儒艮喉、气管和肺的解剖学和组织学的初步研究

于1988年2月4日,在广西合浦县沙田乡海湾获儒艮一头,雄体。取下完整的喉、气管、支气管和肺,以常规法观察和测量。解剖学和组织学结果表明:喉软骨共10块;一对分离的会厌软骨,一对基部愈合的杓状软骨,一块环状软骨和三对小角状软骨;这些软骨皆以结缔组织和肌腱连接;喉喇叭口不在喉喙前端而在喉喙基部上方;喉室内仅有假声带。气管短粗,左、右主支气管相对较长;呼吸性细支气管末端有括约肌。肺分左右两叶,不分小叶,其内富纵横交错的肌纤维。     

江豚呼吸系统形态解剖和组织学的初步研究

江豚Neophocoena phocaenoides呼吸系统由颅上鼻道、骨质鼻道、喉、气管和肺5部分组成。颅上鼻道与表呼吸囊、深呼吸囊、前辅助囊、后辅助囊和前颌囊5对气囊相连,同时还有一对鼻栓。在江豚深潜水时,这些气囊可贮存大量的空气供呼吸用。喉室内无声带,仅有室皱壁(假声带),因而失去发声的能力。气管短而粗,由不规则的软骨环组成。在呼吸性细支气管内仍然存在完整的软骨环,在肺泡管壁内也有软骨片。在呼吸性细支气管和肺泡管之间有括约肌。肺分左、右两叶,不分小叶。     

西湖凹陷花港组低渗透砂岩储层孔隙结构

为明确西湖凹陷花港组低渗透砂岩储层孔隙结构与产能之间的关系,利用500余块铸体薄片资料和311块常规压汞分析测试资料对该地区孔隙结构特征进行了分析和评价。通过对微观孔隙结构特征参数与储层宏观物性参数相关性分析,优选出最大连通孔喉半径和平均连通孔喉半径作为孔隙结构分级参数,并运用数据构型方法确定出孔隙结构分级界限,建立了适合工区低渗气藏的新的分级标准。利用该标准及孔隙与喉道大小的组合特征,将花港组H3段砂岩储层的孔隙结构划分为6种类型:大—中孔粗喉型、中—小孔中喉型、中—小孔中细喉型、小孔细喉型、细—小孔微细喉型和细孔微喉型。根据孔隙结构分类结果划分了4种储层类型,产能级别分别对应高产、中产、低产和特低产,其中一类储层主要对应大—中孔粗喉型和中—小孔中喉型孔隙结构类型,孔隙度和渗透率均较高,对应产能为高产,是该地区最有利的储层。     

厦门港的中华白海豚Ⅳ.脊柱、肋骨、胸骨及肢带骨

对厦门 ３头中华白海豚成体标本Ｓ_６、Ｓ_７、Ｓ_１０的脊柱、肋骨、胸骨及肢带骨进行了系统研究。颈椎７块,第一、二颈椎基本愈合;胸椎１２块,通过横突与１２对肋骨相联;腰椎１０块,横突、脊突均发达;尾椎２２块。肋骨１２对,前５对双头,后７对单头;前７对肋骨为双节,后５对为单节。两头幼仔标本 Ｓ_９与 Ｓ_１１的胸骨分别为两部分和三部分组成,由软骨联结,成体骨化愈合为一块。     

文昌鱼卵母细胞胞质环形瓣状体的初步研究

文昌鱼卵母细胞胞质环形瓣状体是出现于卵黄合成时期的暂时性细胞器,它同时具有粗面内质网和核膜的部分结构特点。我们观察到文昌鱼卵母细胞跑质环形瓣状体专可能通过核膜小泡化活动的方式形成,因而赞同Kessel关于环形瓣状体生物发生的假说,但是我们认为这并不是唯一的方式,我们在本文提出“细胞核微核块分离”的假说,认为细胞核微核块的分离可能是形成核内和胞质环形瓣状体的方式之一,并且参与细胞核与细胞质间的物质交换活动,另外,本文报告了一种极高电子密度的片层结构,但对其生物发生及功能尚不了解。     

