Effects of horizontal mixing on the upper ocean temperature in the equatorial Pacific Ocean

The influence of horizontal mixing on the thermal structure of the equatorial Pacific Ocean is examined based on a sigma coordinate model.In general,the distributions of the temperature and currents si...     

黄海南部温跃层数值模拟——Aken模式的运用

夏季黄海大部分地区的水温分布明显具有上、下两个均匀层。本文利用Aken的一维积分模式,同时考虑了风和潮的湍流混合作用对海洋层化的影响。以4月份观测水温为初值,模拟了1979和1978年4～8月南黄海各月水温的垂直变化。结果表明增温期(5～8月)的数值后报结果与实测符合程度良好,多效测站上、下混合层的预报温度和实测温度之差一般不超过1℃;上、下混合层的厚度及跃层强度分布也同实测一致。     

Silicon in waters of the Sevastopol Bay in spring 2008

On the basis of field studies executed in May 2008, we performed the analysis of the distribution of silicon in waters of the Sevastopol Bay under conditions of the formation of a seasonal thermocline. We discuss differences in the distributions of silicon in the surface and bottom layers, including the zone of mixing of river and sea waters. We noticed a significant difference in values of the coefficients of correlation between the concentration of silicon and the salinity for the surface and bottom layers. For bottom layer, we obtain large values of the coefficients of correlation between the concentration of silicon and other hydrochemical characteristics which are explained by the influence of the processes of transformation of organic substance.     

Distribution Characteristics of Mean Seawater Temperature Related to the Thermocline in the Deep-Water Area of Nansha

On the bisis of determining the there elements of themocline ( depth [upper bound depth ], thickness and intensity ) and the maximum vertical temperature gradient of the surveying station, the paper calculates the mean temperature of the Nansha deep-water surveying station within the upper-bound depth layer of thermocline and the mean temperature below the lowerbound depth of thermocline between the 300m and 800m layers,respectively. Analysis indicates that the horizontal distribution of mean seawater temperature shows a distinct trend of the lowtemperature seawater slowly moving from tbe northeast to the southeast of Nansha,which seems to have been driven by the Northeast Monsoon. The larger the vertical temperature radient is, the greater is its capability of preventing the heat of the upper seawater from diffusing into the deeper layers on the vertical direction.     

基于ROMS模型数值研究南海温跃层的季节变化

On the basis of the regional ocean modeling system （ROMS）, the seasonal variations of the thermocline in the South China Sea （SCS） were numerically investigated. The simulated hydrodynamics are in accordance with previous studies： the circulation pattern in the SCS is cyclonic in winter and anticyclonic in summer, and such a change is mostly driven by the monsoon winds. The errors between the modeled temperature profiles and the observations obtained by cruises are quite small in the upper layers of the ocean, indicating that the ocean status is reasonably simulated. On the basis of the shapes of the vertical temperature profiles, five thermocline types （shallow thermocline, deep thermocline, hybrid thermocline, double thermocline, and multiple thermocline） are defined herein. In winter, when the northeasterly monsoon prevails, most shallow shelf seas in the northwest of the SCS are well mixed, and there is no obvious thermocline. The deep region generally has a deep thermocline, and the hybrid or double thermocline often occurs in the areas near the cold eddy in the south of the SCS. In summer, when the southwesterly monsoon prevails, the shelf sea area with a shallow thermocline greatly expands. The distribution of different thermocline types shows a relationship with ocean bathymetry： from shallow to deep waters, the thermocline types generally change from shallow or hybrid to deep thermocline, and the double or multiple thermocline usually occurs in the steep regions. The seasonal variations of the three major thermocline characteristics （the upper bound depth, thickness, and intensity） are also discussed. Since the SCS is also an area where tropical cyclones frequently occur, the response of thermocline to a typhoon process in a short time scale is also analyzed.     

东海海水中的溶存甲烷

基于1994年秋季航次在东海的调查资料,较详细地分析了溶存甲烷在水体中的分布规律、成因和来源.表层水中溶存甲烷呈过饱和状态,饱和度127%～254%,温跃层以上水体中,甲烷的断面分布不同于营养盐的分布,各站测值相近,没有显示出受长江冲淡水的影响,而呈现的舌状分布,在陆架底层水中有明显的高浓度甲烷水体,表明甲烷从沉积物中迅速扩散进入底层水.黑潮次表层水的涌升过程稀释了陆架边缘底层水中的甲烷.在陆架和大洋区测站上,甲烷的垂直分布不同,前者主要受物理混合过程所控制;后者呈大洋区分布特征,在温跃层附近出现甲烷的次表层最大,这可能是陆架底层高浓度甲烷沿等密度面的输送所致.

