Geochemical Atlas of Slovakia and examples of its applications to environmental problems

Results of comprehensive geochemical mapping and thematic studies of the Slovak territory (rocks, soils, stream sediments, groundwaters, biomass, and radioactivity) in the first half of the 1990s led to several new research programmes in Slovakia, within the frame of which new methodologies for geochemical data evaluation and map visualization were elaborated. This study describes the application and elaboration of data from the Geochemical Atlas of the Slovak Republic at national and regional levels. Based on the index of environmental risk (I_ER = ΣPEC/PNEC), the level of contamination for the geological component of the environment in Slovakia was evaluated. Approximately 10.5% of Slovakia’s territory was characterized as being environmentally disturbed to highly disturbed. In the areas where environmental loadings have accumulated, 14 regions where environmental risks existed due to high element concentrations were defined. The model calculations of health risk estimates based on the databases of the Geochemical Atlas for groundwater and soils indicate that the possible risk occurrence of carcinogenic diseases from groundwater arsenic contents is high in more than 10% of Slovakia, whereas the chronic risk is negligible. To determinate the background and threshold levels a combined statistical–geochemical approach was developed and applied as an example for groundwater at the national level as well as for single groundwater bodies. The results of statistical method application for the whole groundwater body (GBW) were compared with the background values for anthropogenically non-influenced areas in GBW. Final background value took into account time variations and spatial distribution of the element in GBW. Furthermore, based on the database from the Geochemical Atlas for groundwater, groundwater bodies potentially at qualitative risk were delineated for the whole of Slovakia. From a total of 101 groundwater bodies 17 were characterized as being at risk and 22 as being at possible risk.     

Geochemical Atlas of the Slovak Republic at a scale of 1:1,000,000

The Geochemical Atlas of Slovak Republic (49,036 km²) at a scale of 1 : 1,000,000 was compiled during 1991–1995 together with maps of associated geochemical and ecological features at a scale of 1 :200,000. Investigations were aimed at the evaluation of concentrations and distributions of Al, As, Ba, Be, Ca, Ce, Co, Cd, Cs, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ga, Hg, K, La, Li, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Rb, Sb, Se, Sn, Sr, Th, U, V, W, Y, Zn, Zr in groundwater (16,359 samples), stream sediments (24,422 samples), rocks (3839 samples), soils (9892 samples from 4946 profiles; A and C horizons of each profile were sampled) and forest biomass (the foliage of the forest tree species from 3063 plots was sampled). In groundwater field measurements of temperature, pH, conductivity, dissolved O₂, acidity, alkalinity were done. The evaluation was oriented to the natural radioactivity of the Slovak territory as follows: rocks (K, U, Th, U_tot and dose rate, 15,573 reference spectrometric points), radon risk and water (U_nat, ²²⁶Ra, ²²²Rn; 5271 samples). The main objective of the Geochemical Atlas was to construct single-component maps showing concentrations of chemical elements, compounds and measured parameters in the researched media of Slovakia at a scale of 1 : 1,000.000 and to create interactive databases of chemical composition and/or measured parameters of groundwater, biomass, rocks, soils, stream sediments and natural radioactivity, for the entire territory of the Slovak Republic. The single-component maps are not constructed in the part ‘Rocks’, where all the main rocks types of Slovakia are presented in the ‘Map of lithogeochemical rock types of Slovakia at a scale of 1: 500,000’. The edition of six atlases has been planned. In 1997 the first three atlases will appear (Groundwater, Biomass, Natural Radioactivity). Publishing of last three atlases (Rocks, Soils, Stream Sediments) is planned for 1998. Since the analytical works on stream sediments were finished during 1997, it was not possible to present here the results of that part of the Geochemical Atlas.     

国际地球化学填图新进展

欧洲和中国在国际地球化学填图中起着积极而重要的作用,而且进展也是最显著的。欧洲地球化学基准值填图计划于1996年被欧洲26个国家地质调查局长论坛(FOREGS)正式批准。经过近10年的工作,于2005年出版了电子版欧洲地球化学图集。中国不仅自己开展了多层次地球化学填图计划,而且还与发展中国家合作开展了全球尺度和成矿带尺度地球化学填图合作。欧洲和中国无论是在全球尺度,还是在区域尺度地球化学填图做法上都存在较大的差异。在采样介质上中国使用统一的采样介质,在分析技术上中国使用几种大型设备作为骨干配合使用多方法分析系统;欧洲恰恰相反,欧洲在采样介质上趋向于多介质,而分析技术上只使用少数几种大型设备。欧洲的做法尽管使用多介质采样获得了元素在更多天然介质中的分布信息,但使用单一分析技术,使得很多关键元素没有分析出来,如贵金属元素Ag,Au,Ir,Os,Pd,Pt,Rh,Ru;卤族元素F,Cl,Br,I;分散元素Ge,In,Se,Te;与生命密切相关的元素N,S,B等。尽管欧洲强调以环境为目的,但很多与环境密切相关的元素都没有分析,所以欧洲的全球尺度地球化学填图的信息量大打折扣。这些不统一的做法,特别是在全球尺度地球化学填图不统一的做法,会影响到以后全球地球化学图的编制。     

