西拉木伦多金属成矿带鸡冠山斑岩钼矿富氟高盐度高氧逸度流体包裹体研究

鸡冠山斑岩钼矿床位于西拉木伦多金属成矿带南侧、内蒙古赤峰市北东约35km处,大地构造位置属于华北板块北缘造山带中段。辉钼矿化主要呈浸染状、细脉浸染状分布在花岗斑岩中,部分成细脉浸染状分布在流纹质角砾凝灰岩中,同时,在矿区出露的辉绿岩和流纹岩中也有少量的细网脉状钼矿化。矿石矿物主要有辉钼矿、黄铁矿和少量黄铜矿、闪锌矿、磁铁矿,脉石矿物主要有石英、长石、绢云母和少量方解石、萤石。矿脉穿插关系和矿物组合显示了早、中、晚3个阶段的矿化:(1)石英-辉钼矿阶段;(2)萤石-(石英)-辉钼矿多金属硫化物阶段;(3)贫矿萤石阶段。各阶段广泛发育流体包裹体,包裹体类型众多,包括气液两相水溶液包裹体(W型),H2O-CO2包裹体(C型)及含子矿物多相包裹体(S型),其中以大量发育含子矿物多相包裹体为特征。子矿物种类有石盐、钾盐、赤铁矿、石膏、辉钼矿、方解石等及其他未鉴别透明、不透明子矿物,有时一个包裹体含有多达4～5个子矿物。包裹体大量的赤铁矿、石膏和金属子矿物的出现,说明含矿流体具有高的氧逸度和很强的金属携带能力。包裹体岩相学、激光拉曼和显微测温结果表明,成矿流体主要为来自高温、高盐度、高氧逸度的岩浆流体和部分天水与岩浆热液混合所形成的中低温、低盐度流体两个端员组份。高温、高盐度流体以含子矿物多相包裹体为代表,其形成温度大于440℃,盐度变化范围为:28%～76%NaCleqv,部分高于76%NaCleqv。中低温、低盐度流体主要源自矿化后期天水与岩浆热液的混合,温度在322℃以下,盐度变化范围为:0.9%～20.3%NaCleqv。实验结果表明鸡冠山矿区含矿硫化物主要沉淀温度区间在310～400℃之间,其次为210～320℃,钼矿化主要形成于高温、高盐度、高氧逸度及富氟元素的H2O-NaCl流体体系,温度降低、流体沸腾作用及流体混合是该钼矿床的主要成矿机制。     

Fluid inclusion evidence for hydrothermal fluid evolution in the Darreh-Zar porphyry copper deposit,Iran

The Darreh-Zar porphyry copper deposit is associated with a quartz monzonitic–granodioritic–porphyritic stock hosted by an Eocene volcanic sedimentary complex in which magmatic hydrothermal fluids were introduced and formed veins and alteration. Within the deepest quartz-rich and chalcopyrite-poor group A veins, LVHS2 inclusions trapped high salinity, high temperature aqueous fluids exsolved directly from a relatively shallow magma (0.5 kbar). These late fluids were enriched in NaCl and reached halite saturation as a result of the low pressure of magma crystallization and fluid exsolution. These fluids extracted Cu from the crystallizing melt and transported it to the hydrothermal system. As a result of ascent, the temperature and pressure of these fluids decreased from 600 to 415 °C, and approximately 500–315 bars. At these conditions, K-feldspar and biotite were stabilized. Type A veins were formed at a depth of ∼1.2 km under conditions of lithostatic pressure and abrupt cooling. Upon cooling and decompressing, the fluid intersected with the liquid–vapor field resulting in separation of immiscible liquid and vapor. This stage was recorded by formation of LVHS1, LVHS3 and VL inclusions. These immiscible fluids formed chalcopyrite–pyrite–quartz veins with sericitic alteration envelopes (B veins) under the lithostatic–hydrostatic pressure regime at temperatures between 415 and 355 °C at 1.3 km below the paleowater table. As the fluids ascended, copper contents decreased and these fluids were diluted by mixing with the low salinity-external fluid. Therefore, pyrite-dominated quartz veins were formed in purely hydrostatic conditions in which pressure decreased from 125 bars to 54 bars and temperature decreased from 355 to 298 °C. During the magmatic-hydrothermal evolution, the composition and P–T regime changed drastically and caused various types of veins and alterations. The abundance of chalcopyrite precipitation in group B veins suggests that boiling and cooling were important factors in copper mineralization in Darreh-Zar.     

