三维边界元计算分析表明,切槽宽度越大,无量纲应力强度因子的标定值就越大;对于ISRM推荐的CCNBD标准试样,得出其最小无量纲因子值为0.954,这比ISRM给出对应值0.84要大13.6 %。同时,小裂纹应力强度因子曲线的变化趋势也发生了质的变化,这可能会导致实验的失败。推荐最小无量纲应力强度因子的标定采用考虑切槽的三维分析。     

Ⅰ型断裂韧度模拟方法及细观影响因素研究

既有离散元参数敏感性分析大多集中在压缩试验及巴西劈裂试验,对I型断裂韧度 试验细观影响因素及3D破裂过程系统分析的报道较少。采用三维平节理模型（FJM3D）研究微观结构参数及黏结细观参数对不同切槽形状的I型断裂韧度试验的影响。微观结构参数包括晶粒平均半径的平方根 、模型分辨率Ψ和最大/最小晶粒直径 。黏结细观参数包括平均配位数CN、S类型单元比例 、黏结抗拉强度 、黏结内聚力 、摩擦系数 和摩擦角 。参数敏感性分析结果表明, 与 、CN及 正相关,与 、 负相关,而与 、 、 和 无明显的线性关系,此外为获得较低的 波动水平,给出了参数 和 的建议范围。根据参数敏感性分析结果,校核匹配了Kowloon花岗岩直切槽半圆盘（SCB）和人字形切槽半圆盘（CCNSCB）试样的宏观力学性质。从细观角度直观、深入分析不同切槽形状I型断裂韧度试验破裂机制,得出SCB试验曲线的峰前和峰后行为与室内试验更为吻合。     

基于P-CCNBD试样的岩石动态断裂韧度测试方法

预裂的人字形切槽巴西圆盘(Pre-cracked chevron notched Brazilian disc,简称P-CCNBD)是将人字形切槽巴西圆盘(cracked chevron notched Brazilian disc,简称CCNBD)的切槽尖端再稍加切削制成直裂纹前沿的试样。利用霍普金森压杆对P-CCNBD砂岩试样进行径向冲击,完成I型动态断裂试验后再做数值分析得到岩石的动态断裂韧度。为了验证数值模拟的可靠性,先进行了无限平面中一条有限尺寸裂纹表面受冲击拉伸作用的动态有限元分析,结果表明,数值模拟的结果与Shi得到的结果非常吻合。将试验-数值法和他人的准静态法分别确定的砂岩的动态起裂韧度进行对比,两种方法得到的结果有一定的差异。采用试验-数值法,将比较成熟的直裂纹巴西圆盘(cracked straight-through Brazilian disc,简称CSTBD)和P-CCNBD两种试样测得的结果进行对比,两者吻合较好。得到的动态起裂韧度都有随着加载率的增加而增大的加载率效应。分析了准静态法的缺陷,认为试验-数值法得到的结果更为合理。     

脆性岩石试样断裂过程区及宏观疲劳裂纹行为研究

通过脆性岩石试样巴西圆盘试验研究了疲劳效应对脆性岩石断裂韧度KIC的影响,阐释了脆性岩石的疲劳损伤机制,首次展示了脆性岩石破坏前宏观裂纹的张开和闭合行为。巴西圆盘试验结果表明,循环荷载作用下,脆性岩样的KIC降低了35%,巴西劈裂拉伸强度降低了30%。通过高速相机数小时的观测并记录到了岩石力学领域从未观测到的过程,即脆性岩样破坏前,疲劳裂纹在正弦荷载作用下弹性张合。扫描电镜和计算机断层扫描结果显示,巴西圆盘和V形切槽巴西圆盘试样的破坏是由断裂过程区(fracture process zone,简称FPZ)引起的,FPZ中包含许多异于循环荷载作用下单条宏观裂纹的微裂纹,切槽裂纹尖端FPZ的形成导致未破坏脆性岩样中可视疲劳裂纹弹性张合。室内试验和数值计算结果表明,切槽裂纹倾角为60°时获得最大FPZ(即FPZmax),这表明最大FPZ的形成可能与Ⅰ-Ⅱ型(拉伸和剪切)组合加载模式有关。     

断裂韧度试样CCNBD宽范围应力强度因子标定

国际岩石力学学会（ISRM）在1995年提出了一种新型岩石断裂韧度试样--人字形切槽巴西圆盘试样CCNBD,但是,其断裂韧度计算公式中的重要参数（即无量纲应力强度因子的标定）仍存在问题。采用一种新的分片合成方法并结合有限元法,参照ISRM给出的CCNBD试样的尺寸限制,对该范围试样的应力强度因子进行了宽范围的标定,以便在试验中能因地制宜地选用不同几何参数的CCNBD试样。结果表明：分片合成方法的计算值有很高的精度,不但减少了工作量,也使标定的无量纲应力强度因子比现有文献值更加准确、可靠。     