Geochemical Atlas of Finland: preliminary aspects

During 1984 and 1985, the Geological Survey of Finland carried out regional geochemical mapping of till, at a scale of 1:2,000,000, as part of a programme to produce data for the first Geochemical Atlas of Finland. The Atlas is designed to give comprehensive background information on the distribution of elements in rocks, soils, and the surficial environment.     

地球化学填图与地球化学勘查

在中国与西方国家，地球化学填图的目的与做法并不相同，西方的地球化学填图是由研究机构开展的，使用等离子焰光量计、X射线荧光光谱仪等大型仪器进行多元素分析，目的是取得多种元素在地球表层分布的基础性资料。地球化学勘查则由矿业公司主要分析少量成矿元素，目的是为了找矿。而中国的地球化学填图计划却做出了巨大努力，使地球化学填图取得的资料既有学术价值又对矿产勘查具有重大的实用意义。本文详细讨论了西方国家与中国地球化学填图与地球化学勘查的思路、方法与技术的演变，并瞻望了地球化学填图在21世纪的巨大发展前景。     

基于地球化学基线的土壤重金属污染潜在生态风险评价

地球化学基线是区分地球化学背景和异常的重要参数。在采集和测试德兴地区约5000km^2面积的479个表层土壤样品基础上，采用标准化方法确定了样品中Cu，Pb，Zn，Cd，Cr，As和Hg等7种重金属元素的基线值，并以基线作为潜在生态风险评价的参比值，对德兴地区土壤重金属污染进行潜在生态风险评价。结果表明：研究区可划分为3个潜在生态风险等级：轻微生态风险、中等生态风险和强生态风险，强生态风险区主要分布在德兴铜矿和钟家山煤矿等矿业活动区附近。其他大部分地区为轻微生态风险区。     

低密度地球化学填图在热带雨林区的适用性探索：以印度尼西亚苏门答腊岛巴东明古鲁地区为例

不同尺度地球化学填图能否获得稳定的和可追索的地球化学模式,能否真实反映元素含量背景,是检验填图方法是否可行的重要依据。笔者选择印度尼西亚苏门答腊岛巴东—明古鲁地区热带雨林区为研究对象,对比该区1:100 万（1 个样/100 km2）和1:25 万（1 个样/4 km2）两种不同比例尺的地球化学采样所获得的地球化学数据和异常分布模式,发现二者获得的元素含量背景值和中位数非常接近,所圈定的地球化学省在形态和变化趋势上非常类似,浓集中心的位置几乎完全重合,证明低密度地球化学填图也能获得稳定的和可追溯的地球化学模式,认为该方法在热带雨林区也是适用的。低密度地球化学填图圈出的地球化学省基本涵盖了研究区大的矿床和花岗岩体,真实的反映了研究区元素的分布情况,在这些地球化学省内开展更大比例尺的地球化学填图工作,能进一步圈定局部异常直接找矿,降低企业勘查投资风险。     

Geochemical Mapping: With Special Emphasis on Analytical Requirements

More than 40 national and regional geochemical mapping projects in the world carried out from 1973 to 1988 do not conform to common standards. In particular they have many analytical deficiencies. In the period 1988 to 1992, the International Geochemical Mapping project （Project 259 of UNESCO＇s IGCP Program） prepared recommendations designed to standardize geochemical mapping methods. The analytical requirements are an essential component of the overall recommendations. They included the following： 71 elements should be analyzed in future mapping projects; the detection limits of trace and ultratrace elements must be lower than the corresponding crustal abundances; and the Chinese GSD and Canadian STSD standard sample series should be used for the correlation of global data. A proposal was also made to collect 5000 composite samples, at very low sampling densities to cover the whole Earth＇s land surface. In 1997 an IUGS Working Group on Global Geochemical Baselines was formed to continue the work which began with IGCP 259. From 1997 up to now, new progress has been made especially in China and FOREGS countries under the aegis of this working group, including the study of suitable sampling media, development of a multi-element analytical system, new proficiency test for selection of competent laboratories and role of wide-spaced mapping in mineral exploration. One of the major problems awaiting solution has been the inability of many laboratories to meet the IGCP recommendations to generate high quality geochemical maps. Fortunately several laboratories in China and Europe have demonstrated an ability to meet the requirements and they will be well placed to render technical assistance to other countries.     