Hydrothermal fluid geochemistry at the Chah-Firuzeh porphyry copper deposit,Iran: Evidence from fluid inclusions

The Chah-Firuzeh porphyry copper deposit is located in 35 km north of Shahre Babak (Kerman province). It is associated with granodioriteic intrusive of Miocene age which intruded Eocene volcanosedimentary rocks. Copper mineralization was accompanied by both potassic and phyllic alteration. Field observations and petrographic studies demonstrate that the emplacement of Chah-Firuzeh pluton took place in several intrusive pulses, each with associated hydrothermal ore fluid formation that was also associated with hydrostatic pressure increasing respect to that of lithostatic pressure (and fracturing development-relative boiling) by circulated fluid. Copper is concentrated as a very early hydrothermal mineralized phase in the evolution of the hydrothermal system. Early hydrothermal alteration produced a potassic assemblage (orthoclase–biotite) in the central deep part of the stock. Alteration ore fluids could be classify into two groups of liquid-reach, containing solid phases, high temperature (390 to 500 °C) high salinity (more than 60 wt.% NaCl equiv.) and gas-rich, high temperature (311 to 570 °C), no solid phase and with low salinities. These magmatic source fluids illustrate sever boiling process and also are the responsible for the both potassic alteration, quartz group I and II veins and chalcopyrite deposition. Propylitic alteration occurred by the liquid-rich, low temperature (241 to 390 °C) and Ca-rich fluid with meteoric origin. Continuous decreasing temperature let the meteoric water diffusion into the system, mixed with magmatic fluids and descending the salinities down to the 1 wt.% NaCl equiv. and leaching the Cu from vein groups II and III by sever thermodynamic anarchies from potassic to the phyllic alteration zones. Phyllic alteration and copper leaching resulted from the inflow of oxidized and acidic meteoric waters with decreasing temperature of the system followed by the incursion of this fluid into and its convection in upper part of the system. A late episode of boiling occurred in the apical the phyllic zone, and was associated with significant copper deposition. Based on the field observation on sharp alteration and related mineralization, it is possible to conclude that all these procedures have been controlled by local faults that could be active even before the pluton injection. These faults and the new form ones (which have been formed after injection), could crash the hosted rocks, and act as physical dams to restrict and limit the mineralization in special strikes and zones within the Cah-Firuzeh ore deposit.     

西拉沐伦钼矿带车户沟斑岩型钼-铜矿床成矿流体特征及其地质意义

车户沟钼-铜矿床是华北克拉通北缘西拉沐伦钼矿带上典型的斑岩型Mo-Cu矿床,位于华北克拉通北缘断裂南侧。矿床赋存于成矿母岩花岗斑岩及其围岩中,矿化类型以细脉浸染状矿化为主,还存在隐爆角砾岩型矿化和石英脉型矿化。根据脉体类型和矿物组合将车户沟钼-铜矿床划分为四个成矿阶段,分别为(1)辉钼矿-黄铁矿-石英阶段、(2)黄铜矿+黄铁矿±辉钼矿+石英阶段、(3)黄铁矿+石英阶段、(4)石英+碳酸盐±萤石阶段。成矿流体寄主矿物石英中发育Ⅰ型含CO2三相包裹体(LCO2+VCO2+LH2O)、Ⅱ型含子晶三相(V-L+S)包裹体、Ⅲ型富气相(V-L)包裹体、Ⅳ型富液相(L-V)包裹体、Ⅴ型纯气相(V)包裹体和Ⅵ型纯液相(L)六种类型。流体包裹体类型从早到晚具有规律性演化特征,表现为阶段(1)、(2)以发育Ⅰ型含CO2三相包裹体(LCO2+VCO2+LH2O)和Ⅱ型含子晶三相(V-L+S)包裹体为特征,成矿晚期阶段(3)、(4)以发育Ⅲ型富气相(V-L)包裹体、Ⅳ型富液相(L-V)水溶液包裹体为特征。从早阶段到晚阶段成矿流体温度及盐度具有规律性演化特征。均一温度峰值分别为270～400℃、230～370℃、160～290℃、120～230℃,成矿温度逐渐降低;流体盐度,阶段(1)流体盐度分两组:3.39%～14.25%NaCleqv和31.01%～66.75%NaCleqv、阶段(2)流体盐度分两组:1.23%～12.85%NaCleqv和31.14%～64.33%NaCleqv、阶段(3)、(4)盐度分别介于1.05%～21.47%NaCleqv和2.07%～10.73%NaCleqv,盐度逐渐降低。激光拉曼显微探针(LRM)及群体包裹体成分分析结果表明,流体体系成分以H2O、CO2、Cl-、SO42-、Na+为主,贫F-、Ca2+、Mg2+为特征,特征离子比值暗示流体来源于岩浆流体。包裹体岩相学及包裹体测温表明,流体由早期的高温、高盐度、含二氧化碳NaCl-H2O-CO2体系岩浆流体在主成矿阶段(1)、(2)发生流体包裹体的沸腾作用和相分离,伴随流体沸腾、CO2逸失、温度降低等过程导致大量金属硫化物沉淀。成矿晚期阶段(3)、(4),成矿体系趋于开放,流体存在大气降水混入演化为晚期中-低温、中-低盐度贫CO2的NaCl-H2O流体体系。成矿作用机制上沸腾作用是导致主成矿期辉钼矿、黄铜矿沉淀成矿的重要机制。成矿作用晚期阶段(3)、(4)流体混合作用成为成矿作用的主导机制。     

