不同刚度约束对能量桩应力和位移的影响研究

能量桩是一种在传递上部建筑荷载的同时获取地热能源的新技术,其实际工作过程中,热荷载会引起桩体的膨胀或收缩,而桩顶建筑和桩底持力层则会对桩体变形产生约束,进一步影响桩体的应力和位移,但是目前对该问题的研究却十分有限。基于模型试验和数值模拟方法,对桩顶和桩底不同约束条件下两种埋管形式（单U和W型）的桩体位移和热应力进行了分析,并进一步探讨了位移零点随桩顶和桩底约束条件的变化规律。研究结果表明,随着桩顶上部荷载约束刚度的增大,桩体位移零点上移,桩体热应力随着深度增大而减小;随着桩端土体约束刚度的增大,桩体位移零点下移,桩体热应力随着深度增大而增大;相较于无外荷载,工作荷载作用下位移零点上移。     

预埋与绑扎埋管形式能量桩传热特性研究

预埋钢管能量桩是一种新型桩埋管形式的地源热泵技术,然而,针对其特殊埋管形式下传热特性的研究却相对较少。针对预埋钢管单U型埋管能量桩的传热管-钢管-混凝土-桩周土的传热特性开展模型试验和数值模拟研究,测得在热-冷循环温度荷载作用下预埋钢管单U型埋管能量桩桩体及桩周土体的温度变化规律;为了对比分析,同时开展了传统绑扎单U型埋管能量桩的传热特性模型试验,并分析了预埋钢管能量桩的适用性。研究结果表明,预埋钢管能量桩的传热性能略低于绑扎埋管能量桩的传热性能;夏季工况两种埋管形式能量桩桩体温度和桩周土体温度最终变化量分别相差23%和16%左右;冬季工况该数值约为14%和18%左右。     

工作荷载下温度循环对桩基变形与应力的影响分析

目前针对工作荷载下温度循环对桩基承载力特性的研究相对较少,基于室内模型试验方法,对饱和砂土中工作荷载下桩体在多次冷热循环作用时的承载特性和传热特性进行研究,测得温度循环作用下桩体和桩周土体温度、桩周水平土压力、桩体应变以及桩顶位移随时间的变化规律。试验结果表明,施加温度循环作用后桩体及桩周土体温度变化不大,桩周水平土压力也能基本恢复到初值,但在桩体内部则会产生较少残余应变,桩顶下沉并随着循环次数的增加不断累积,从而影响结构的整体承载能力。     

螺旋桩基础抗拔试验研究

异型的桩体几何形式增加了抗拔螺旋桩的桩土相互作用复杂性,抗拔试验研究有利于了解螺旋桩基础的承载机制和影响因素。通过16次原型桩抗拔试验,实测了单桩上拔荷载-位移曲线（U-Z曲线）,该曲线表现出多拐点、渐进型特点,采用单位荷载的桩顶位移变化率、桩顶位移增量以及结合地基变形特征的方法判定了3种桩型的抗拔极限荷载。用U-Z曲线、lgU-Z曲线和P/Pu-Z曲线初步分析了桩体埋深、深宽比、首层叶片埋置深度以及叶片距宽比等参数对螺旋桩基础抗拔承载性状的影响。试验表明,抗拔螺旋桩的埋深、首层叶片埋置深度和叶片距宽比存在临界点,影响桩土的工作性状和破坏模式。     

多次温度循环对能量桩桩顶位移影响分析

能量桩是一种在承载上部建筑荷载的同时获取地热能源的新技术。但目前对于能量桩在冷、热循环过程中尤其多次冷、热循环情况下的热力学效应研究较少。基于模型试验方法,针对预埋钢管单U型新型能量桩,开展工作荷载作用下多次冷、热循环时的传热特性和承载特性,尤其是桩顶位移变化规律的研究;并开展无荷载作用下单次冷、热循环试验进行分析。试验结果表明,冷、热循环引起的桩体热应变,在加热时桩体内部产生压应力,而在制冷时桩体内部产生拉应力,同时温度引起桩侧不同部位分别产生正摩阻力和负摩阻力。相较于工作荷载,无荷载作用下加热会使桩体位移上升约41%,而一次加热与制冷循环作用后,无荷载作用下桩顶残余位移约为工作荷载作用下的10%。多次冷、热温度循环会导致桩体沉降不断积累。     