     

台湾海峡微微型浮游植物的生态研究——Ⅰ.时空分布及其调控机制

1997年8月、1998年2～3月和1998年8月,调查分析了台湾海峡微微型浮游植物的时空分布(平面、垂直、总日和季节)及其调控机制。结果表明,微微型浮游植物丰度的平面分布不均匀,各类群具有不同的密集区,并存在明显的地理差异,垂直分布存在6种模式,以标准单峰和弱单峰为主,分布类型的多样化是由于微微型浮游植物固有的垂直分布模式和研究海域复杂的地形及水动力(如跃层等)条件相互作用的结果,微微型浮游植物的丰度存在明显的随时间变化现象;在季节变化方面,各类群存在较为明显的差异,温度是影响台湾海峡微微型浮游植物平面分布的重要因子,而光辐照度、温盐跃层是影响垂直分布的重要因子,微微型浮游植物不同类群在时空分布上存在“位移”现象,此与不同类群对温度敏感性不同、对光的利用能力不同以及生存空间的互补性等因素有关。     

中西太平洋延绳钓黄鳍金枪鱼渔场时空分布与温跃层关系

为了解热带中西太平洋延绳钓黄鳍金枪鱼(Thunnus albacares)适宜的温跃层参数分布区间,采用Argo浮标温度信息和中西太平洋渔业委员会(The Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission,WCPFC)的黄鳍金枪鱼延绳钓渔获数据,绘制了热带中西太平洋月平均温跃层特征参数和月平均CPUE的空间叠加图,用于分析热带中西太平洋黄鳍金枪鱼中心渔场时空分布和温跃层特征参数间的关系。分析结果表明:热带中西太平洋温跃层上界深度、温度具有明显的季节性变化,而温跃层下界深度、温度季节性变化不明显,黄鳍金枪鱼中心渔场分布和温跃层季节性变化有关。全年中心渔场的位置分布在温跃层上界深度高值区域,随温跃层上界深度高值区域季节性南北移动。在新几内亚以东纬向区域(5°N~10°S,150°E~170°W)上界深度值全年都在70~100m之间,全年都是延绳钓黄鳍金枪鱼中心渔场。中心渔场上界温度多在26℃以上,但是在上界温度超过30℃区域,CPUE值较小。中心渔场主要分布在温跃层下界深度两条高值带之间区域,在温跃层下界深度超过300m和小于150m区域,CPUE值均偏低。中心渔场主要分布在下界温度低于13℃区域,下界温度超过17℃难以形成中心渔场。频次分析和经验累积分布函数计算其适宜温跃层特征参数分布,得出中西太平洋黄鳍金枪鱼适宜的温跃层上界温度和深度分别是27~29.9℃和70~109m;适宜的温跃层下界温度和深度分别是11~13.9℃和250~299m。文章初步得出中西太平洋黄鳍金枪鱼中心渔场温跃层各特征参数的适宜分布区间及季节变化特征,为我国金枪鱼实际生产作业提供技术支持。     

Use of a problem-oriented database for statistical analysis of the hydrochemical characteristics of the redox layer of the Black Sea

A problem-oriented database (PODB) was developed for the statistical analysis of the hydrochemical characteristics of the redox layer of the Black Sea. The paper describes the features of the PODB, including the algorithm of interpolation and the location of the levels of the appearance and disappearance of hydrochemical parameters (the so-called onset levels) based on Akima’s spline. The application of the PODB allowed us to obtain a series of biogeochemical estimates, in particular, (1) to reveal the constancy of the vertical gradients of the hydrochemical parameters at selected density levels; (2) to calculate the seasonal variability of the degree of manifestation of the phosphate minimum in the near-shore and open sea areas; and (3) to calculate the interannual variability of the level of the disappearance of the hydrogen sulfide, ammonium, total manganese, and methane, as well as the oxygen content in the cold intermediate layer, and to find out their relations with the climatic variations.     

