Garnet reequilibration and growth in the eclogite facies and geodynamical evolution near peak metamorphic conditions

Caledonian eclogite-facies metamorphism partially reworking Grenvillian granulite-facies anorthosite allows us to study the processes of garnet reequilibration at high pressure and to reconstruct the evolution of the unit near metamorphic peak conditions. Our results indicate that eclogite-facies metamorphism happened in two successive phases: first, inherited granulitic garnet was fractured and reequilibrated from their boundaries (crystal or fracture rims); then eclogite-facies minerals were crystallised in the fractures as overgrowths on inherited garnets. The reequilibration of inherited garnets is achieved through Fe²⁺Mg⁻¹ exchange, whereas eclogite-facies garnets crystallised during the subsequent phase are notably richer in Ca than un- and re-equilibrated granulitic garnet. Pseudosection construction shows that this lack in Ca reequilibration cannot be related to variations in thermodynamic conditions (a _H2O, reacting system composition) between the two phases. From the compilation of the available data, the reequilibration of granulitic garnet seems to be controlled by the inefficient intra- and inter-granular transport properties of Ca compared to Fe²⁺ and Mg. While these kinetic factors confine garnet reequilibration to Fe²⁺Mg⁻¹ exchange, the extent of reequilibration along this exchange vector is controlled by partitioning with adjacent omphacite. On the contrary to the diffusional reequilibration of granulitic garnet that lasted for several My according to our modelling of the diffusional relaxation, the strong compositional gradients between eclogite-facies and reequilibrated garnets, which are almost unaffected by diffusional reequilibration, provide evidence that rapid exhumation followed the crystallisation of eclogite-facies minerals. We propose that the movement reversal itself, from burial to exhumation, and associated deformation and fluid flow, triggered this crystallisation event. The resulting evolution near metamorphic peak conditions is therefore strongly asymmetrical: on the one hand, the prograde diffusional relaxation profiles indicate slow movement during the last stages of burial, whereas the unaffected retrograde overgrowth indicates fast exhumation rates.     

Trace-element abundances of iron-rich eclogites,with implications on the geodynamical evolution of the Voltri Group (Pennidic Belt)

Fe (136,900 ppm)- and Ti (28,540 ppm)-rich eclogites contained in the Voltri serpentinites show contents of metallic trace elements different from those of other eclogites described so far, both those of ophiolitic type and those included in ultramafic rocks. The Voltri eclogites are enriched in Mn (1,894 ppm), V (610 ppm), and Co (75 ppm) and depleted in Cr (110 ppm), Ni (56 ppm), and Zr (46 ppm) in comparison with other occurrences. The analyzed samples are: twelve flaser-eclogites, four fine-grained bimineralic eclogites and three eclogites showing an advanced degree of retrometamorphism toward greenschist facies. The given average values (in ppm) are based on nineteen analyzed samples. This trace-element content is believed to reflect the highly fractionated tholeiitic character of the eclogites and suggests that the Voltri rocks originated from the isochemical metamorphism of ferrogabbros which were probably intruded into the serpentinized lherzolites of a mid-oceanic ridge at the time of the opening of the Pennidic trough.     

大兴安岭南段红岭铅锌矿床岩浆演化序列与成矿动力学背景探讨

红岭是内蒙古东部地区的一处大型铅锌多金属矿床。矿体产于燕山晚期花岗岩与二叠系大石寨组的外接触带上,受NE向断裂控制。本文对红岭矿区及其外围主要岩浆岩开展了年代学研究,系统的LA-ICP-MS锆石定年结果表明:红岭矿区与矿化关系密切的乌兰坝岩体中浅褐黄色花岗斑岩、中粗粒花岗岩、灰褐色斑状花岗岩及深部钻孔揭露的细粒花岗岩测试结果分别为136.70±0.85Ma、144.1±1.5Ma、139.7±1.1Ma和144.82±0.81Ma,显示出由多阶段岩浆侵入形成的复式岩体的特征;乌兰楚鲁特岩体中浅褐灰色斑状花岗岩、含斑细粒花岗岩测年结果为141.9±1.2Ma、139.83±0.82Ma。根据锆石UPb测年的结果,得出两个岩体为同一次构造岩浆事件的产物的结论。岩石地球化学分析表明区内花岗岩类富SiO_2(75.50%~76.14%)、K_2O(4.38%~5.19%),贫Al_2O_3(12.25%~13.08%)、Ba(26.6×10~(-6)~164×10~(-6))、Sr(4.74×10~(-6)~46.0×10~(-6)),稀土元素配分曲线呈右倾轻稀土富集型,具明显铕负异常,δEu值为0.44~0.80,富集高场强元素Zr、Hf和大离子亲石元素Rb、U、Th,显示A型花岗岩地球化学属性,表明其形成于伸展构造体系的造山后环境。本文根据对矿区及外围侵入岩年代学研究,结合矿区地质和前人研究成果,将大兴安岭南段多金属成矿带构造演化史概括为:古亚洲洋双向俯冲可能延续到晚石炭世;约从二叠纪开始,该区进入了碰撞造山阶段;中三叠世-二叠纪的构造岩浆事件与碰撞造山后陆壳加厚和拆沉作用有关,同时标志着中亚造山带演化的终止;170~230Ma为该区构造活动的平静期;进入侏罗纪-早白垩世(120~170Ma),该区受到蒙古-鄂霍次克构造体系活动的远程影响;120Ma~今,鲜有关于岩体年龄的报道,据此我们认为该区域并未受到太平洋构造体系的强烈影响;并得出红岭铅锌矿的成矿动力学背景为蒙古-鄂霍茨克造山带碰撞造山后陆壳伸展环境的认识。     