基于数据挖掘技术探讨李云英治疗慢喉痹的用药规律

目的：通过数据挖掘技术探讨广东省名中医李云英教授治疗慢喉痹的用药规律。方法：收集2019年8月至2020年1月广东省中医院李教授治疗慢喉痹的临床处方,应用IBM SPSS modeler 18.0软件及SPSS 22.0软件进行数据挖掘。结果：纳入病例201 例,处方201首,药物共计128味,证型19种（气滞痰郁证最多）。四气以寒温平为主,五味以苦甘辛味为主,归经以五脏为主。使用频率最高的药物为甘草,其次为法半夏、桔梗、陈皮、黄芩、柴胡、郁金、茯苓等,药物组合相关性较大的是甘草、法半夏和山药,应用无监督的熵层次聚类分析演化出4首新处方。结论：李教授治疗慢喉痹多用健脾、化痰、清热、理气、活血之品,体现其从肺脾论治咽喉疾病的学术思想。     

小儿六清推拿联合开喉剑喷雾剂治疗疱疹性咽峡炎45 例

目的：观察小儿六清推拿法联合开喉剑喷雾剂治疗疱疹性咽峡炎（HA）的临床疗效。方法：选取90 例HA患儿,随机分为治疗组和对照组,每组各45 例。2组均予西医基础治疗,对照组在此基础上予开喉剑喷雾剂治疗,治疗组在对照组基础上再加小儿六清推拿法治疗。比较2组综合疗效、治疗前后白细胞（WBC）计数及超敏C反应蛋白（hs-CRP）值的变化,记录症状体征消失时间。结果：总有效率治疗组为97.78%（44/45）,高于对照组的82.22%（37/45）,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。治疗后2组WBC水平均上升、hs-CRP水平均下降,且治疗组hs-CRP下降幅度大于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。治疗组的体温恢复时间、疱疹消退时间、食欲改善时间均短于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）。结论：在西医基础治疗及开喉剑喷雾剂治疗上加用小儿六清推拿法治疗HA疗效佳,能更快速地退热、消退疱疹、改善食欲,值得临床推广应用。     

海山富钴结壳的圈矿方法

对海山富钴结壳的圈矿方法进行了分析和探讨,指出海山富钴结壳圈矿的主要方法和步骤为:(1)挑选富钴结壳发育良好的海山。除大片连续厚层板状分布的结壳发育良好的大型平顶海山是重点调查的目标海山外,规模较小的尖顶海山是近年来新的圈矿目标海山。(2)确定矿块的边界位置。对选定的海山进行深海摄像、电视抓斗、拖网和浅钻等多种手段的调查,通过所取得的综合结果对矿块边界进行判断,确定准确的矿块边界。(3)计算结壳的覆盖率。利用调查所获得的矿块相关的数据和信息对矿块内结壳厚度和结壳覆盖率以及矿区资源量进行评估。     

断层相关褶皱解释之平衡剖面技术

从实际问题出发,扼要阐述了平衡剖面技术的基本概念,并结合实例着重探讨了其应用研究.在介绍了与平衡剖面有关的基本概念的基础上,总结平衡剖面技术的研究流程和平衡剖面结果的评价标准,结合缅甸区块实际资料深入探讨其在断层相关褶皱构造模式建立和检验调整地震解释以及在恢复挤压构造发育史方面的应用情况,显示了其在缅甸区块叠瓦状断层转折褶皱的良好应用效果,并获得剖面的水平延展量,同时也认识到许多潜在的客观问题,有待进一步探索.     

关于中国大陆边缘构造演化

作者将中国大陆边缘按演化历史分为两类,一类是形成于巨板块时期的以现今的东西分带面目出现的大陆边缘,另一类是作为潘基亚大陆边缘组成部分的以南北分块面貌出现并受前者东西分带格局迭加的大陆边缘.二者一起构成了中国大陆边缘的基本网格格架.变格运动使上述条和块共同进入了新的构造体制,陆壳以敛合为其主要特征,表现为多层次的盖层推掩和基底拆离.作为一种薄壳构造,由于不存在洋壳,块与块之间发生“干挤”,所以不存在象阿尔卑斯地区所具有的那种典型的诸如“鸟头状”的特征.显然,阐明中国大陆边缘需要进行其演化史和动力学方面的研究.     

Bble Size Distribution for Waves Propagating over A Submerged Breakwater

Experiments are carried out to study the characteristics of active bubbles entrained by breaking waves as these propagate over an abruptly topographical change or a submerged breakwater. Underwater sounds generated by the entrained air bubbles are detected by a hydrophone connected to a charge amplifier and a data acquisition system. The size distribution of the bubbles is then determined inversely from the received sound frequencies. The sound signals are converted from time domain to time-frequency domain by applying Gabor transform. The number of bubbles with different sizes are counted from the signal peaks in the time-frequency domain. The characteristics of the bubbles are in terms of bubble size spectra, which account for the variation in bubble probability density related to the bubble radius r. The experimental data demonstrate that the bubble probability density function shows a-2.39 power-law scaling with radius for r＞0.8 mm, and a-1.11 power law for r＜0.8 mm.     