黄海冷水域生源要素的变化特征及相互关系

根据“中韩黄海水循环及物质通量合作研究”项目的现场调查资料,对黄海冷水域生源要素的分布变化特征及其相互关系进行了探讨。结果表明,黄海冷水团存在期间,上层水体中的营养盐由于浮游植物的摄取而几乎被耗尽,但在密度跃层以下因有机物分解使营养盐再生而逐步累积。溶解氧、pH和叶绿素a的层化现象亦十分明显,并在中层(20～30m)形成最大值层。生源要素断面分布中等值线的起伏趋势或马鞍形形态表明,黄海冷水团中的垂直环流存在将底层冷水向上扩散的趋势。此外,对影响生源要素的含量、分布及其季节变化的因素,以及生源要素之间的相互关系进行了分析探讨。     

基于GAM模型研究水温垂直结构对热带中西太平洋黄鳍金枪鱼渔获率的影响

黄鳍金枪鱼索饵水层影响延绳钓捕捞效率,而黄鳍金枪鱼索饵水层分布受水温垂直结构的影响,因此本文采用GAM模型分析次表层环境变量对延绳钓黄鳍金枪鱼渔获率的影响,评估黄鳍金枪鱼垂直水层分布对中西太平洋黄鳍金枪鱼延绳钓单位捕捞努力量渔获量(Catch Per Unite Effort, CPUE)的作用。模型结果表明,环境因子对热带中西太平洋延绳钓黄鳍金枪鱼渔获率空间分布影响明显。黄鳍金枪鱼延绳钓CPUE在2012年之后快速增多,高渔获率月份出现在北半球夏季,空间上在10°S,140°E附近区域。温跃层上界温度和深度、温跃层下界深度、18℃等温线深度、△8℃等温线深度及其和温跃层下界深度的深度差对延绳钓渔获率影响较大,是影响热带中西太平洋黄鳍金枪鱼延绳钓渔获率的关键环境因子。随着温跃层上界温度和深度值变大,延绳钓CPUE逐渐递增,对延绳钓CPUE影响密切的温度和深度分别为27～28℃和70～90 m。温跃层下界深度对延绳钓CPUE影响在250～280 m时最大;之后随着下界深度的变大,CPUE快速下降。18℃等温线深度对延绳钓CPUE影响呈现先震荡后递增的趋势,影响密切的区域在230 m深度上下。△8℃等温线深度与温跃层下界深度的差值对热带中西太平洋黄鳍金枪鱼延绳钓CPUE影响呈现先快速递减后缓慢增加的趋势,在深度差为70 m上下时影响最密切。研究结果揭示,在黄鳍金枪鱼活动水层受限或栖息水层和延绳钓作业深度相吻合时,延绳钓渔获率最高。依据黄鳍金枪鱼垂直活动水层调整延绳钓投钩,可以提高渔获率。因此,采用延绳钓CPUE进行渔场和资源评估时要考虑金枪鱼适宜垂直活动空间。     

长山群岛海区春季水温垂直结构分析

利用海军大连舰艇学院2006年4月长山群岛海区的CTD调查资料,系统分析了该季节长山群岛海区的温度垂直结构,并探讨了其形成机理。分析指出:4月上、中旬是长山群岛海区季节性温跃层的生成期,群岛东侧和南侧边缘受黄海冷水团形成过程的影响,温跃层的出现概率和跃层强度都远远高于群岛内部;在生成时机上,群岛东侧和南侧边缘海域早于群岛内部水域。中间层和底层海水温度的垂直结构与海流有着很好的相关性,在海洋平流的作用下,海区会产生正跃层、逆跃层、冷中间层、暖中间层等复杂的温度垂直结构。上层海水温度结构主要受海面风场和气温的影响,较强的热辐射和充分的风力搅拌能够加速温跃层的生成。     

Distribution of suspended particulate matter in the northern Bohai Bay in summer and its relation with thermocline

Field observations of suspended particulate matter (SPM) in the Bohai Bay, China have not been widely reported. The aim of this paper is to describe the horizontal and vertical distribution of mass and volume concentrations of SPM, respectively, based on observed data at 312 stations in the northern Bohai Bay during summer of 2006. A numerical model ECOMSED coupled with a sediment transport module was also established to further discuss the mechanism of the thermocline effect on the vertical distribution of SPM. The mass concentrations of SPM exhibited high inshore values and low offshore values in the horizontal distribution; while in the vertical direction, characteristics of the volume concentration of SPM can be divided into two types: one with a sharp peak at depth of 10–15 m and another without. The peak value at the depth of the thermocline was resulted from concentrated phytoplankton. A numerical experiment further displayed that the thermocline can also prevent particles from being resuspended upward.     