地壳全元素探测——构建“化学地球”

地壳物质探测是地壳探测工程的重要组成部分。化学元素是地球物质组成的最基本单位,被称为地球的基因。矿产资源是由化学元素组成的,环境是受化学元素行为制约的,因此,对地壳中所有元素精确含量和分布的探测,对解决人类所面临的资源和环境问题具有重大意义。地壳全元素探测项目拟发展4种地球化学探测技术,包括地壳中所有天然元素的精确分析技术,中下地壳物质成分识别技术,穿透性地球化学探测技术,海量地球化学数据和图形显示技术。建立1个覆盖全国的地球化学基准网,系统采集代表性岩石样品10000件,疏松物样品6000件,按标准化的方法分析其主量元素和微量元素含量(包含78种元素),建立中国大陆地球化学基准值,为研究化学元素的分布、演化和成矿物质背景提供基准参考数据。进行总长度3300km的3条地球化学走廊带的实验与示范,采集各类代表性岩石样品5000件,进行元素和同位素测定,构建走廊带地壳地球化学模型、跨越不同大地构造单元的元素空间变化和大型矿集区成矿物质背景。为开展全国地壳探测工程奠定基础,并为最终建立"化学地球"进行技术准备和先导性实验。     

新一轮全球地球化学填图:中国的机遇和挑战

论述从1988年联合国教科文组织相继批准实施国际地球化学填图(IGCP259)和全球地球化学基准(IGCP360)项目以来,中国和欧洲在制定全球地球化学填图的方法指南及技术标准方面作出的决定性贡献。文中指出,中国的"环境地球化学监控网络及动态地球化学填图"项目、欧洲的FOREGS地球化学基准值填图项目为全球其他国家开展类似工作提供了示范,但地球化学家预期10年内获得全球地表地球化学概貌的愿望至今未能实现。挪威和中国的地球化学家通过IAHS/ICCE正在酝酿"Global geochemical mapping and the sediment-bound flux of major world rivers"重大国际合作项目,以开展新一轮全球地球化学填图。通过国际极地年,IPY317项目首先从北极地区启动。新一轮全球地球化学填图项目计划以中国提出的"全球地球化学填图的泛滥平原沉积物采样草案"和挪威提出的"三角洲中河漫滩沉积物的采样草案"作为实施方案,因而巩固和扩大了中国地球化学填图技术在全球的优势地位。论文在分析中国面临的机遇与挑战后,建议政府主管部门对新一轮全球地球化学填图给予优先支持。     

城市环境地球化学研究综述

近年来地球科学越来越多地面向城市,城市环境受到人类活动的广泛影响,自然及人类活动引起的城市地球化学问题日益受到人们的重视。城市环境地球化学是应用地球化学的原理和方法研究城市生态环境问题,主要研究城市土壤、沉积物、尘埃、地表水、地下水、生物、空气等介质中化学元素及同位素的分布、演化、环境作用及健康效应,重点解决城市地球化学环境质量变化的原理及由此产生的生态环境效应及人体健康效应。城市环境地球化学的主要研究对象是传统工业城市、典型矿业城市及国际化的大都市。在城市地球化学概念出现之后短短的10余年时间内,很多国家开展了城市环境地球化学调查和研究工作,取得了重要的成果和进展,并发展成为环境地球化学与城市环境的重要方向,但仍存在着一定的问题,需要深入研究。目前,城市环境系统的地球化学填图、城市地球化学与环境污染研究、城市地球化学与生态风险研究、城市地球化学与人体健康研究、城市地球化学系统的调控与环境规划等领域是国际城市环境地球化学的热点和前沿。     

青海都兰县拉浪麦矿区土壤异常特征及找矿效果

拉浪麦矿区位于东昆仑伯喀里克—香日德成矿带,在收集矿区地质资料和1∶50 000化探成果的基础上,开展了1∶10 000土壤地球化学测量工作,分析元素Au、Ag、Sn、As、Sb、Cu、Zn、Mo、Pb、W,圈定综合异常13个。通过数理统计和综合研究,确定W、Au、Pb、Ag元素为区内主成矿元素。2013—2015年,先后对AP1和AP4号综合异常进行地表工程验证,发现了3条具有一定规模的工业钨矿体,为拉浪麦矿区矿产勘查指明了方向。     