河北撒岱沟门斑岩型钼矿床成矿流体特征及其演化

撒岱沟门钼矿床位于河北省境内,是该区目前已知规模最大的钼矿床,矿体分布于二长花岗岩体内,钼矿化主要与微斜长石化、硅化、白云母化关系密切.流体包裹体研究表明,撒岱沟门钼矿床主要发育3种类型的包裹体气液两相包裹体、含CO2三相包裹体和CO2包裹体.成矿前与成矿期后流体以气液两相包裹体为主,包裹体均一温度、盐度分剐为280℃～452℃、5.4%～18.4%NaCl eq和153℃～279℃、3.9%～9.7%NaCl eq;成矿期流体中3类包裹体都发育,包裹体均一温度为170℃～370℃,盐度4.3%～14.4%NaCl eq;氢氧同位素研究表明,撒岱沟门钼矿床石英中的δD为-82‰～-98‰,δ18OH2O为0.1‰～6.2‰,成矿流体以岩浆水为主,晚期有大气水的混入.成矿流体在形成过程中经历了3个阶段的流体演化早期岩浆脱水、脱气,成矿期不混溶作用和晚期大气水混合,其中,流体的不混溶作用时辉钼矿的沉淀成矿产生了积极的影响.     

西藏冈底斯朱诺斑岩型铜矿床流体包裹体特征

冈底斯是我国重要的斑岩型铜矿带,东段已发现一系列大型-超大型斑岩矿床且研究程度较高,而西段仅发现朱诺一例大型斑岩铜矿床,且研究程度较低,这不利于冈底斯东西段的对比研究。本文对朱诺矿床进行了流体包裹体岩相学研究、包裹体测温及激光拉曼光谱分析,并与冈底斯东段的驱龙斑岩矿床开展了对比。研究表明朱诺矿床共发育四种类型包裹体,分别为富液相气液两相水溶液包裹体(LV)、富气相气液两相水溶液包裹体(VL)、含子晶多相(LVH)及富CO2三相(C)包裹体。从成矿早期到晚期(即由A脉向B脉至D脉阶段),包裹体均一温度集中分布在350~550℃、250~350℃、250~300℃,盐度为5%~55%NaCleqv、5%~40%NaCleqv、2%~10%NaCleqv,显示包裹体均一温度及盐度呈递减趋势。而在B脉阶段,在显微镜下同一视域内可见不同类型(LV、VL、LVH)的包裹体共存,并且具有相似的均一温度而盐度变化较大特征,这是流体沸腾的明显标志,预示压力的降低及硫化物的沉淀。通过压力估算得到朱诺矿床A、B、D脉阶段的成矿深度分别为2.9km、2.7km、2.3km。通过与驱龙铜矿的对比,朱诺矿床硬石膏发育相对较弱,预示成矿流体氧逸度相对驱龙矿床低,此外二者在包裹体类型、温度、盐度等方面相似,但朱诺的成矿深度比驱龙的略浅,这在冈底斯西段总体剥蚀程度相对东段低的背景下是有利于矿床的寻找。     

西藏冈底斯铜矿带甲马夕卡岩型铜多金属矿床与驱龙斑岩型铜矿流体包裹体特征对比研究

对甲马铜多金属矿床流体包裹体研究表明与成矿有关的流体包裹体主要有富液相、富气相和含子矿物多相包裹体三类,包裹体的均一温度范围变化大,从240℃到＞500℃.矿床形成早期干夕卡岩阶段,矿物形成温度大于500℃,湿夕卡岩阶段均一温度区间集中在270℃～360℃之间,该时期为硫化物矿物形成的主要沉淀阶段.矿床的矿物组合、包裹体类型及包裹体激光拉曼探针分析表明成矿流体以高盐度、富含Na、K、Ca、Si、Cl-、SO42-、CO32-等成分为特点,流体来源以岩浆作用为主.甲马矿床属与岩浆作用有关的典型夕卡岩型多金属矿床.根据甲马矿床与附近驱龙斑岩铜矿流体包裹体和同位素特征对比分析,提出二者应属于同一成矿系列.     