Fennoscandia — A short outline of its geodynamical development

Based on the strong heat flow in the Archaean and Proterozoic a concept for dynamical processes is developed that agrees with observation of low and high pressure metamorphism in ensialic belt of the Precambrian in Scandinavia and other old shield areas. Heat release is considered to have taken place predominantly at fast spreading oceanic ridges, some of them certainly adjacent to continental margins. Thinner, warmer, lighter, and faster oceanic plates descended with very small dip below the continent, leading to an underplating, to a decrease of the continental thermal gradient, and to a compressive stress with the tendency to keep the growing Archaean supercontinent together. Ensialic belts may have partly been created by a shallow secondary back-arc creep pattern. The general decrease of heat production and heat release continuously slowed all creep processes. At around 1000 ± 300 Ma, oceanic plates must have reached critical values of thickness, weight, and density to perform a real steep angle subduction, reinforced by sediment loads and phase transition at depth. A well developed plate tectonic pattern with an opening and closing of the lapetus ocean, with subduction, and a subsequent continent-continent collision can be inferred for the forming of the Caledonian-Appalachian mountain range. Even today, dynamical movements at asthenospheric levels below Fennoscandia are still present as indicated by observations of seismic travel time residuals, deep seismic soundings, gravity, compressive stresses, and theoretical calculations of temperature and viscosity.     

Thermochemical mantle plumes

Doklady Earth Sciences -     

Dynamic phytoclimatology,an aid to spatial generalisation of external geodynamical studies

Abstract

The statistics and mechanical studies of the spatial variability of rainfall do not seem to be entirely satisfactory for brief events, such as the showers generating gullying. Thus, indirect indications of vegetation may be useful. Botanical continuums do reflect some climatic changes that may be linked to the distribution of these events. As an example, the analyses of some floristic transects, located at the transition of Mediterranean and oceanic, and Mediterranean and arid climates are presented. Conducted in parallel with the dynamic interpretation of climatic fields, these analyses have, for instance, allowed to state more precisely the spatial extension of several features of rains such as their cumulated values and their regime. The floristic ‘signal’ mainly concerns the climatic variations of the cumulated value of rainfall, but, in a subtler way, vegetation may signal the variations of regime. These features are linked with the strength of showers, and, as a consequence with the erosive capacity of rainfall. Dynamic phytoclimatology is then liable to give an aid to the spatialization of external geodynamic studies. © 2000 Éditions scientifiques et médicales Elsevier SAS     