Bubble Size Distribution for Waves Propagating over A Submerged Breakwater

Experiments are carried out to study the characteristics of active bubbles entrained by breaking waves as these propagate over an abruptly topographical change or a submerged breakwater. Underwater sounds generated by the entrained air bubbles are detected by a hydrophone connected to a charge amplifier and a data acquisition system. The size distribution of the bubbles is then determined inversely from the received sound frequencies. The sound signals are converted from time domain to time-frequency domain by applying Gabor transform. The number of bubbles with different sizes are counted from the signal peaks in the time-frequency domain. The characteristics of the bubbles are in terms of bubble size spectra, which account for the variation in bubble probability density related to the bubble radius r. The experimental data demonstrate that the bubble probability density function shows a - 2.39 power-law sealing with radius for r 〉 0. 8 mm, and a- 1.11 power law for r 〈0.8 mm.     

小尺度海底沉积物的声衰减特性研究

为研究小尺度海底沉积物样品的声衰减特性,作者提出了用声学探针测量海底沉积物声波幅值的新方法,对沉积物样品扰动小,两个测量点的距离可小于波长,为海底沉积物微观声衰减测量提供了新手段。作者用小于波长的间隔逐点测量了沉积物的压缩波幅值,数据分析表明沿沉积物柱状样全长的声衰减满足指数衰减模型。目前主要用同轴差距衰减测量法获得海底沉积物声衰减数据,但该方法不能辨识声衰减模型,因此不同海区的测量结果难以建立联系。对此作者又提出用声吸收系数反演的幅值比与声衰减系数反演的R值(两种幅值比的比值)作评价依据,分析了垂直轴差距衰减测量法获得的南海海底沉积物声衰减测量数据,发现部分沉积物样品声衰减的R值远大于1,其声衰减不满足指数衰减模型。在声衰减满足指数衰减模型的条件下,用Hamilton的声衰减和频率经验公式预报的南海沉积物声衰减比与作者用声学探针测量海底沉积物所得的声衰减比对比,通过对R值分析得出Hamilton的声衰减和频率经验公式可以预报南海沉积物声衰减比的范围。作者提出的声学探针测量海底沉积物声衰减的方法的优点是既能获得声衰减数据又能辨识声衰减模型,不同海区测量的沉积物声衰减比可用R值建立联系。     

水声定位系统中迭代适应点分层的声线修正算法

水声定位系统中, 声线弯曲是造成定位误差大的主要原因, 本文针对该问题提出了一种迭代适应点分层(IAPL)的声线修正算法, 将声速剖面筛选分层修正声线。首先搭建水声定位模型, 通过拟合目标海域的监测数据, 得到声速高次函数; 其次探究声线弯曲时目标位置与掠射角的关联性, 由此构造出声线插值函数并求解路径参数; 最后提出划分原则, 精简声速剖面分层。仿真结果表明, 所提算法定位误差较低, 分层精简率均维持在48.04%的水平, 使计算量平均下降可达50.27%, 能够最大程度保留声速剖面的原始特征, 减少分层数量, 提高计算效率。     

液体中声吸收对光声信号波形的影响

研究液体中声吸收对三种具有不同波形的脉冲光声信号的影响，把吸声介质视为一个线性、时空不变的低通滤波器，得到了考虑声吸收后光声脉冲的幅值和波形随传播距离变化的表达式。     

多波束测量声速剖面EOF表示阶次选取研究

经验正交函数(EOF)是描述声速剖面的有效基函数,通常只需要前几阶EOF即可较为精确地表示声速剖面。但使用EOF重构的声速剖面进行多波束测量声速改正时,选取的阶次未必满足多波束测深精度要求。针对此问题,首先介绍了EOF表示声速剖面的原理及流程,然后以北海某区域实测声速剖面数据为例,分析了不同阶次EOF拟合声速剖面误差以及不同阶次EOF拟合声速剖面对多波束测深的影响,最后结合NOAA对多波束测量声速剖面误差造成的水深限差要求确定EOF阶次,实现了在满足多波束测深精度的同时,合理确定EOF阶次的目的。     

