城市河流生态系统健康评价初探

健康的河流生态系统已经成为公认的河流管理目标,采用河流生态系统健康理论来研究城市河流问题,具有较强的理论与现实意义。在城市河流生态系统健康概念内涵剖析的基础上,提出了包含水量、水质、水生生物、物理结构与河岸带5大要素的指标体系及其"很健康、健康、亚健康、不健康、病态"5级评价标准,建立了模糊层次综合评价程序与模型。并以宁波市河流为例进行实证研究,明确各河流的健康状况及限制因子,为其保护、维育与修复提供了决策依据。     

黄河内蒙古段生态系统健康状况评价

河流生态系统健康评价研究是目前生态学研究的一个新概念、新问题,生态系统健康是人类与环境间的相互关系协调及实现生态可持续发展的重要基础。基于水文学和生态学原理,对河流生态系统健康的概念进行了界定,建立了河流生态系统健康评价指标体系及其评价方法,将评价结果分为优、中和差3个等级。以黄河内蒙古段为例,对其生态系统健康状况进行了评价。结果表明:黄河内蒙古段2006年生态系统健康评价最终得分为0.558,处于中等健康状态。提出了改善黄河内蒙古段健康状况的对策和建议,评价成果为黄河内蒙古段的生态环境的改善与管理提供重要的理论依据。     

流域生态系统健康评价研究进展

流域生态系统评价体系是评价研究流域是否健康的基本依据,其评价结果为流域生态系统保护措施和政策制定提供基础。在介绍流域生态系统健康状态的前提下,总结了国内外流域生态系统评价理论和评价指标的发展历史及现状,整合出目前较为流行的评价体系,并着重阐述了五类实用模型,分别为:水基系统评价模型、改进物元分析、生物完整性指数法、压力-状态-响应模型(PSR)及景观格局分析法。针对不同的流域环境选择合适的评价体系是准确评价流域生态系统健康状况的根本。总结得到综合指标评价体系,主要包括物理、生物、社会环境、生态功能及社会功能等五种指标,在明确指标后按评价流程对流域进行系统评价。对现存的问题进行了分析与展望。     

Potential suitability for urban planning and industry development using natural hazard maps and geological–geomorphological parameters

During the planning of an urban environment, usually only economic and social parameters are taken into account. As a result, urban areas are susceptible to natural disasters, which cause extensive damages in them, because the cities or towns have been repeatedly located in vulnerable areas. In this study, for the protection of human environment, is proposed a unique approach of urban planning and sustainable development. The study area is Trikala Prefecture (Western Thessaly, Central Greece). An integrated evaluation of the suitable areas for urban growth and light industry development is proposed by using mainly natural hazards as well as geological–geomorphological–geographical characteristics of the study area. The used parameters were correlated by using the analytical hierarchical process (AHP) method and incorporated into a geographic information system (GIS) in order to produce the corresponding suitability maps. The study area is classified in five categories of very high, high, moderate, low, and very low suitability for urban growth and industrial development. Moreover, the spatio-temporal changes of the urban limits are studied since 1885 for the three major towns (Trikala, Kalambaka and Pyli) of the study area. These changes sketch out the urban growth trend. The comparison between the urban growth trend with the potential suitability for urban growth and industrial development of these towns lead to discrepancies. These can be attributed mainly to the fact that in the majority of cases, only geographical, social, and economical factors were used for urban development, whereas in our study, natural hazards, geomorphological, and geographical parameters were quantified and taken into account.     

Researching Progress and Application Status of Eutrophication Evaluation Method of Seawater

The concept of eutrophication of seawater and its impact on the ecosystem were briefly summarized. The commonly used evaluation methods in China for eutrophication of seawater were introduced, including single factor, eutrophication index, water quality index and nutritional status, etc. In recent years, the second generation of seawater eutrophication evaluation methods, including OSPAR (Oslo-Paris Convention) Assessment Tool and NEEA-ASSESSMENT (United States National Estuarine Eutrophication Assessment) and HELCOM (Helsinki Commission) Eutrophication Assessment Tool, has developed in the world, and the second generation method has had more refined evaluation standards, which provide some criterion to judge the eutrophication effects to the environment. The present situation of the application of seawater eutrophication evaluation method in our country at present stage was described, especially in the coastal and estuary areas, eutrophication degree of regional dividing was carried out, which aimed to put forward the application status and characteristics of various water eutrophication evaluation methods to provide references for the selection of eutrophication evaluation methods in different areas. Finally, the future prospects of the application of eutrophication assessment were put forward, and the guidance of the monitoring and management of water quality monitoring and the forecasting and defensing of marine eco-environmental disasters were presented.     