地壳全元素配套分析方案及分析质量监控系统

依据有关的标准和规定要求,在76种元素地球化学填图配套分析方案及分析质量监控系统的基础上,建立了地壳岩石和土壤样品中81个指标(包含76个元素)的配套分析方案和分析质量监控系统。建立了新的岩石样品无污染加工流程,主量元素采用熔融制片-X射线荧光光谱法进行测定,并进行主量元素的加和控制,提升了主量元素的分析准确度和精密度,实现了对地壳全部元素的高准确度、高精度分析。     

“关键资源地球化学勘查”专辑特邀主编寄语——关键元素分布与关键资源勘查

关键资源已经成为工业4.0和低碳能源不可替代的原材料。构成关键资源的元素有50余种, 这些元素是现代社会的先进制造、电子产品、低碳能源、国防安全、生物医药等必须的原材料, 因此也称为关键元素。地球化学勘查是研究和探测关键元素分布和超常富集, 寻找关键资源行之有效的方法。中国在关键元素的分布和深部探测地球化学领域走在了国际前列, 形成了从全球尺度、全国尺度、矿区尺度直到纳米尺度地球化学探测技术体系, 实现从二维到三维、从浅表矿到千米深度矿产探测能力的飞跃, 不仅圈定了一批全国稀土、锂、铀的超常富集区, 而且取得了多处深部金矿和铜矿勘查的重大突破。本专辑选择部分研究成果介绍了稀土元素、新能源金属(铀、锂、钴)、金、铜等关键资源地球化学勘查中取得的新进展和成果。为了响应国家号召“把论文写在祖国大地上”, 专辑作者把优质素材形成的论文发表在自己的杂志上, 作为本期特邀主编对他们的奉献精神表示衷心感谢和崇高的敬意！     

Experience and goals of geochemical mapping for environmental protection in Lithuania

Since 1980 the main goal of geochemical investigations in Lithuania has been the estimation of technogene changes of microelements in the earth's surface sediments. For this purpose the geochemical mapping at various scales has been employed: at regional scale (1:2,500,000-1:500,000), at large scale (1:50,000-1:25,000), and at local scales 1:10,000-1:1000. The most important tasks are to determine and to establish the geochemical background for technogene changes in the topsoil layer and in the water reservoir bottom sediments. When mapping the zones of increased technogenical load the increase of concentration for most microelements in soils (ground) and in water reservoirs were established. Zn, Pb, Cu, Sn. Ag, Cr and Ni are the main elements-pollutants of these zones, concentrations of which exceed the background values from a few up to a dozen times. In certain cases their concentrations and the concentrations of specific elements, such as Sb, Bi. Ce, La, exceed thousands times the background value. At such zones the danger of pollution is increased due to the occurrence of mobile and potentially mobile toxic elements. During the soil mapping within the towns and factories not only the concentration of elements and the associations of elements-pollutants have been ascertained, but also the approximate contamination dangerous for biota -the total index of contamination (Z_s) — has been calculated. The additional index that shows dangerous pollution is the maximum permissible by general sanitary concentration of chemical elements in soil (MPLC_s) used in Lithuania. At some extremely contaminated zones (Z_s > 128) the migration forms of toxic elements were determined by AAS-ES (gradual extraction using reagents of various acidity). The geochemical mapping data are used for the land-use, for the selection of geochemical monitoring polygons, hydrochemical. ecomedical and other investigations.     

地球化学异常标度不变性与超低密度地球化学填图

依据区域地球化学数据,论证了地球化学异常标度不变性的特性,据此,提出的一种新勘查战略,即采用超低密度地球化学测量方法,韧带掌握全局,逐步缩小靶区,快速圈定巨型矿床密集区。地球化学异常的标度不变性,为全球地球深化填图计划的实施提供了理论依据。     