Thermochemical study of natural montmorillonite

The paper reports results of an experimental thermochemical study (in a heat-flux Tian-Calvet microcalorimeter) of montmorillonite from (I) the Taganskoe and (II) Askanskoe deposits and (III) from the caldera of Uzon volcano, Kamchatka. The enthalpy of formation Δ _f H _el ⁰ (298.15 K) of dehydrated hydroxyl-bearing montmorillonite was determined by melt solution calorimetry: ?5677.6 ± 7.6 kJ/mol for Na_0.3Ca_0.1(Mg_0.4Al_1.6)[Si_3.9Al_0.1O₁₀](OH)₂ (I), ?5614.3 ± 7.0 kJ/mol for Na_0.4K_0.1(Ca_0.1Mg_0.3Al_1.5Fe _0.1 ³⁺ )[Si_3.9Al_0.1O₁₀](OH)₂ (II), ?5719 ± 11 kJ/mol for K_0.1Ca_0.2Mg_0.2(Mg_0.6Al_1.3Fe _0.1 ³⁺ ) [Si_3.7Al_0.3O10](OH)₂ (III), and ?6454 ± 11 kJ/mol for water-bearing montmorillonite (I) Na_0.3Ca_0.1(Mg_0.4Al_1.6)[Si_3.9Al_0.1O₁₀](OH)₂ · 2.6H₂O. The paper reports estimated enthalpy of formation for the smectite end members of the theoretical composition of K-, Na-, Mg-, and Ca-montmorillonite and experimental data on the enthalpy of dehydration (14 ± 2 kJ per mole of H₂O) and dehydroxylation (166 ± 10 kJ per mole of H₂O) for Na-montmorillonite.     

Evidence of self-organization in Sumatra earthquakes: recurrence time and its geodynamical implications

Risk reduction as an outcome only takes place if results of risk estimation studies are used to develop action plans for risk-management and risk-reduction strategies. This paper describes an automated model that uses the output of existing earthquake loss estimation methodologies to support decision makers in evaluating a set of competing seismic mitigation strategies and exploring their impact in reducing socio-economic losses of urban settlements. The proposed model is structured to quantify the monetary value of earthquake losses and to find an optimal budget allocation assigned to each mitigation strategy based on user input. The optimization method takes into account both pre- and post-earthquake expenditures, such as costs of building upgrades, critical facility enhancement, temporary shelter provisions, debris removal, hospitalization and human casualty. The system consists of five main modules: (1) building damage function; (2) mitigated damage function; (3) cost estimation function; (4) optimization function; and (5) user interface function. Whereas the optimization function provides the optimal values assigned to each mitigation alternative based on the estimated costs and a defined budget, the user interface allows the decision maker to interact with the software in each step and plan mitigation strategies that best suit the user’s socio-economic requirements and limitations. The outputs of the proposed model are presented with respect to an application in a pilot study area within a vulnerable city district of Tehran, Iran.     

中国地球动力学研究的方向和任务

地球动力学是研究和探索地球内部物质在力源作用下,呈大尺度的运动行为及其在整体运动中物质与能量的交换、深部圈层耦合、介质与结构变异的物理-力学属性、深层过程和动力机制的一门边缘科学。地球动力学集成了当代众多相关学科和学科交叉领域的高、新学科研究成果,它涉及到成山、成盆、成岩、成矿、成灾和深化对地球本体的认识,它在地球科学研究中占有极为重要的地位。本文通过深入研究、综合集成与剖析讨论了该领域四个重要的基本科学问题,即:(1)地球动力学在地球科学研究中的地位和作用;(2)地球动力学研究的趋势和导向;(3)中国地球动力学研究的方向和任务;(4)地球内部物质运移的力源机制和综合研究。     

Integrated geodynamical network in Russia. (Scientific objectives and realization)

Determination of a geodetic reference frame and a unique system of normal heights, meeting requests of geodynamic studies, demands an accomplishment of a complex of different types of geodetic measurements (space and terrestrial), as each of techniques separately unable to give a singular interpretation. A problem of precise determination of the quasigeoid heights can be solved by joined analysis of GPS/GLONASS measurements and gravimetric data, if for the GPS sites precise levelling data are available. An establishment of the Fiducial Astro-Geodetic network (FAGN), based mainly on the use of space geodesy technique, is a principal objective of the national programme which is carried out in Russia, under the management of the Federal Department of Geodesy and Cartography and in collaboration with research institutes of the Russian Academy of Sciences. A real situation with the existing russian stations for geodynamical monitoring is considered, and a programme of upgrading of the integrated fundamental geodetic network is discussed.     