岩溶湿地退化评价指标体系构建初探

会仙岩溶湿地是热带和亚热带地区中最大的岩溶湿地之一,由于岩溶湿地脆弱性及人类活动的影响,其湿地面积萎缩,生态功能退化。为了更好保护会仙岩溶湿地,保障湿地的健康和可持续发展,文章探究了造成会仙岩溶湿地退化的关键因子,并结合会仙湿地独特的岩溶特征,筛选出影响会仙湿地健康的指标,利用层次分析法（AHP）对主要指标赋予权重,再通过分析会仙湿地相关资料和标准,构建出一套涵盖3个层次18个评价指标的湿地退化评价指标体系,以此为基础建立了岩溶湿地退化评价方法。      

生态系统健康：理论/概念与评价方法

生态系统健康研究是目前生态与环境领域兴起的研究热点之一。在阅读和分析大量国内外文献的基础上,系统总结了健康和生态系统健康的概念,指出引入生态系统健康概念的目的是要得到一个重要生态指标清单,以此开展生态系统健康评价。然后,总结出生态系统健康评价的3种主要方法：指示物种法、指标体系法和指示区域法,并以代表实例阐述了此3种方...     

深部咸水层CO2地质储存适宜性评价方法研究

随着温室效应的加剧,CO₂地质储存已成为减缓全球气候变暖的有效方法之一. 可用于CO₂ 地下储存的场地主要有枯竭的油气田、深部咸水层和深部不可开采的煤层等,我国深部咸水层CO₂地质储存潜力占总潜力的98%以上. 在全面分析CO₂ 地质储存适宜性影响因素的基础上,建立了适宜于沉积盆地深部咸水层CO₂ 地质储存的适宜性评价体系,主要包括地质安全性、储存规模、社会环境风险和经济适宜性4大指标层,共计28个评价指标,评价方法以层次分析法及指标叠加法为主. 以西宁盆地为研究实例,通过基于排除法的地质条件综合分析与层次分析法的定量评价相互验证,表明该指标体系和评价方法具有广泛的应用价值. 结果表明,西宁盆地一级构造单元中双树坳陷最适宜CO₂地质储存,可作为CO₂地质储存的优先选区.     

城市地下空间开发利用地质适宜性三维评价指标体系研究 ——以杭州市为例

地下空间开发地质适宜性三维评价是合理进行地下空间立体化开发、降低开发地质风险的重要手段,也是当前研究热点.作为地质适宜性三维评价全过程的重要一环,科学合理地建立三维评价指标体系是其能否正确开展的前提基础.通过结合杭州城市地下空间开发面临的地质问题,在系统分析各评价指标对地下空间开发建设影响的特征基础上,以三维视角从地层...     

城市地下空间开发利用地质适宜性三维评价指标体系研究——以杭州市为例

地下空间开发地质适宜性三维评价是合理进行地下空间立体化开发、降低开发地质风险的重要手段,也是当前研究热点。作为地质适宜性三维评价全过程的重要一环,科学合理地建立三维评价指标体系是其能否正确开展的前提基础。通过结合杭州城市地下空间开发面临的地质问题,在系统分析各评价指标对地下空间开发建设影响的特征基础上,以三维视角从地层三维结构等多个方面构建完成了一套具有多层次结构的三维评价指标体系,并采用层次分析方法对评价指标进行了目标权重的计算、一致性检验、排序和分析。该指标体系可划分为5个准则层21个指标层,相较于二维评价指标体系,通过融合三维地质模型和三维空间分析方法,使评价过程中能够考虑更多的评价因子,更好地描绘地下复杂的三维地质环境,丰富了三维评价结果的内涵。基于模糊综合评价方法的杭州钱江新城二期的三维评价应用成果表明,该指标体系为三维地质模型和三维空间分析方法之间的整合提供了有力的指导,为提升三维尺度下的地下空间开发地质适宜性评价精度和准确性提供了有力的支持。     

Developing an integrated urban ecological efficiency framework for spatial ecological planning: A case on a tropical mega metropolitan area of the global south