Hydrothermal evolution of the Sar-Cheshmeh porphyry Cu–Mo deposit, Iran: Evidence from fluid inclusions

The Sar-Cheshmeh porphyry Cu–Mo deposit is located in Southwestern Iran (65 km southwest of Kerman City) and is associated with a composite Miocene stock, ranging in composition from diorite through granodiorite to quartz-monzonite. Field observations and petrographic studies demonstrate that the emplacement of the Sar-Cheshmeh stock took place in several pulses, each with associated hydrothermal activity. Molybdenum was concentrated at a very early stage in the evolution of the hydrothermal system and copper was concentrated later. Four main vein Groups have been identified: (I) quartz+molybdenite+anhydrite±K-feldspar with minor pyrite, chalcopyrite and bornite; (II) quartz+chalcopyrite+pyrite±molybdenite±calcite; (III) quartz+pyrite+calcite±chalcopyrite±anhydrite (gypsum)±molybdenite; (IV) quartz±calcite±gypsum±pyrite±dolomite. Early hydrothermal alteration produced a potassic assemblage (orthoclase-biotite) in the central part of the stock, propylitic alteration occurred in the peripheral parts of the stock, contemporaneously with potassic alteration, and phyllic alteration occurred later, overprinting earlier alteration. The early hydrothermal fluids are represented by high temperature (350–520 °C), high salinity (up to 61 wt% NaCl equivalent) liquid-rich fluid inclusions, and high temperature (340–570 °C), low-salinity, vapor-rich inclusions. These fluids are interpreted to represent an orthomagmatic fluid, which cooled episodically; the brines are interpreted to have caused potassic alteration and deposition of Group I and II quartz veins containing molybdenite and chalcopyrite. Propylitic alteration is attributed to a liquid-rich, lower temperature (220–310 °C), Ca-rich, evolved meteoric fluid. Influx of meteoric water into the central part of the system and mixing with magmatic fluid produced albitization at depth and shallow phyllic alteration. This influx also caused the dissolution of early-formed copper sulphides and the remobilization of Cu into the sericitic zone, the main zone of the copper deposition in Sar-Cheshmeh, where it was redeposited in response to a decrease in temperature.     

高盐度,高温和高成矿金属的岩浆成矿流体—以格拉斯伯格Cu—Au矿为例

印度尼西北格拉斯伯格Ｃｕ－Ａｕ矿是与斑状的石英二长岩体有关的斑岩矿床,石英二长岩遭受了钾化为主的们随有绢云图和磁铁矿化的蚀变,Ｃｕ－Ａｕ矿化可分为网脉型和浸染型,以前者为主,含金的黄铜矿石英脉切穿了岩体和钾化蚀变带。本次研究见到四类包裹体,即岩民裹体、含子矿物包裹体、所体包裹体和液体包裹体,与矿化有关的是含子矿物包裹体和气体裹体,这两类包裹体的均一温度从４００℃到〉７００℃,含子包裹体和液体包裹体     

