用斯托克斯轮廓推导太阳矢量磁场和热力学参量的三维结构

一种根据斯托克斯轮廓分析推导太阳矢量磁场和热力学参量的空间三维结构的新方法在本文中提出．在不考虑散射和原子偏振的假设下，该方法由三个具有不同功能的操作分别作用于太阳大气中一层或二层斯托克斯轮廓组成．这三个操作构成一个运行单元．将此单元运用到从表面到光球底层所划分的大气层格点，然后对扫描区所有的点应用同样的程序便可获得太阳上观察区的矢量磁场和热力学参量的空间三维结构．文中给出了相应的流程图和三个操作的详细描述，并用简化了的程序对理论轮廓进行了拟合．结果表明此方法能较满意地导出矢量磁场尤其是磁场强度的三维空间结构，而热力学参量结构的推导还需进一步改进．     

太阳磁场的红外研究

在简短的引言之后,本文首先叙述在红外波段观测太阳磁场的优越性,然后依次描述用He I10830A、FeI 1.5μ和Mg112μ等红外磁敏线的观测、资料及分析方法。这些谱线分别在色球层、光球最深层和光球上层形成,因此用它们可以探测太阳大气中很大范围的磁场。接着以磁元和黑子磁场为例,介绍现有的主要研究成果。结束语对我国的红外太阳磁场研究提出一些建议。     

MODELING OF SOLAR AND INTERPLANETARY MAGNETIC FIELDS

A brief historical review of solar and interplanetary magnetic field modeling and analysis is presented. The modeling was initiated with the routine observation of longitudinal magnetograms and the application of current free potential magnetic fields for its interpretation. Almost simultaneously, the development of detailed H observation motivated the constant-, force-free magnetic field analysis. Subsequent development of transverse magnetograms leads not only to further refinements of the analysis and modeling but also to many physically meaningful interpretations of the observations. In this review, historical development is traced with the emphasis placed on the yet unanswered questions.     

太阳大气中矢量磁场信息的推导

一种能从观测到的斯托克斯轮廓中提取太阳表面矢量磁场信息的方法在本文中提出，它利用斯托克斯轮廓非线心的极值点处相应参量对波长的导数为零这一数学事实，假设表面附近磁场矢量及热力学参量的变化梯度足够小以致所考虑的极值点的波长位置不随深度改变或此变化呆忽则使得偏振辐射围方程组得到极大的简化；再应用数值方法从此简化方程组中解出辐射表面附近的磁场矢量参数。通过拟合理论轮廓表明该法确实可以得到表面近似的磁场矢量     

大型太阳活动区磁场的一个模型

用时间缓变的非线性无力场模拟超级活动区（弧岛式大型δ黑子）的磁场位形。这个复杂磁场包含了向量磁场的主要观测特征：正负磁流极端不平衡性（正负磁流之比为１：６）,Ｕ形磁反变线,局域磁场的二极子、四极子差异性。模拟结果厅用来解释一些观测结果：（１）大耀斑主要产生在Ｕ形中性线的磁性混杂区或四极子区（２）Ｕ形反变线的准双极性区几乎没有大耀斑很小。（３）活动区内部的大型旋转运动和磁沲运动会导致四极子场磁拓扑分     

太阳活动区磁重联过程中电场加速高能电子分布的演化特征

基于活动区暗条快速上升后其下方电流片重联过程中产生强电场加速电子这一物理过程,解包括库仑碰撞和离子声湍动散射的Fokker-Planck方程,获得电子分布函数的演化特征．计算结果表明(1)当电场强度为1-10V·cm-1时,在10-5-10-6s可将电子加速到(0．1-1)Mev量级;(2)被加速电子近似呈幂律谱分布,其谱指数与耀斑脉冲相微波和硬X射线推断的电子谱指数基本吻合．     

与耀斑相关的磁场演化

本文利用紫金山天文台太阳光谱仪缝前附属Ｄａｙｓｔａｒ滤光器拍摄的，发生在ＮＯＡＡ５３９５活动区中的三个耀斑的Ｈα单色光资料，对比北京天文台怀柔观测站取得的光球磁场资料，研究耀斑产生位置与光球磁场演化的关系，结果表明：（１）在所研究的５０个耀斑亮核中，有３８个位于新浮磁流区附近，另有少数亮核出现在磁对消区；（２）耀斑亮核多集中在横场方向交叉，剪切角大的复杂磁区，耀斑后多数区域磁场结构简化；（３）耀斑     