Rapid urbanization has emerged as one of the most critical challenges to ecological sustainability in urban areas. In developing countries, the degradation of the ecosystem is more prominent due to the lack of urban planning. Thus, it has become urgent for researchers to identify the ecological efficiency (EE) changes imposed by urban expansion and promote sustainable land use planning. This study aims to develop a comprehensive urban ecological efficiency (UEE) framework in the Kolkata Metropolitan Area (KMA), India, from 2000 to 2020. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to develop a remote sensing-based UEE index (UEEI) based on five effective ecological parameters (Greenness, Dryness, Heat, Wetness and vegetation health. A single sensitivity parameter was also calculated to determine the role of a single parameter based on which management strategies can be carried out. The findings showed that (i) there were substantial deteriorations of UEE in the last 20 years. In 2000 the areas with good EE were about 65.5% which declined to 53.72% in 2010 and 20.87% in 2020. The areas with good UEE decreased 68% and 61% from 2000 to 2020 and 2010 to 2020, respectively; (ii) the areas with good UEE were 52% in 2000, while 38% in 2010. Most urban centres (Bhadreshwar, Champdani, Srirampur, Bally, Howrah, Kamarhati, Baranagar, Dum Dum, South Dum Dum, Rajarhat, Bidhannagar) located around the Kolkata megacity are characterized by poor and very poor EE (ranges of 0.60–1.00). Thus, spatiotemporal pattern of UEE could assist to clarify the administrative responsibilities as well as obligations. In addition to this, the UEE framework can help for scientific guidance of urban ecosystem protection and restoration through comprehensive spatial landscape planning.     

边坡工程施工项目风险指标体系的研究与应用

风险指标体系的科学性是风险评价模型能否有效运行的重要前提,为建立风险评价模型中的指标体系,提出了一套基于层次分析法结构的指标体系框架,并引入了现代项目管理＂三大控制两大管理＂的思路,以此建立了五大准则层,并针对各准则层组成专家组,采用两个阶段的研究路线分别研究和建立了各准则层的子准则层和单项指标体系。新体系在锦屏某边坡工程中进行了实践应用。     

评价生态系统健康的指标

随着世界主要生态系统的急剧恶化, 迫切需要开发出可操作的生态系统健康指标, 科学掌握生态系统健康状况的变化, 以便及时改善生态系统状况, 实现自然与人类的可持续发展. 综述了生态系统健康定义的历史沿革, 回顾了评价生态系统健康的各类指标, 并以Costanza的定义为例, 指出要评价健康必须从多个尺度对系统的活力、组织和恢复力进行综合测量, 进一步介绍了如何根据该定义构建指标体系. 最后, 以Ulanowicz的信息指标为例, 说明如何从系统层面评价生态系统健康, 提出了用信息指标评价生态系统健康的潜力.     

北方寒冷地区城市哈尔滨人口城市化与土地城市化协调关系研究

以哈尔滨市为研究范围,构建了人口城市化、土地城市化指标体系,运用熵值法计算各指标的权重,结合协调发展模型,分别研究了哈尔滨市1997-2014年期间人口城市化的内部协调性、土地城市化的内部协调性以及人口城市化和土地城市化的协调度及协调发展水平,并对人口城市化、土地城市化与协调发展水平进行了研究。结果表明：哈尔滨市的人口城市化内部协调性和土地城市化内部协调性都表现出前期加速,后期平稳的状态,在20世纪90年代,人口城市化内部协调性和土地城市化内部协调性都迅速提高,进入21世纪以后,协调度均保持在0.9左右,波动较小,内部协调度较高;综合人口城市化和土地城市化的协调度和相对发展度来看,除1999-2000年处于高级协调外,在研究期的其余时段哈尔滨市人口城市化和土地城市化基本处于初级协调状态,人口城市化与土地城市化的非同步性,是制约两者协调发展的关键因素,其中人口城市化对协调发展水平的影响更大。     

地下工程围岩潜在岩爆问题评估方法

潜在岩爆评估是工程前期或可研阶段预估工程施工风险、建设成本和规划工程布置中的重要课题,现有单独采用岩爆倾向性或应力与强度之比的评价方法存在不足。文中建议了一种地下工程潜在岩爆问题评估方法,综合考虑了岩石力学特性、围岩质量和地应力三方面的内外在因素,归纳了岩爆对应的地质条件,总结认为岩爆主要发生在II、I类围岩。以体积应变反弯点为卸载控制点,改进了岩爆倾向性指数的试验方法。综合考虑岩石弹性能指数、应力强度比和主应力比3个因素,提出了潜在岩爆指数新指标,并给出了相应界限值,可为工程可研阶段岩爆风险预估提供了一种操作简单、逻辑科学的评估方法。     

玉树Ms7.1地震灾区灾后重建工程地质与水文地质条件分区评价

研究玉树地震灾区4县27乡镇的灾后重建工程地质与水文地质条件,选定了地形地貌、地层岩性、水文地质条件、场地地震烈度4个因素作为评价分区指标,构建了单因素指标评价准则,并利用层次分析方法确定了各因素的权重。在此基础上,结合模糊数学理论与方法,分别给出了基于自然单元、乡镇以及各乡镇工程建设用地、特别是极重灾区结古镇镇址的工程地质与水文地质评价结果。结果表明,除奔达乡、真达乡、洛须镇、正科乡、尕多乡等5乡镇所在地分布在工程地质条件较差和极差区,不具备重建工程地质与水文地质条件外,其余各乡镇所在地均处于工程地质较好和良好区,具备重建工程地质及水文地质条件。结古镇原镇址85%的建筑用地分布在工程地质与水文地质条件比较好的地区,只有零星的建筑用地分布在工程地质与水文地质条件较差和极差区,活动断裂穿越,距离地质灾害易发地较近,重建时要注意避让。     