桩−筏基础中能量桩热−力耦合特性现场试验

能量桩兼具承担上部荷载和传递浅层地温能双重功能,能量桩的换热与承载特性逐渐成为广大工程技术人员关注的重点问题。然而,针对桩?筏基础中能量桩的热?力耦合特性的现场实测资料仍相对较少。提出将桩基完整性检测中的声测管底端连接贯通,作为能量桩的换热管,形成新型能量桩埋管形式;在桩?筏基础中能量桩运行状态下,开展桩?筏基础热力响应特性、能量桩对筏板应力影响的现场试验,实测获得桩身温度、桩身应力及筏板应力变化规律。研究结果表明,该试验条件下,能量桩（1U埋管、有效深度为12.8 m、桩顶埋深为5.5 m）的换热效率约为80～90 W/m;无上部荷载、能量桩加热状态下,筏板上边缘呈现出一定的拉应力,值得工程技术人员关注。     

黏土地基中能量桩力学特性数值分析

能量桩是将地源热泵系统中的换热管埋置在桩体内部,桩同时起到承载和换热的作用,是一种新型的基础型式。为了合理分析黏土地基中能量桩的力学特性,需要了解能量桩运行过程中桩和地基土的温度响应,并考虑温度变化对土体力学性能的影响。基于有限元软件ABAQUS建立了能量桩传热分析三维有限元模型,把能量桩的传热简化为换热管内液体与管壁之间的对流传热、桩体中的热传导和地基中的热传导,将计算结果与常规理论和实测数据进行了对比验证。对热力耦合边界面本构模型进行了二次开发,通过算例验证了模型对土体压缩和剪切性状温度效应的模拟能力。利用所提出的能量桩传热分析方法和热边界面模型,考虑不同的桩顶工作荷载水平,对正常固结黏土地基中能量桩单桩的长期性能进行了研究,分析了温度循环对桩顶沉降、桩侧摩阻力和桩身轴力的影响。结果表明,工作荷载越高,温度循环次数越多,桩顶累积沉降越大。     

负温对基坑悬臂桩水平冻胀力影响的模拟研究

寒冷地区基坑悬臂桩支护工程,在桩后土体水平冻胀力作用下,易出现桩体倾斜、水平裂缝、剪断等问题.负温是水平冻胀力产生的关键因素,采用数值模拟方法,分别模拟粉质黏土、黏土在一定的负温变化下,桩体水平冻胀力的大小和分布模式,结果表明：负温越低,土体冻结速率越大,水平冻胀力越大;桩身范围内,水平冻胀力大致呈上下小、中间大的抛物线型分布,最大值出现在基坑的中下部,为开挖深度的0.5～0.8倍,力值约为冻胀前土压力的2～15倍,同时拟合出最大水平冻胀力与温度、桩顶位移之间的关系公式;此外,桩体水平位移随负温增加而增加,桩顶位置处,冻胀引起的水平位移为开挖引起位移量的0.88～11.38倍.     

能量桩单桩工作特性简化分析方法

基于荷载传递法,建立了热力耦合作用下能量桩单桩工作特性的简化分析方法。该方法中将桩土荷载传递函数取为双曲线,采用曼辛法则模拟温度循环过程中桩土界面的卸载和再加载特性,通过再加载过程中刚度的折减近似考虑塑性变形的积累。利用矩阵位移法求解控制方程组后可直接得到任意温度-力学组合作用下的桩体变形、桩身轴力、桩侧阻力和桩端阻力,无需事先假设温度位移零点的位置。通过与试验数据的对比分析,验证了所提方法的可靠性。结合算例,研究了能量桩的长期工作特性。研究结果表明,温度循环会造成自由桩的桩顶沉降增加,固定桩的桩顶应力减小,温度循环的影响与桩顶静力荷载水平和土体刚度的衰减程度密切相关。     