西藏班公湖带多不杂超大型富金斑岩铜矿的高温高盐高氧化成矿流体：流体包裹体证据

多不杂富金斑岩铜矿床位于斑公湖-怒江缝合带北侧多不杂构造岩浆弧中,成矿与侵位于中侏罗统雁石坪群和早白垩统美日切组地层中的石英闪长玢岩、花岗闪长斑岩有关.由于斑岩体的侵位,在岩体内及其围岩中形成强烈蚀变且分带明显,由含矿斑岩中心向外可划分出钾硅化带、中级泥化带、泥化带、伊利石-水白云母化-褐铁矿化带-角岩带或青磐岩化带（围岩是中基性火山岩时）.矿化为细脉-浸染状,含矿斑岩全岩矿化,少量矿化产于围岩中,成矿为铜-金组合,为典型的富金斑岩铜矿.初步识别出（1）钾化带中主要发育M型、EB型、A型及部分B型脉;（2）绿泥石化带（中级泥化带）中发育B型、C型、石英-绿泥石脉及S型、G型脉;（3）在粘土化带（泥化带）中主要发育C型脉、G型脉及S型细网脉;（4）在围岩中主要发育B型、C型、D型及G型细网脉以及碳酸盐脉、M型脉等.矿区范围内发育丰富的热液磁铁矿、赤铁矿、金红石等,铜、金沉淀与热液磁铁矿的形成关系密切;矿石中主要为黄铜矿、少量斑铜矿和辉铜矿,而黄铁矿很少,总体上为黄铜矿＞斑铜矿,黄铜矿＞黄铁矿.在石英斑晶及各种脉系中识别出三个大类和十个亚类的流体包裹体.包裹体显微测温数据表明最高（达935℃、压力200MPa）的均一温度出现在石英斑晶中,这种由含不透明子矿物、简单多相、含硅酸盐子矿物、赤铁矿多相包裹体类型构成的具45%NaCleq盐度的多相包裹体可能代表本矿床最原始的成矿流体组成;这种成矿流体上升到3km左右、冷却到580℃左右发生沸腾,分离出超高盐度（60%～80%NaCl eq）流体包裹体和富气相包裹体,并导致大量磁铁矿的结晶和还原硫的释放,且伴随部分金属硫化物及部分金沉淀,形成早期的M、A型脉;随着温度的进一步降低和分离出的流体包裹体的聚集,在500℃～480℃之间、22～40MPa之间、深度约1.5km发生沸腾,大量释放出的硫与金属离子结合,导致了大量铜、金的沉淀,形成如B型脉等一系列脉系及浸染状的铜矿化.在450℃～400℃之间、压力20～32MPa之间、深度1.1km左右又发生了明显的沸腾事件,形成了如C型脉、S型等舍铜脉系.在370℃～200℃之间、压力5～30MPa之间,包裹体以液相包裹体和多相包裹体为主,其盐度变化较大,可能是由于岩浆流体的稀释作用或少量大气降水参与循环所致,形成了D型脉及面状硅化.我们的研究结果揭示多不杂富金斑岩铜矿是主要由直接从岩浆熔体中出溶（600℃～950℃）的具高氧化性、（超）高盐度的富合成矿元素的岩浆流体形成的,是斑岩矿床系列中正岩浆端元的典型代表.     

西藏南木斑岩铜钼矿床的流体包裹体研究

南木斑岩铜钼矿床是西藏冈底斯东段铜多金属成矿带中的典型斑岩矿床。流体包裹体研究显示与成矿有关的包裹体可以分为液相包裹体、气相包裹体和含子晶多相包裹体三类,它们的均一温度为315～526℃,盐度变化大,含石盐子矿物包裹体的盐度ω(NaCleq)33．1％～52．98％。激光拉曼探针成分分析表明,黄铜矿等子矿物相存在于高盐度包裹体中,部分液相包裹体和气相包裹体含有一定量的CO2。含子矿物包裹体与液相包裹体、气相包裹体共存．且均一温度相近,盐度相差很大,表明成矿流体经历了沸腾作用。成矿流体是富含成矿金属元素的高盐度、高温岩浆流体,岩浆热液提供了主要金属物质。     

Fluid and source magma evolution of the Questa porphyry Mo deposit,New Mexico,USA

Combined fluid inclusion microthermometry and microanalysis by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICPMS) are used to constrain the hydrothermal processes forming a typical Climax-type porphyry Mo deposit. Molybdenum mineralisation at Questa occurred in two superimposed hydrothermal stages, a magmatic-hydrothermal breccia and later stockwork veining. In both stages, texturally earliest fluids were single-phase, of low salinity (~7 wt.% NaCl_equiv.) and intermediate-density. Upon decompression to ~300 bar, they boiled off a vapour phase, leaving behind a residual brine (up to 45 wt.% NaCl_equiv) at temperatures of ~420°C. The highest average Mo concentrations in this hot brine were ~500 μg/g, exceeding the Mo content of the intermediate-density input fluid by about an order of magnitude and reflecting pre-concentration of Mo by fluid phase separation prior to MoS₂ deposition from the brine. Molybdenum concentrations in brine inclusions, then, decrease down to 5 μg/g, recording Mo precipitation in response to cooling of the saline liquid to ~360°C. Molybdenite precipitation from a dense, residual and probably sulphide-depleted brine is proposed to explain the tabular shape of the ore body and the absence of Cu-Fe sulphides in contrast to the more common Cu-Mo deposits related to porphyry stocks. Cesium and Rb concentrations in the single-phase fluids of the breccia range from 2 to 8 and from 40 to 65 μg/g, respectively. In the stockwork veins, Cs and Rb concentrations are significantly higher (45–90 and 110–230 μg/g, respectively). Because Cs and Rb are incompatible and hydrothermally non-reactive elements, the systematic increase in their concentration requires two distinct pulses of fluid exsolution from a progressively more fractionated magma. By contrast, major element and ore metal concentrations of these two fluid pulses remain essentially constant. Mass balance calculations using fluid chemical data from LA-ICPMS suggest that at least 25 km³ of melt and 7 Gt of deep input fluid were necessary to provide the amount of Mo contained in the stockwork vein stage alone. While the absolute amounts of fluid and melt are uncertain, the well-constrained element ratios in the fluids together with empirical fluid/melt partition coefficients derived from the inclusion analyses suggest a high water content of the source melt of ~10%. In line with other circumstantial evidence, these results suggest that initial fluid exsolution may have occurred at a confining pressure exceeding 5 kbar. The source of the molybdenum-mineralising fluids probably was a particularly large magma chamber that crystallised and fractionated in the lower crust or at mid-crustal level, well below the shallow intrusions immediately underlying Questa and other porphyry molybdenum deposits. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