Drag on Hydroid-Fouled Nets – An Experimental Approach

The present study investigated the drag increase on aquaculture nets due to biofouling of the colonial hydroid Ectopleura larynx. It had two main parts: firstly the growth characteristics of E. larynx were investigated by use of field tests at a Norwegian aquaculture site; secondly the hydrodynamic drag on the fouled twines was studied in a towing tank by using fabricated models of net twines with artificial hydroid fouling. In the field tests, the growth of the hydroids was first measured after three weeks of immersion and then again after six weeks. During this interval, the density of hydroids and the thickness of the hydroid stem were almost constant(1.4 hydroids/mm and 0.29 mm, respectively), while the average length of the hydroids increased from 6.4 to 11.2 mm. The hydroid length followed a Rayleigh distribution, while the thickness was normal(Gaussian) distributed. Replicas of twines with three different levels of hydroid growth were made(1.5 hydroids/mm twine, hydroid length 9 mm, 16 mm and 20 mm), and the drag on these twines was measured at different towing velocities(0.1 to 1.4 m/s) and with different twine configurations. For the twine with the shortest hydroids(9 mm), the drag was from 1.5 times(Re=4000) to 2.2 times(Re=1000) the drag on a clean twine. For the longest hydroids(21 mm), the drag was 2 times and 3.8 times, respectively.     

江豚声学行为的观察与水下声信号的初步研究

江豚(Neophocaena phocaenoides G. Cuvier)俗称江猪,属鲸目(Cetacea),齿鯨亚目(Odontoceti),鼠海豚科,是海豚类中最小型的一种,也是我国沿海最常见的一种近岸小型无鰭鼠海豚。一般体长不超过2米,体重约30-80公斤,如图1照片所示。 江豚与其他海洋哺乳动物一祥,能发出多变的声信号,而且每一种声信号都受其生态行为的支配。发声系统是它们赖以生存的重要官能。海豚用其发射的声信号测定水下目标的距离、方位和大小,以至判断其形状,因而能有效的绕过障碍,避开或驱逐来犯之敌。依靠其声信号能更有效的捕获足够的食物,营养自身,抚育后代。声信号是海洋哺乳类动物在自然界进行生存斗争的有利武器。声信号又是海洋哺乳动物的语言,借以进行“社会”联络和通讯,甚至教育它们的后代。为此。人们把它们的这种功能称作“第六官能”(sixth sense)。 观察海兽类的声学行为,测试分析其声信号的结构和物理特性,是揭示它们的回声定位系统的机制,破译其“语言”奥密所必不可少的一步。从而将为驯养它们成为人类的水下得力“助手”提供可靠的实验方案,也将为仿生学等新的学科研究提供有效的理论依据。 本实验是为了把江豚驯养成“水下警犬”使其在海湾、河口进行人工放养鱼群的放牧,以及协助人类进行水下作业等目的而进行的基础工作,也是研究海洋哺乳动物回声定位的发射与接收机制的探索。实验工作是在一定的半自然条件下,对江豚某些生态行为下的声信号作了较详细的记录与分析。     

Stratigraphic Model Predictions of Geoacoustic Properties

Geoacoustic properties of the seabed have a controlling role in the propagation and reverberation of sound in shallow-water environments. Several techniques are available to quantify the important properties but are usually unable to adequately sample the region of interest. In this paper, we explore the potential for obtaining geotechnical properties from a process-based stratigraphic model. Grain-size predictions from the stratigraphic model are combined with two acoustic models to estimate sound speed with distance across the New Jersey continental shelf and with depth below the seabed. Model predictions are compared to two independent sets of data: 1) Surficial sound speeds obtained through direct measurement using in situ compressional wave probes, and 2) sound speed as a function of depth obtained through inversion of seabed reflection measurements. In water depths less than 100 m, the model predictions produce a trend of decreasing grain-size and sound speed with increasing water depth as similarly observed in the measured surficial data. In water depths between 100 and 130 m, the model predictions exhibit an increase in sound speed that was not observed in the measured surficial data. A closer comparison indicates that the grain-sizes predicted for the surficial sediments are generally too small producing sound speeds that are too slow. The predicted sound speeds also tend to be too slow for sediments 0.5-20 m below the seabed in water depths greater than 100 m. However, in water depths less than 100 m, the sound speeds between 0.5-20-m subbottom depth are generally too fast. There are several reasons for the discrepancies including the stratigraphic model was limited to two dimensions, the model was unable to simulate biologic processes responsible for the high sound-speed shell material common in the model area, and incomplete geological records necessary to accurately predict grain-size