北京山区突发性地质灾害易发性评价

北京山区地质环境条件复杂,发育大量突发地质灾害隐患,既直接威胁山区村庄、道路、景区的人员及设施的安全,又会对城镇的规划建设构成威胁。通过开展地质灾害易发性评价工作,划分出地质灾害易发区,以评价结果指导城镇建设规划,减轻地质灾害的威胁,这是一项十分重要的工作。文章在阐述北京山区崩塌、滑坡及泥石流突发地质灾害发育情况的基础上,选取了坡度、起伏度、工程地质岩组、地质构造、地貌类型及降水等6个影响因子,采用综合信息量模型方法,分别对北京山区斜坡类灾害（崩塌、滑坡）和泥石流灾害的易发性进行评价,并根据“就高不就低”的原则,叠加各灾种的易发性评价结果划分出北京山区突发地质灾害易发性分区图,为城镇建设适宜性评价、编制国土空间规划及完善空间治理提供科学的依据。     

城市地面塌陷灾害风险评估研究

随着城市化进程不断加快,城市地下空间安全问题引起广泛关注。本文以影响地下空间安全的典型灾害-地面塌陷为例,开展可能性风险评估研究,为降低地面塌陷灾害损失提供理论支撑。城市地面塌陷成因复杂,为了保证评价过程和结果的客观全面,通过调研对塌陷引发因素进行了总结,从管道因素、病害体因素、环境因素三个方面建立风险发生可能性评价指标体系,并使用AHP-熵权法-灰色关联法组合评价,建立地面塌陷风险评价模型。将该模型应用于郑州市典型地下空洞工程案例进行评估分析,结果表明:地面塌陷风险评价结果与实测结果相符,证明了评估模型的科学性,同时为城市地面塌陷预防提供了决策参考。     

Earth Observations based Conservation Prioritization in Western Ghats,India

Earth Observation with large suite of sensors and with capabilities to address natural resources at multiple scales has proven to be a critical resource in setting conservation priorities of a region. The role of earth observation data was recognized towards achieving international biodiversity targets by 2020. Ecosystem irreplaceability and ecosystem vulnerability are two concepts key to understanding and preparing conservation priority maps. This study presents spatial conservation prioritization analysis for forests of ‘Western Ghats biodiversity hotspot’. Earth observation data products have been used for prioritization of areas of irreplaceability and vulnerability that are significant for conservation planning. The spatial surrogates of biodiversity in terms of very dense forest, biological richness, intactness and rarity of habitat are analyzed for evaluation of ecosystem irreplaceability. Fragmentation, forest fires, plant invasion and disturbance index are surrogates included for spatial analysis of ecosystem vulnerability. Vegetation type wise analysis indicates dry deciduous forests are under high vulnerability, followed by moist deciduous forests. The high concentration of irreplaceability is observed in Shola followed by wet evergreen forests and semi-evergreen forests. Spatial prioritization approach has identified about 18% of the forest area as irreplaceable which represents overlapped area of very dense forest, shola, intact forest and high biological richness. We observed that the overlap of forest areas of irreplaceability with vulnerability in southern Western Ghats, which needs high priority of conservation. This study is the first of its kind wherein multi-source earth observation data has been analysed to examine the quantitative criteria at regional level in Western Ghats.     

基于综合指数法的泰莱盆地岩溶塌陷风险性评价

泰莱盆地岩溶地面塌陷始发于20世纪60年代,至今岩溶塌陷地质灾害仍不断发生,造成了日趋严重的经济损失和社会影响。本文将泰莱盆地作为整体研究对象,在对工作区地质环境条件进行充分分析的基础上,选取了包括岩溶塌陷影响因子及能反应社会影响的易损因子（包括灾损敏感因子和抗损强度因子）在内的共计12项指标作为岩溶塌陷评价要素,建立了研究区风险性评价体系;然后,利用层次分析法（AHP）计算各评价要素的权重,结合已有资料绘制各指标分级图并分别赋值;最后,利用MAPGIS软件叠加计算风险性指标,依据风险性分级标准进行研究区岩溶塌陷风险性评价分级区划。结果表明:高风险区主要分布在泰安市城区火车站、訾家灌庄、东羊娄—旧县一带;莱芜市大王庄镇孤山—后枯河及铁矿区孟公清、泉河一带,这些区域多位于水源地周边或矿山企业排水区,高强度的抽排地下水是岩溶塌陷发生的最主要的致塌因素。