藏东玉龙斑岩铜矿床多期流体演化与成矿的流体包裹体证据

通过对玉龙斑岩铜矿石英斑晶、辉钼矿石英脉中流体包裹体岩相学、包裹体显微测温分析、包裹体成分的激光拉曼探针分析及包裹体中子矿物的扫描电镜／能谱分析,发现矿化斑岩石英斑晶中发育多期流体包裹体、斑晶中除流体包裹体外尚可见少量熔体包裹体与斑岩期矿化有关的成矿流体以中高温（200～537℃）、高盐度（29．6～44．7wt％NaCleq）为特征,与粘土化蚀变有关的流体包裹体以低温、富Ca为特征,不同气相充填度的气液两相包裹体与高盐度含子矿物多相包裹体共存,且具有相似的均一温度,显示不混溶流体包裹体特征温度、压力降低引起的流体不混溶是造成斑岩型矿化矿质沉淀的主要因素,斑岩期流体与浅成低温热液期流体形成于统一的流体系统,为同源演化结果。     

滇西北衙斑岩型金多金属矿床成矿流体特征及其演化

北衙超大型金多金属矿床位于扬子陆块西缘与三江特提斯造山带的结合部位。本文通过对北衙矿区内的斑岩体石英斑晶、斑岩型矿化、矽卡岩矿化中的矽卡岩及外围似层状热液型铅锌银矿化的岩(矿)石中发育的流体包裹体进行了系统研究,发现北衙矿区内主要发育CO2、富CO2、含CO2、含子矿物三相、富气相水溶液及气液两相水溶液包裹体六类流体包裹体;与斑岩型矿化有关的成矿流体为中-高温Na Cl-H2O-CO2体系热液,矽卡岩矿化相关成矿流体为一种高温的Na Cl-H2O及Na Cl-H2O-CO2体系热液,而外围似层状铅锌银矿化相关的成矿流体则为中温的Na Cl-H2O-CO2体系热液。对比分析表明,矽卡岩矿化中的矽卡岩矿物(以绿帘石类矿物为主)形成较早,其中发育富气相的流体包裹体,可以推断岩浆侵位后先分异出富水蒸气的流体,此后CO2才从成矿流体中大量分异。斑岩型矿化及外围地层中似层状铅锌银矿化脉体中发育的流体包裹体与斑岩体石英斑晶内发育的流体包裹体组合类型基本一致,表明成矿流体主要来自斑岩体结晶分异出的岩浆热液。流体包裹体研究表明,北衙金多金属矿区内的矽卡岩型(金铜铁)、斑岩型(铜金钼)及外围碳酸盐岩等地层中的似层状热液型(铅锌银)矿床系列为与富碱斑岩体侵位活动有关的,由岩浆分异热液并逐渐演化形成的斑岩型金-铁铜-铅锌(银)多金属成矿系统。     

新疆西准包古图斑岩型铜钼矿床地质特征及流体包裹体研究

包古图斑岩型铜钼矿床位于新疆西准噶尔达拉布特过渡岛弧南部。区域构造主要以北东向为主,由一系列大断裂组成。包古图含矿岩体是一个岩性和岩相复杂的中性斑岩体。矿化类型主要为浸染状矿化、细脉状矿化及网脉状矿化,成矿作用划分出3个阶段。流体包裹体数据显示:均一温度从第Ⅰ阶段到第Ⅲ阶段逐渐降低,表明矿化从早到晚经历的是一个降温过程。流体密度为0.65～1.15 g/cm~3,估算成矿压力为126.0×10~5～950.1×10~ Pa,成矿深度为0.42～3.17 km,流体包裹体气相成分主要为CH_4、N_2、C_2H_4,液相主要为H_2O,并含少量CO_3~(2-)。     