能量桩单桩工作特性简化分析方法

基于荷载传递法,建立了热力耦合作用下能量桩单桩工作特性的简化分析方法。该方法中将桩土荷载传递函数取为双曲线,采用曼辛法则模拟温度循环过程中桩土界面的卸载和再加载特性,通过再加载过程中刚度的折减近似考虑塑性变形的积累。利用矩阵位移法求解控制方程组后可直接得到任意温度-力学组合作用下的桩体变形、桩身轴力、桩侧阻力和桩端阻力,无需事先假设温度位移零点的位置。通过与试验数据的对比分析,验证了所提方法的可靠性。结合算例,研究了能量桩的长期工作特性。研究结果表明,温度循环会造成自由桩的桩顶沉降增加,固定桩的桩顶应力减小,温度循环的影响与桩顶静力荷载水平和土体刚度的衰减程度密切相关。     

Experimental study on the mechanical behaviour of a heat exchanger pile using physical modelling

This study aims to provide knowledge on the thermo-mechanical behaviour of heat exchanger piles, through a laboratory scale model. The model pile (20 mm in external diameter) was embedded in dry sand. The behaviour of the axially loaded pile under thermal cycles was investigated. After applying the axial load on the pile head, the pile temperature was varied between 5 and 30 °C. Seven tests, corresponding to various axial loads ranging from 0 to 70 % of the pile estimated bearing capacity, were performed. The results on pile head displacement show that heating under low axial load induced heave and cooling induced settlement; the pile temperature-displacement curve was found to be reversible and compatible with the thermal expansion curve of the pile. However, at higher axial loads, irreversible settlement of the pile head was observed after a few thermal cycles. The axial load profile measured by the strain gauges evidenced that the pile head load was mainly transferred to the pile toe. Nevertheless, thermal cycles modified significantly the mobilised skin friction along the pile. The total pressure measured at various locations in the soil mass was also slightly influenced by the thermal cycles.     

Long-term thermo-mechanical behavior of energy pile in dry sand

A small-scale pile has been developed in the laboratory to investigate the thermo-mechanical behavior of energy piles subjected to a significant number of thermal cycles. The pile (20 mm external diameter), installed in dry sand, was initially loaded at its head to 0, 20, 40 and 60% of its ultimate bearing capacity (500 N). At the end of each loading step, 30 heating/cooling cycles were applied. The long-term behavior of the pile was observed in terms of head settlement, axial force profile, soil and pile temperature, and stress in soil. The results evidence the irreversible settlement of the pile head induced by thermal cycles under constant load head. In addition, the incremental irreversible settlement that accumulates after each thermal cycle decreases when the number of cycles increases. The evolution of irreversible pile head settlement versus number of cycles can be reasonably predicted by an asymptotic equation.     

水泥土桩与土工格栅联合加固沟谷软基机理研究

针对山区沟谷软基的特殊土质,并结合夯实水泥土桩和土工格栅在地基加固中的作用特点,提出用夯实水泥土桩与土工格栅联合加固的方案来处理沟谷软基,并利用平面应变弹塑性有限元数值分析方法,对这种地基的受力性状、作用机理进行了多方面研究。结果显示：土工格栅在其中起到类似抗拉膜的作用,以控制地基的不均匀沉降,可以减小路堤坡脚附近的侧向位移,增加地基的极限承载能力。桩间土对夯实水泥土桩有负摩擦力作用,使得桩身的最大平均有效应力位置处在桩体的中下部。格栅对路基沉降量的影响则较小。     