ON THE ORGANIZATION OF FINE STRUCTURE OF THE SOLAR PHOTOSPHERE

High-quality stratospheric photographs in the continuum were used to investigate spatial scales of the solar granulation field. Two-dimensional intensity power spectra are shown to contain most frequently the modes corresponding to the sizes of granules, protogranules, mesogranules, and supergranules. The place of these four, the most steady formations of the quiet Sun in the global structure of the solar photosphere, is discussed as well as their interconnection and their relation to weak and strong magnetic fields. The protogranulation scale is argued to play an important role in organization of the fine structure of the photosphere and magnetic fields in the quiet and active regions of the Sun.     

CONFIGURATION OF THE MAGNETIC FIELD IN SOLAR ACTIVE REGIONS

In this paper we present the observational results of chromospheric and photospheric magnetograms in active regions obtained at the Huairou Solar Observing Station of the Beijing Astronomical Observatory. Simultaneous observations of the chromospheric and photospheric magnetic fields enable us to construct a possible configuration of the magnetic field in the solar atmosphere. The chromospheric magnetic field shows more diffusion than the photospheric magnetic field and consists of fibril-like features. We also discuss the possible configuration of the magnetic shear in highly sheared active regions.     

太阳耀斑磁重联的数值模拟

数值模拟了太阳耀斑中二维磁重联过程。结果表明,当重联Ｘ 点比较高时,演化过程能再现双带耀斑中耀斑环的运动等主要特征;当重联Ｘ 点比较低时,可解释致密耀斑的观测特征。结果还表明,耀斑环上升和重联点上升之间没有直接的联系。     

THE EFFECT OF SEEING ON SOLAR MAGNETIC FLUX MEASUREMENTS

We investigate the influence of seeing upon measurement of magnetic flux of photospheric fields. For this purpose we quantify seeing variation in one day's observation at Big Bear Solar Observatory in terms of the Fried function, a Modulation Transfer Function for the atmospheric seeing. The temporal variation of seeing quality is compared with that of magnetic flux measured in a quiet region with size 5 \times 4 near the solar disk center. A good correlation is found between the seeing change and apparent evolution of magnetic flux values, implying, as a possibility, that magnetic flux measurement might have been modulated by seeing. Based on a simple model of ensembles of Gaussian magnetic elements we argue that even the net flux as well as the total flux can change due to seeing variation if the magnetograph has a finite detection threshold and if the intrinsic fluxes in one and the other polarities are unbalanced.     

银河系大尺度结构的统计分析

本文给出了在银道面第一象限中,原子氢气体HⅠ和CO分子及同位素分子~(13)CO发射之间的定量的大尺度相关分析。得到以下结论:(1)发射度E(~(13)CO)和E(~(12)CO),在l=11°—45°,b=0°大部分区域内总是线性相关的。(2)在内银道面第一象限内,不仅是在按简单几何划分的大部分区域,而且在按现存旋臂模型划分的一些特殊区域,HⅠ和CO发射也是大尺度线性非相关的。(3)看来CO发射度只在不多的几个区域中示踪HⅠ。但从平均-平滑E(HⅠ)和E(~(12)CO)的比较分析中,仍然难以确定分子云示踪HⅠ或可能由HⅠ形成的结论。     

ON THE GRADIENT OF CORONAL MAGNETIC FIELDS FROM RADIO OBSERVATIONS

A technique is proposed to estimate the magnetic field and its derivative in coronal layers above solar active regions. On the basis of the theory of quasi-transverse propagation of microwaves, the measurable degree of circular polarization is related to the gradient of the coronal magnetic field. The relation is applied to the analyses of a set of microwave sunspot-associated sources at the time when they reverse the sense of their circular polarization.Here we present the characteristic values of coronal fields H= 20 G, H/ l = 10^-9 G cm^-1 at a height of 10¹⁰ cm, estimated using spectral-polarization observations with the radiotelescope RATAN-600 ( =18–36 at = 2.0–4.0 cm). The steepest gradient of 2 × 10^-5 G cm^-1 at h=5 × 10⁹ cm is obtained in the case of coronal magnetic fields overlying a sunspot with a high photospheric proper motion.     