中塔合作帕米尔地球化学调查成果与展望

帕米尔高原是由喜马拉雅山脉、喀喇昆仑山脉、昆仑山脉、天山山脉、兴都库什山脉交汇于此形成的一个巨大的山结。由于其特殊的地质构造位置和复杂的构造演化历史,形成了良好的成矿地质背景条件。依据中塔两国政府“双方地学领域科技合作谅解备忘录”精神,中塔两国合作组织实施了“塔吉克帕米尔成矿带地球化学调查”工作。完成3万km²地球化学填图任务,建立了工作区地球化学数据库,编制了系列地球化学图件。应用地球化学分析方法回答了测区资源潜力评价有关的地学问题,在此基础上编制了Ag、Au、Pb-Zn等8个元素(组)找矿预测图,共圈定各类找矿预测区136个。同时,也从地球化学角度解决了许多地质问题。为开展塔吉克帕米尔地区地质科学研究,了解帕米尔地区优势资源种类、分布地域、资源潜力等评价信息,快速缩小找矿靶区,实现找矿突破,改变地区资源分布格局等工作提供了可靠而丰富的地球化学基础资料。     

大兴安岭成矿带大型银多金属矿区域地球化学预测指标

如何利用地球化学填图数据来预测大型矿是当前面临的一个重要课题。文中利用大兴安岭地区1∶20万区域化探扫面数据和1∶100万中蒙边界地球化学填图数据进行综合研究。发现1∶100万地球化学编图圈定的地球化学省与矿集区存在十分密切的关系,1∶20万地球化学编图圈定的区域地球化学异常与大型矿存在对应关系。以大兴安岭3个大型银铅锌矿为例建立了预测大型矿的地球化学指标。大型银多金属矿具有Pb、Zn、Ag 等3个以上元素异常在空间上相套合;异常具有3层以上套合结构,即地球化学省（>500 km2）包裹区域异常（>100 km2）,区域异常包裹局部浓集中心（n×10 km2）;标准化综合异常下限大于4.5,异常衬度大于2.0。     

Low-density geochemical mapping in Hungary

Guidelines for a low-density geochemical survey were described in 1990 by the Western European Geological Surveys. A low-density geochemical survey of Hungary was carried out in 1991–1995. The results are useful for future surveys and for the IGCP 360 project ‘Global Geochemical Baseline’. In regions with well-developed drainage systems in Hungary, 196 catchment basins of approx. 400 km² were delineated and flood-plain deposits sampled at their outlets. The samples were taken from 0 to 10 cm and from 50 to 60 cm depths. Samples were analysed by ICP-AES and AAS techniques in two laboratories. A Geochemical Atlas of Hungary is in preparation that will show the distribution of 25 elements in the two sampled layers. Maps for the lower layer represent regional geochemical baseline values and a geochemical subdivision of the country (maps showing the distribution of element associations) was made on the basis of factor variables. Maps constructed from the data of the upper sampling level show us the present state of contamination of the surface. The results of this survey have contributed to the establishment of guidance values for soils prepared by the Hungarian Ministry of the Environment in 1995. Safe levels were established for As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb and Zn and regional environmental loads plotted. Differences between the median values of the two levels are generally small. However, the concentrations of certain elements like P, Pb and S are significantly greater in the upper layer reflecting contamination from agriculture. In certain regions, the rate of sedimentation was fairly fast such that the environmental effects of ore mining in Transylvania and southern Slovakia as well as those of heavy industry in northern Hungary can be observed in samples from the lower level. The main factor controlling the geochemical pattern in Hungary is the predominance of young (Pleistocene or Miocene) clastic sediments at the surface. Approx. 90% of the surface is covered by these young sediments. This kind of survey has the disadvantage of not providing enough contrast to differentiate geologically dissimilar areas but it has the advantage to provide regional surface background geochemical data and it helps to outline areas of possible surface contamination. Based on the results of this survey we conclude that it would be much better to sample smaller, but geologically homogeneous areas in mountainous terrain to obtain data characteristic of the geochemical background of lithologic units. This approach would mean a sampling density of a few tens of km²/sample for hilly areas, and a few hundred km²/sample for lowland areas.     

广西贵港银山岭铅锌矿土壤地球化学找矿研究

通过在广西贵港银山岭开展1∶10 000地质简测工作和1∶10 000土壤剖面地球化学测量工作,总结了银山岭出露的地层、岩性、构造、围岩蚀变等地质特征,在此基础上,进行土壤地球化学找矿研究,得到以下认识:(1)微量元素参数统计表明,Pb、Zn、Ag元素含量相对较高,变化系数较大,易次生富集形成实质性的地球化学异常;(2)元素组合分析、元素分布型式、元素分形特征显示,Pb、Zn、Ag元素代表了主要成矿元素的次生富集组合,其分布范围广,离散度大,可作为找矿的主要指示元素;(3)综合地质和地球化学数据资料分析,在工作区发现了3个土壤地球化学异常块段,并对各个土壤地球化学异常进行解释评价,从而圈定找矿靶区,进一步提出了新的工作建议。