内蒙古鸡冠山斑岩钼矿床成矿时代和成矿流体研究

内蒙古鸡冠山钼矿床是西拉沐伦钼成矿带上的典型斑岩矿床。矿床产于火山侵入杂岩中,矿化类型以细脉浸染状矿化为主。对矿床5件辉钼矿样品进行了铼-锇同位素分析,获得了151.1±1.3Ma的等时线年龄,表明成矿作用发生在晚侏罗世。成矿作用可划分为三个阶段:早阶段为石英-黄铁矿阶段,发育乳白色石英和粗粒浸染状黄铁矿;中阶段包括早期石英-多金属硫化物亚阶段和晚期石英-萤石-金属硫化物亚阶段;晚阶段为石英-碳酸盐细脉,穿切早、中阶段脉体和矿物组合。鸡冠山钼矿床流体包裹体岩相学研究表明,与成矿有关的包裹体主要有六种类型:富液相、富气相、含子晶多相、含CO2三相、纯CO2及纯液相包裹体。其中,早阶段以富气和富CO2包裹体为主,中阶段多种包裹体共存,晚阶段则主要为富液包裹体。冷热台显微测温和激光拉曼显微探针(LRM)成分分析结果表明,早阶段石英中原生包裹体的均一温度480℃,盐度最高66.75%NaCleqv,包裹体气相成分富含水和CO2,液相成分则以水为主,子晶矿物有石盐、黄铜矿以及指示氧化条件的赤铁矿等,同时也说明成矿流体是富含成矿金属元素的。中阶段早期石英中的流体包裹体均一温度为320～480℃,晚期石英和萤石中的流体包裹体的均一温度为180～320℃。中阶段流体盐度介于4.65%～56.76%NaCleqv。中阶段包裹体含石盐、方解石、黄铜矿、赤铁矿等子矿物,富气相、富液相与含子晶多相包裹体共存,且具有相近的均一温度,而盐度相差悬殊,指示流体发生了沸腾。晚阶段流体的温度降低至100～180℃,盐度则低于10.86%NaCleqv,流体包裹体成分主要为水。鸡冠山钼矿成矿流体演化从早至晚为:从早阶段高温、高盐度、高氧逸度、富CO2、富成矿物质以岩浆热液为主成矿流体,演化至晚期低温、低盐度、无子晶、贫CO2、以大气降水为主的流体。沸腾作用是鸡冠山钼矿形成的重要机制。     

内蒙古阿鲁科尔沁旗敖仑花斑岩铜钼矿床成矿时代和流体包裹体研究

内蒙古阿鲁科尔沁旗敖仑花铜钼矿床位于华北克拉通北缘西拉沐伦钼矿带,是典型的斑岩型铜钼矿床.对6件辉钼矿样品进行了铼-锇同位素分析,获得的等时线年龄为129.4±3.4Ma,表明成矿作用发生在早白垩世.根据成矿中的流体过程可分为三个阶段:早阶段以发育石英-黄铁矿脉为标志,中阶段是主要的成矿阶段,以发育石英-多金属硫化物脉为标志.这两个阶段的流体包裹体均一温度分别集中在330～430℃和250～350℃,盐度分别为1.06～＞58.41 wt%NaCl eqv和0.88wt%～48.21 wt%NaCl eqv,两个阶段均为多种类型包裹体密切共生,均一温度接近而盐度相差悬殊,且两个阶段的包裹体均一方式多样,这些特征指示了这两个阶段的流体皆发生过沸腾作用.晚阶段以发育石英-碳酸盐细脉为标志,只有少量黄铁矿沉淀,该阶段仅发育富液相包裹体,均一温度＜270℃,盐度低,范围为0.71 wt%～8.41 wt%NaCl eqv.激光拉曼光谱分析表明,早、中阶段包裹体的气相成分为H_2O和CO_2,而晚阶段气相中只含H_2O.总体来看,初始流体可能直接来自岩浆房中岩浆流体的上涌,具有高温、高盐度、高氧逸度和富CO_2等特点,在430℃和350℃时流体发生了两次沸腾作用,致使成矿物质快速沉淀,流体氧逸度降低,CO_2逃逸,到了晚期,流体包裹体中基本不再含有子晶和CO_2.     