不同成桩工艺条件下冻结粉土中基桩承载性状试验研究

桩基础作为冻土工程中最适宜的基础形式,主要采用插入桩、静压桩和灌注桩三种桩型,因其成桩工艺不同对冻土地基及桩基自身造成的差异不一。为研究不同成桩工艺对冻土地基及基桩承载性状的影响,通过开展室内-1.5 ℃条件下单桩静载模型试验,分析在冻结粉土中不同成桩工艺对地温场、桩基极限承载力、桩身轴力以及桩侧摩阻（冻结力）的影响规律。试验结果表明：灌注桩对桩周地温场扰动剧烈,桩侧温度较高,地温变化幅度大。随着桩周土体的回冻,地温逐步降低,其中灌注桩桩侧降温速率最大;在承载力方面,2根灌注桩的极限承载力约为12.8 kN,静压桩为11.6 kN,插入桩极限承载力最小,仅为钻孔灌注桩的2/3。并对比4种不同成桩工艺的基桩在不同荷载条件下对应的沉降量,体现出成桩工艺对基桩沉降造成的差异性;随着桩顶荷载的逐级增加,桩侧摩阻（冻结力）和桩端阻力逐渐发挥作用,桩身上部1/3由于温度较低,致使桩侧摩阻（冻结力）较大,在10 cm深度附近温度最低,使桩侧摩阻（冻结力）达到最大值;并对比4种不同成桩工艺的基桩在荷载5.6 kN下轴力沿桩身的传递情况,发现静压桩更易把荷载传递到冻土区深层地基。     

Group interaction on vertically loaded piles in saturated poroelastic soil

The pile-to-pile interaction was obtained for vertically loaded piles embedded in homogeneous poroelastic saturated soil. Deduced from Biot’s theory, the fundamental functions of the quasi-static development for the force, displacement and pore pressure were acquired in cylindrical coordinates. The pile–soil system was decomposed into extended soil and fictitious piles, and the compatibility condition was set up between the axial strain of the fictitious piles and the corresponding average strain over the extended soil. This approach results in the governing equations, which consist of the Fredholm integral equations of the second kind and the basic unknowns of the axial forces along the fictitious pile shaft. The axial force and settlement along the pile shaft were calculated based on the axial forces of the fictitious piles. The interaction between the piles was investigated under different consolidation conditions through a two-pile model, and two pile interaction factors were obtained. Stemming from the two-pile analysis, numerical analyses on the settlement of the pile groups were conducted to probe pile interaction with consolidation. The conventional solutions for the single-phase soil-pile problem seem to underestimate the interaction factor if the consolidation effect is taken into account as pile settlement continues. The pile-to-pile interaction can also aggravate the percentage of consolidation settlement (PCS), and as the pile number increases, the value of the PCS will also increase. Several key factors, such as the pile stiffness, pile slenderness ratio and pile spacing, are investigated to better understand the impact of consolidation on pile analysis.     

Mobilized side and tip resistances of piles in clay

This paper presents a procedure to assess the mobilized pile side and tip resistance versus pile head and tip settlement under axial load in clay soil. The load transfer (t–z) curve is evaluated at any point on the loaded pile based on the combined pile tip/side resistance–displacement mechanisms along the length of the pile. Unlike current methods that assume the pile settlements as a percentage of the pile/shaft diameter, the presented technique determines the side and tip resistance of the pile and the associated pile settlement under existing load based on the current stress/strain level in the surrounding soil up to failure (excessive settlement). The technique employs the concepts of the elastic theory and Ramberg–Osgood characterization of the stress–strain behavior of the clay soil. Case studies are also presented to exhibit the capabilities of the proposed procedure. The good agreement between measured and calculated load transfer curves along the pile and pile tip resistance versus pile head, side, and tip displacements shows the consistency of the proposed procedure. A computer code is developed to employ the presented technique.     

饱和粉土中相变能源桩热力响应模型试验研究

长期非稳态的桩土热交换使得桩周土温度不断上升,产生热堆积效应,影响桩土换热效率,甚至也可使能源桩系统失效。为此,利用复合相变材料制备了相变混凝土能源桩,并在饱和粉土中开展了相变桩和普通桩热力响应模型试验,对比研究了相变桩的桩周温度分布、桩身应力−应变、桩顶位移和桩身换热效率的变化规律。结果表明：相变桩土热交换方向以径向交换为主,影响区域在2D范围以内,土体温度变化表现出滞后效应;相变桩的桩土温度变化幅度小于普通桩,具有缓解桩周土体热堆积效应的作用;在温度循环过程中,相变桩体累积了不可恢复的塑性应变。经过多次温度循环后,相变桩比普通桩的塑性累积位移更小;在夏季工况相变桩换热功率比普通桩增长约20%,冬季工况两者换热功率基本一致,随着运行时间增加,两者换热效率趋同。