重新认识西藏林周盆地基性岩石的地球动力学含义

拉萨地体南部大面积分布的林子宗火山岩的地球动力学意义迄今尚未得到很好的约束,对于这个问题的深入理解有助于揭示雅鲁藏布特提斯洋岩石圈的俯冲和随后印度-欧亚大陆的陆陆碰撞过程。要合理认识林子宗火山岩所蕴含的地球动力学含义,在一定程度上还有赖于对林子宗火山岩中基性岩石的岩浆起源和性质的深入剖析。本文结合已有资料,报道和总结了位于林子宗火山岩命名地——林周盆地中基性岩石样品(56~53Ma)的全岩地球化学、Sr-Nd同位素数据。林周盆地基性岩石为高钾钙碱性-钾玄岩系列,富集大离子亲石元素(LILEs)、亏损高场强元素(HFSEs),初始⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr比值为0.7048~0.7054,ε_Nd(t)值为+0.5~+1.8;同时还具有高Zr含量、Zr/Y比值以及高的Ta/Hf、Th/Hf比值。林周盆地基性岩石既显示岛弧玄武岩浆又显示板内玄武岩浆的双重地球化学特征,除了来源于受俯冲流体交代的岩石圈地幔的部分熔融外,同时可能还存在深部软流圈地幔物质的贡献。本文提出其成因很可能与雅鲁藏布特提斯洋壳北向俯冲板片在约52Ma发生的板片断离有关,指示印度与亚洲大陆的初始碰撞至少发生在60Ma以前。     

岩土破损演化理论(Ⅱ):物理状态指标与分区破损理论

指出当前利用CT数研究岩土力学的所有方法仅为观察研究,浪费了宝贵的CT定量化信息。利用集合论和测度论知识,基于CT数定义了岩土材料的λ水平破损比与λ水平破损率、(λ1-λ2)水平截理比及其截理率的概念,研究了λ水平破损率与CT数及密度的关系;研究了破损产生的位置和破损判据。基于破损空间截理的概念将岩土材料区分为安全区、损伤进行区和破损区,定义了损伤进行区下、上限边界面,给出了强化-弱化准则的定义,建立了岩土体分区破损本构关系,并进一步推导了岩土破损空间理论的基本方程。     

Zircon geochronology and Sm–Nd isotopic study: Further constraints for the Archean and Paleoproterozoic geodynamical evolution of the southeastern Guiana Shield, north of Amazonian Craton, Brazil

The eastern part of the Guiana Shield, northern Amazonian Craton, in South America, represents a large orogenic belt developed during the Transamazonian orogenic cycle (2.26–1.95 Ga), which consists of extensive areas of Paleoproterozoic crust and two major Archean terranes: the Imataca Block, in Venezuela, and the here defined Amapá Block, in the north of Brazil.

Pb-evaporation on zircon and Sm–Nd on whole rock dating were provided on magmatic and metamorphic units from southwestern Amapá Block, in the Jari Domain, defining its long-lived evolution, marked by several stages of crustal accretion and crustal reworking. Magmatic activity occurred mainly at the Meso-Neoarchean transition (2.80–2.79 Ga) and during the Neoarchean (2.66–2.60 Ga). The main period of crust formation occurred during a protracted episode at the end of Paleoarchean and along the whole Mesoarchean (3.26–2.83 Ga). Conversely, crustal reworking processes have dominated in Neoarchean times. During the Transamazonian orogenic cycle, the main geodynamic processes were related to reworking of older Archean crust, with minor juvenile accretion at about 2.3 Ga, during an early orogenic phase. Transamazonian magmatism consisted of syn- to late-orogenic granitic pulses, which were dated at 2.22 Ga, 2.18 Ga and 2.05–2.03 Ga. Most of the ε_Nd values and T_DM model ages (2.52–2.45 Ga) indicate an origin of the Paleoproterozoic granites by mixing of juvenile Paleoproterozoic magmas with Archean components.

The Archean Amapá Block is limited in at southwest by the Carecuru Domain, a granitoid-greenstone terrane that had a geodynamic evolution mainly during the Paleoproterozoic, related to the Transamazonian orogenic cycle. In this latter domain, a widespread calc-alkaline magmatism occurred at 2.19–2.18 Ga and at 2.15–2.14 Ga, and granitic magmatism was dated at 2.10 Ga. Crustal accretion was recognized at about 2.28 Ga, in agreement with the predominantly Rhyacian crust-forming pattern of the eastern Guiana Shield. Nevertheless, T_DM model ages (2.50–2.38 Ga), preferentially interpreted as mixed ages, and ε_Nd < 0, point to some participation of Archean components in the source of the Paleoproterozoic rocks. In addition, the Carecuru Domain contains an oval-shaped Archean granulitic nucleus, named Paru Domain. In this domain, Neoarchean magmatism at about 2.60 Ga was produced by reworking of Mesoarchean crust, as registered in the Amapá Block. Crustal accretion events and calc-alkaline magmatism are recognized at 2.32 Ga and at 2.15 Ga, respectively, as well as charnockitic magmatism at 2.07 Ga.