内蒙古太平沟钼矿床流体包裹体特征及成矿动力学背景

太平沟斑岩型钼矿床位于大兴安岭北段,处于东西向古生代古亚洲构造成矿域和北北东向中新生代滨西太平洋构造成矿域的转换、叠合部位.该矿床形成于131.5～127.5Ma,是大陆内部构造-岩浆活化的产物,成矿系统发育于早白垩世初期华北及中国东部构造体制由挤压向伸展转变的背景下.太平沟钼矿的流体成矿过程包括早、中、晚3个阶段,分别以石英-黄铜矿-黄铁矿、石英-黄铁矿-辉钼矿和石英-碳酸盐组合为特征.石英中发育水溶液型、含/富CO_2型和含子矿物型流体包裹体,子矿物包括石盐、黄铜矿等,但晚阶段仅发育水溶液型包裹体.成矿早、中、晚各阶段流体包裹体的均一温度分别集中在320～390℃、240～320℃和140～200℃,盐度变化为从＞66.8 wt%NaCl eqv.、2.4 wt%～33.8 wt% NaCl eqv.到＜10 wt%NaCl eqv..流体系统由早阶段的高温、高盐度、富CO_2的岩浆热液,经流体沸腾、CO_2逸失、温度降低等过程导致大量金属硫化物沉淀,演化为晚阶段低温、低盐度、贫CO_2的大气降水热液.     

Fluid unmixing/immiscibility as an ore-forming process in the giant REE–Nb–Fe deposit, Inner Mongolian, China: Evidence from fluid inclusions

The giant Bayan Obo REE–Nb–Fe deposit consists of replacement bodies hosted in dolomite marble made up of magnetite, REE fluorocarbonates, fluorite, aegirine, amphibole, calcite and barite. Two or three phase CO₂-rich, three phase hypersaline liquid–vapor–solid, and two phase liquid-rich inclusions have been recognized in mineralized fluorite and quartz samples. Microthermometry measurements indicate that the carbonic phase in CO₂-rich inclusions is nearly pure CO₂. Fluids involving in REE–Nb–Fe mineralization at Bayan Obo might be mainly of H₂O–CO₂–NaCl–(F–REE) system. Coexistences of brine inclusions and CO₂-rich inclusions with similar homogenization temperatures give evidence that immiscibility happened during REE mineralization. An unmixing of an original H₂O–CO₂–NaCl fluid probably derived from carbonatitic magma. The presence of REE-carbonates as an abundant solid in fluid inclusions shows that the original ore-forming fluids are very rich in REE, and therefore, have the potential to produce economic REE ores at Bayan Obo.     

内蒙古乌努格吐山斑岩铜钼矿床流体包裹体研究

内蒙古乌努格吐山（简称乌山）斑岩铜钼矿床位于得尔布干深断裂北侧的额尔古纳地体。作为兴蒙造山带的一部分,额尔古纳地体经历了古生代俯冲增生、早中生代碰撞造山和晚中生代一新生代期间的与太平洋板块俯冲有关的碰撞后构造演化。乌山矿床形成于侏罗纪,是陆-陆碰撞体制斑岩矿床的典型实例,其地质地球化学特征有助于理解碰撞环境的斑岩矿床的成因,因此本文报道该矿床流体包裹体显微测温学、激光拉曼光谱和扫描电影能谱研究结果。乌山矿床流体成矿过程包括早、中、晚3个阶段,分别以石英-钾长石化、石英-绢云母．多金属硫化物化和伊利石-石英-碳酸盐化为特征。石英中可见水溶液包裹体、含子晶和含CO2三相流体包裹体,但晚阶段石英中缺乏后两类包裹体。早阶段流体包裹体均一温度〉510℃,盐度最高达75．8wt％NaCleqv,包裹体的子晶矿物有石盐、黄铜矿以及指示氧化条件的赤铁矿,气相成分富含CO2,液相成分以水为主,且多含CO3^2-。矿化主要发生在中阶段,可分为早期的钼矿化阶段和晚期的铜矿化阶段,其成矿温度分别为340℃-510℃和240℃-340℃。该阶段流体盐度介于6．3—52．0wt％NaCleqv。中阶段包裹体含石盐和黄铜矿子矿物,富气相、富液相与含子晶包裹体共存,且具有相近的均一温度,而盐度相差悬殊,指示流体发生沸腾,成矿物质快速沉淀。晚阶段流体温度降低至100℃-240℃,盐度则低于12．4wt％NaCleqv。总之,早阶段成矿流体来自岩浆,以高温、高盐度、高氧逸度、富CO2为特征;中阶段流体发生沸腾,导致CO2逸失、氧逸度降低、成矿物质快速沉淀;晚阶段流体以低温、低盐度、无子晶、贫CO2为特征,可能属大气降水热液。