V形切槽巴西圆盘法测定岩石断裂韧度KIC的实验研究

采用国际岩石力学学会岩石断裂韧度建议测试方法(ISRM)[1]提出的V形切槽巴西圆盘试样(CCNBD),测试了一种泥质砂岩的I型断裂韧度值,给出了一套试样切割制备方案,从试验现象角度分析了该泥质砂岩的断裂力学特性,讨论了该试样类型的有效尺寸和断裂机制,并指出了该方法的特点和优劣性,得出如下结论：（1）该类岩石试样测得的I型断裂韧度值对CCNBD试样直径尺寸变化具有较大的敏感性,并且直径大于ISRM建议方法中最小有效直径（75 mm）的试样测试结果更为稳定;（2）CCNBD试样断裂机制表现为以拉张应力（间接拉伸）作用为主,兼有一定的韧带面内剪切作用的应力状态下I型裂纹扩展模式;（3）V形切槽巴西圆盘方法具有试样加工工艺简单、能承受较大临界载荷、测试的I型断裂韧度值较稳定等优点,但其没有考虑断裂过程区(FPZ)的非线性问题,建议对该方法进行非线性修正图解方案研究,以达到更准确测定岩石断裂韧度的目的。     

CCNBD断裂韧度试样的SIF新公式和在尺度律分析中的应用

根据国际岩石力学学会于1995年推荐的一种测试岩石断裂韧度的新型试样－人字形切槽巴西圆盘试样,对其断裂韧度计算公式中的关键参数即无量纲应力强度因子（SIF）提出了一个改进的计算公式。采用分片合成方法结合有限元法对CCNBD试样的应力强度因子进行了宽范围标定,结果以表格的形式给出;并采用数据线性回归的方法,将标定结果以一个指数函数的形式给出。结果表明,与标定值相比,无量纲应力强度因子新公式的误差较小,并且囊括了CCNBD试样的较宽范围的尺寸,且查表使用方便,也为理论分析提供了条件。在此基础上,对岩石断裂韧度测试的尺度律进行了更进一步的探索,结果表明,利用新公式进行的尺度律分析是有效的。     

半圆盘三点弯曲法测定页岩断裂韧度(K_(IC))的实验研究

为了准确测试页岩的I型断裂韧度K_(IC),分别采用直切槽半圆盘试样(NSCB)和人字形切槽半圆盘试样(CCNSCB),在3种预制切槽布置模式(splitter、arrester、divider)下,开展三点弯曲加载实验。通过标准差和变异系数分析两类方法 K_(IC)测算值的离散性,并评价各自适用性。使用光学显微镜观察试件破裂后的裂纹扩展路径和破裂面断口形态。基于断裂力学理论,给出页岩试件粗糙起伏断口表面能计算公式,分析页岩试件实测值K_(IC)离散的原因,并用最小耗能原理解释裂缝在页岩试件扩展过程中形成粗糙断裂面的机理。对比分析两种试样类型测试的K_(IC)值,认为两种方法在切槽平行层理布置的情况下测算值离散程度一致,二者都适用;对于切槽垂直层理两种布置方式下NSCB试件更容易发生裂缝偏转,导致产生Ⅰ-Ⅱ复合型断裂,使试验失效;CCNSCB试件的韧带具有良好的裂缝扩展导向作用,某种程度上抵消了加载配置非对称性带来的不利影响,CCNSCB比NSCB测得的K_(IC)值离散性更小,更适用于各向异性页岩的K_(IC)测试。     

孔槽式圆盘破坏特性与裂纹扩展机制颗粒流分析

基于室内岩石类脆性材料圆盘试样巴西试验结果,利用颗粒流程序（PFC）,获得一组能够反映其力学特征的细观参数。在此基础上,对孔槽式圆盘试样进行巴西试验模拟,分析了裂隙倾角和半径比变化对孔槽式圆盘试样力学参数和裂纹扩展规律的影响。孔槽式圆盘试样力学参数显著低于完整圆盘试样,降幅与孔槽几何参数密切相关。劈裂荷载随裂隙倾角的增大呈非线性变化,而随着半径比的增大呈近似线性减小规律。通过分析认为,在试验模拟范围内保持半径比不变,当裂隙倾角较小时,孔洞是主裂纹起裂的主要诱因;裂隙倾角较大时,裂隙成为主裂纹起裂的主要诱因。保持裂隙倾角不变,当半径比较小时,裂隙是主裂纹起裂的主要诱因;半径比较大时,孔洞成为主裂纹起裂的主要诱因。最后,从细观层面探讨了孔槽式圆盘试样裂纹扩展机制。     

岩石单轴压缩下能量与损伤演化规律研究

能量变化是材料各参数变化的本质特征。通过颗粒流模拟岩石单轴压缩试验,从细观力学角度分析能量转化、裂纹扩展及损伤演化规律。颗粒流利用细观颗粒的运动克服了宏观力学理论不易实现试件多裂纹破坏形态的缺点,以此研究能量变化更加合理。应力-应变各阶段能量与微裂纹及损伤存在着相互对应的发展关系。通过3种工况论证了宏-细观力学参数对应关系,采用最小二乘法拟合得出微裂纹与轴向应变呈幂次函数关系。采用割线模量定义损伤变量,取模量加速下降处（对应裂纹加速扩展）为损伤门槛,对应损伤阈值为0.158。3种工况下微裂纹数量与损伤呈线性发展关系,为损伤演化的深入研究提供参考。     