The lithological association and the available isotopic data registered in the Carecuru Domain suggests a geodynamic evolution model based on the development of a magmatic arc system during the Transamazonian orogenic cycle, which was accreted to the southwestern border of the Archean Amapá Block.     

岩土破损演化理论(I)：破损空间

指出当前利用CT数研究岩土力学的所有方法为观察研究,浪费了宝贵的CT定量化信息。利用CT数定义了岩样某点的完整度和破损度。根据完整度和破损度的水平以及集合论定义了 水平完整域、 水平破损域和( - )截理,利用测度论精确度量它们的大小,在此基础上建立了岩土介质完整空间和破损空间的概念,为利用CT数开展岩土介质力学性质定量分析开创了新途径。如果将 水平由细观值逐渐放大到宏观值,则该方法适应于宏观岩土力学,实现了宏观力学与细观力学的统一描述,实现了连续介质力学与多孔或裂隙介质力学的统一描述。     

岩土破损演化理论(Ⅰ):破损空间

指出当前利用CT数研究岩土力学的所有方法为观察研究,浪费了宝贵的CT定量化信息.利用CT数定义了岩样某点的完整度和破损度.根据完整度和破损度的水平以及集合论定义了λ水平完整域、λ水平破损域和(λ1-λ2)截理,利用测度论精确度量它们的大小,在此基础上建立了岩土介质完整空间和破损空间的概念,为利用CT数开展岩土介质力学性质定量分析开创了新途径.如果将λ水平由细观值逐渐放大到宏观值,则该方法适应于宏观岩土力学,实现了宏观力学与细观力学的统一描述,实现了连续介质力学与多孔或裂隙介质力学的统一描述.     

Thermochemical redox equilibria of ZoBell's solution

The redox potential of ZoBell's solution, consisting of $\text{3.33 × 10}{}^{\mathrm{?3}}$ molar K₄Fe(CN)₆, $\text{3.33 × 10}{}^{\mathrm{?3}}$ molar K₃Fe(CN)₆ and 0.10 molar KCl, has been measured by a polished platinum electrode vs a saturated KCl, Ag/AgCl reference electrode. Measurements in the temperature range 8–85°C fit the equation $\text{E(}\text{volts}\text{) = 0.23145 ? 1.5220 × 10}{}^{\mathrm{?3}}\text{(t ? 25) ? 2.2449 × 10}{}^{\mathrm{?6}}\text{(t ? 25)}{}^2$ where $\text{t}$ is in degrees Celsius. Evaluation of literature data was necessary to obtain a reliable value for the Ag/AgCl half-cell reference potential as a function of temperature. Combining the measurements from this study with the literature evaluation of the Ag/AgCl reference potential yields the temperature dependent potential for ZoBell's solution: $\text{E(}\text{volts}\text{) = 0.43028 ? 2.5157 × 10}{}^{\mathrm{?3}}\text{(t ? 25) ? 3.7979 × 10}{}^{\mathrm{?6}}\text{(t ? 25)}{}^2$ relative to the standard hydrogen potential. From these data the enthalpy, entropy, free energy and heat capacity for the ferro-ferricyanide redox couple have been calculated. The temperature equation for the potential of ZoBell's solution may be used for checking potentiometric equipment in the determination of the redox potential of natural waters.     

大兴安岭地区内生铜矿床的成因类型、成矿时代与成矿动力学背景

大兴安岭地区位于兴蒙造山带的东段,构造、岩浆活动强烈,蕴藏着丰富的内生有色金属、贵金属矿产资源。本文通过对该区内生铜矿床的地质特征、成因类型和年代学研究,初步将区内内生铜矿床划分为斑岩型、浅成热液高硫化型(铜银、铜锡)和接触交代型三种成因类型,除铜锡矿床外,它们的成矿作用均与高钾钙碱系列I型花岗质岩浆密切相关;其中斑岩型和浅成热液高硫化型(铜、银)的成矿分别发生在485Ma、180~170Ma和170~160Ma;而浅成热液高硫化型(铜锡)矿床与A型花岗质岩浆相关,成矿在150~135Ma之间;接触交代型与它们相伴生,主要发生在180~160Ma和150~135Ma。其成矿动力学背景分别与早古生代兴安地块与松嫩地块的拼合碰撞造山、中侏罗世的西伯利亚板块和华北板块的陆缘增生带碰撞缝合造山与早白垩世碰撞造山后的地壳伸展减薄作用过程相适应,矿床在不同阶段的造山挤压与伸展转换或造山期后的伸展阶段就位,这项研究为深入研究该区内生多金属成矿规律提供了科学依据。