IDENTIFICATION OF THE SOLAR SOURCE FOR THE 18 OCTOBER 1995 MAGNETIC CLOUD

It is necessary to identify signatures of solar sources in order to improve predictions of solar-caused geomagnetic activity. This is not a straightforward task as the relationship is not well understood. We apply an algorithm, derived from numerical simulations to identify the solar source of an interplanetary event that was observed by the WIND spacecraft on October 18, 1995 and was followed by a geomagnetic storm. No specific geomagnetic activity had been predicted at Space Weather Operations (SWO) in Boulder, CO, on the basis of earlier solar observations. The algorithm is used to estimate the time and location of the expected solar source of this interplanetary event. A review of solar observations prior to the WIND observations showed that solar activity precursors could be identified. A long-duration-event was seen by GOES in soft X-rays at the same time as a type IV burst was observed in metric radio wavelengths, and a rearrangement of fields was observed by the soft X-ray telescope on the Yohkoh satellite. This suggests that the algorithm is useful for post facto identification of solar sources, and that such combinations of solar activity should be further investigated for use in geomagnetic forecasting.     

THE SOLAR MAGNETIC FIELD IN THREE DIMENSIONS

Historically, our understanding of the solar magnetic field has been shaped by an interplay between theoretical ideas about the subsurface dynamo and precise measurements of magnetic flux at the level of the photosphere. Today we have an unprecedented ability to measure, or to infer from measurements, properties of the magnetic field at every level from the solar interior to interplanetary space, although photospheric observations still lead the way in completeness and precision. I review the state of our capabilities to measure or calculate the magnetic field and suggest that the next major goal should be to follow specific magnetic structures in space and time from before they emerge until they can no longer be detected at any level.     

太阳多极活动区中的磁重联、剪切低磁弧内的强电流和冕穴结构

探讨了复杂磁结构上空日冕物理状态与磁剪切的关系．结果表明在强磁场的磁中性线上方磁剪切会引起具有强电流和较强等离子体压力的低磁弧．这可解释Ｙｏｈｋｏｈ 卫星的观测结果     

THE MAGNETIC FIELD 2-D STRUCTURE OF COMET HALLEY

We discussed the 2 - D structure and the distribution of magnetic field in comet Halley. We further compared our 1 - D results of distribution along the Giotto encounter trajectory with magnetic field measurements experiment on Giott.     

POWER SPECTRA OF SOLAR NETWORK AND NON-NETWORK FIELDS

We report new properties of solar magnetic fields in a quiet region as found from their magnetic power spectra. The power spectra of network and intranetwork fields (non-network fields) are separately calculated from a Big Bear magnetogram obtained with moderately high spatial resolution of 1.5 arc sec and a high sensitivity reaching 2 Mx cm^-2. The effect of seeing on the power spectrum has been corrected using Fried's (1966) Modulation Transfer Function with the seeing parameter determined in our previous analysis of the magnetogram. As a result, it is found that the two-dimensional power spectra of network and non-network fields appear in a form: ( ₁) ^-1 and ( ₁) ^-3.5. Here ₀ 0.47 Mm^-1 for network fields and ₀ 0.69 Mm^-1 for non-network fields, the latter of which corresponds to the size of mesogranulation; ₁ 3.0 Mm^-1 for both, which is about the size of a large granule. The network field spectrum below ₀ appears nearly flat, whereas that of non-network fields instead decreases towards lower wave numbers as ( ) ^1.3. The turnover behavior of magnetic field spectra around ₁ coincides with that found for the velocity power spectrum, which may justify the kinetic approach taken in previous theoretical studies of the solar magnetic power spectra.     

耀斑活动区的向量磁场

本文综述了耀斑活动区向量磁场的基本特征,并对第２３ 太阳活动周的有关研究选题提出了具体的建议。     

RECONSTRUCTING THE SOLAR CORONAL MAGNETIC FIELD AS A FORCE-FREE MAGNETIC FIELD

We present some preliminary results on different mathematical problems encountered in attempts to reconstruct the coronal magnetic field, assumed to be in a force-free state, from its values in the photosphere. We discuss the formulations associated with these problems, and some new numerical methods that can be used to get their approximate solutions. Both the linear constant- and the nonlinear cases are considered. We also discuss the possible use of dynamical 3D MHD codes to construct approximate solutions of the equilibrium force-free equations, which are needed for testing numerical extrapolation schemes.