DEM investigation on fracture mechanism of the CCNSCB specimen under intermediate dynamic loading

The cracked chevron notched semi-circular bending (CCNSCB) method falls into a significant testing category of chevron notched specimens for measuring the mode I fracture toughness, of which the progressive fracture mechanism deserves to be further assessed under intermediate dynamic loading rate (IDLR). In this study, the discrete element method (DEM) is adopted to depict the three-dimensional fracture processes of the CCNSCB specimens subjected to different IDLRs considering different supporting spans. The results demonstrate that the crack front of the CCNSCB specimen with any loading condition is prominently curved, which violates the straight-through crack propagation assumption and may induce some errors in the fracture toughness measurements. For each IDLR, the peak force of the CCNSCB specimen evidently increases with decreased supporting span, and the effect of loading rate on this parameter is more prominent for a smaller supporting span. For a relatively large span, the crack grows restrictively in the notched ligament, which conforms to the ideal assumption of the fracture process and contributes to an accurate measurement of the mode I fracture toughness. Thus, a large supporting span is suggested for the semi-circular bend tests. Additionally, the critical crack length and peak force are found dependent on the loading rate, and they are larger for the higher loading rate. Thus, the critical crack length determined under quasi-static conditions is not strictly suitable for the specimens under different IDLRs, especially for the much higher IDLR. This study calls for more attention on how to accurately determine the fracture toughness via chevron notched samples.     

Numerical Observation of Three-Dimensional Wing Cracking of Cracked Chevron Notched Brazilian Disc Rock Specimen Subjected to Mixed Mode Loading

The cracked chevron notched Brazilian disc (CCNBD) specimen has been suggested by International Society for Rock Mechanics for measuring mode I fracture toughness of rocks. Subsequently, this specimen geometry has been widely extended to conduct mixed mode fracture tests on rocks as well. A straight through crack front during the fracturing process upon the root of the chevron notch is assumed in the testing principle, but has never been thoroughly evaluated before. In this study, for the first time, the progressive rock fracture mechanism of the CCNBD rock specimen under mixed mode loading is numerically simulated. Specimens under representative mixed mode loading angles are modelled; and the assumption of the straight through crack front growth is critically assessed. The results show that not only the notch tip but also the saw-cut chevron notch cracks during the experiments, yielding a prominent twisted front, far from being straight. The crack front never grows up to the root of the notch ligament and the straight through crack front assumption is never satisfied in the realistic rock fracture progress of this chevron notched specimen subjected to mixed mode loads. In contrast, the fracture progress features typical three-dimensional wing cracking towards the loading ends. The numerically observed progressive fracture mechanism reveals that the measuring principle of mixed mode fracture tests employing CCNBD specimens is significantly violated and the measures of both modes I and II fracture toughness are uncertain.     

ISRM-Suggested Method for Determining the Mode I Static Fracture Toughness Using Semi-Circular Bend Specimen

The International Society for Rock Mechanics has so far developed two standard methods for the determination of static fracture toughness of rock. They used three different core-based specimens and tests were to be performed on a typical laboratory compression or tension load frame. Another method to determine the mode I fracture toughness of rock using semi-circular bend specimen is herein presented. The specimen is semi-circular in shape and made from typical cores taken from the rock with any relative material directions noted. The specimens are tested in three-point bending using a laboratory compression test instrument. The failure load along with its dimensions is used to determine the fracture toughness. Most sedimentary rocks which are layered in structure may exhibit fracture properties that depend on the orientation and therefore measurements in more than one material direction may be necessary. The fracture toughness measurements are expected to yield a size-independent material property if certain minimum specimen size requirements are satisfied.     

Mixed mode fracture analysis of semi-circular bend (SCB) specimen: A numerical study based on extended finite element method

Previous studies are mainly concentrated on the use of the semi-circular bend (SCB) specimen for determining the entire mixed-mode I-II fracture toughness of rock, while less attention has been paid to its mixed-mode fracture process. In this situation, this study investigated mixed-mode fracture behavior of the SCB specimen using the extended finite element method (X-FEM). The crack growth trajectory, crack initiation angle and onset of fracture were discussed in detail. This paper is expected to provide a better understanding of mixed-mode fracture process of the SCB specimen occurring during fracture initiation and propagation.     

用5种圆盘试件的劈裂试验确定岩石断裂韧度

用5种不同形状的圆盘试件测定了大理岩张开型断裂韧度。5种圆盘试件分别为平台巴西圆盘、带有中心圆孔的平台巴西圆盘、人字型切槽巴西圆盘、直切槽巴西圆盘和圆孔切槽平台巴西圆盘。加载模式是对径压缩劈裂。介绍了试件的制作方法,提出了用每种圆盘确定断裂韧度的公式。结果表明,含有切槽圆盘的断裂韧度值在0.78～0.91 MPa•m1/2之间,不含切槽圆盘测得的值在1.01～1.04 MPa•m1/2之间。有3种含有切槽圆盘测得的断裂韧度值比较稳定,其中孔槽式平台巴西圆盘能够制作理想的宽度较小的切槽。