Thermohaline intrusions in the thermocline of the western tropical Pacific Ocean

The existing high-resolution hydrographic data in the western tropical Pacilit; Ocean are used to explore the spatial distribution and primary characteristics of thermohaline intrusions in the thermocline. Statistics show that the vertical scales of intrusions are 20-40 m in the upper thermocline （22.0-26.0δ0） and 40-80 m in the lower thermocline （26.0-27.2δ0）. In the upper thermocline, the most intensive intrusions exist at the equatorial front （EF） where north/sonth Pacilic water masses converge, anti Ihe westward spreading of the north Pacilic tropical waler （NPTW） in the Philippines Sea also produces patches of intrusions surrounding its high-salinity tongue. In the lower thermocline, intrusions are also strong at the tropical front （TF） which is the boundary between the north Pacilic subtropical/tropical waters. At the bottom of the thermocline （at about 27.0δ0）, intrusions mainly exist near the western boundary, which are produced by intermediate water convergence through the advection of subthermocline western boundary Ilows. Most strikingly a ＂C＂-shape distribution of intrusions at around 26.4δ0 is revealed, covering the vicinity of the EF the TE and the Mindanao Current （MC）, i.e., tile western boundary pathway ol the norlh Pacilic subtrnpical cell （STC）. Synoptic section analysis reveals that intrusions are more prominent on the warm/sally flank ot the fronts, implying more cross-front tongues of cold/fresh water. Among the intrusions, those at the EF are of best lateral coherence which implies a unique driving mechanism involving near-inertial velocity perturbations near the equator.     

南黄海溶解氧的垂直分布特性

根据中韩黄海水循环动力学合作研究项目1996～1998年对南黄海全海域6个航次的现场调查资料,对南黄海溶解氧的断面分布和垂直分布特征及其季节变化规律进行了系统、全面地研究,并对更半年溶解氧垂直分布最大值的地理分布、强度及与温跃层和生物活动的关系等进行了进一步的探讨.     

The effect of internal tides on the vertical structure of tidal current in the North Huanghai Sea

The tidal current is generally predominant in China's offshore areas. The vertical structure of the observedtidal current is quite complicated with the presence of seasonal thermocline. The observed tidal current may be divided into two parts, an averaged barotropic tide current and a variation tide current. A method for studying the vertical structure of tidal current is developed from the constitution and distribution of energy, and the vertical structure of the observed tide current in the North Huanghai Sea is studied on the basis of the method. The result shows that the reason why the energy of the tidal current is concentrated on the neighbourhood of the thermocline mainly lies in the internal tides i under certain conditions, the fact that the direction of the internal tide current above the thermocline is opposite to the one below the thermocline will be able to cause the rotary directions of the observed tidal current above and below the thermocline to be in opposite. The interaction between th     

台湾近海的温、盐垂直结构与t－S图解类型

本文根据我国台湾海洋工作者的调查分析资料，对台湾近海的温、盐垂直分布及ｔ－Ｓ图解特征进行分析，按其相似性特点进行归类和分型，并探讨它们的特点和异同之处。主要结果如下：１．冬、夏季台湾近海的温、盐垂直分布类型有５种，ｔ－Ｓ图解类型为９种。２．冬季台湾近海的水温垂直分布存在着一层、二层、三层结构，夏季多为三层结构；冬、夏季的盐度垂直分布为二层和三层结构。３．台湾西南、南和东北近海，ｔ－Ｓ图解类型复杂，出现多种类型交错。４．夏季台湾南端的猫鼻头、鹅銮鼻沿岸附近，其温、盐垂直分布皆出现上均匀层，此现象实属少见。     

南沙群岛西南大陆斜坡海域浮游动物的垂直分布

浮游动物是海洋生态系统物质和能量转移的关键环节,也是渔业资源的重要饵料,其种类组成和数量分布均有明显的垂直分层现象。利用2011年4月在南沙群岛西南大陆斜坡海域开展的18个站点90份样品的调查数据,对该海域浮游动物的垂直分布进行了研究,表明:(1)该海域浮游动物种类组成丰富,共出现18个类群580种(类);(2)浮游动物种类组成垂直变化明显,特定水层出现的种类数占总种数的43.6%,各水层均出现的种类仅占总种数的15.8%;(3)优势种组成复杂,垂直变化明显,单一种类的优势度不高;(4)浮游动物平均密度和湿重生物量分别为206.27ind/m3、94.03mg/m3,密度和生物量均以0~2m层和30~75m层较高,沿水深梯度的变化呈明显的双峰型;(5)浮游动物数量的垂直变化主要受温跃层影响,温跃层内浮游动物数量最高,温跃层上方和下方的水层内数量较低;(6)南沙西南大陆斜坡区浮游动物生产力水平较高,表明该海域渔业资源有一定的开发潜力。     

秋季南黄海水文特征及海水的混合与交换

根据1996年10月中韩合作调查获得的CTD资料,分析探讨了南黄海秋季跃层的分布特征及垂直混合状况,同时对黄海冷水团的垂向混合进行了初步探讨.还利用改进后的逐步聚类分析法划分了表、底层水团,确定了各水团的温度、盐度、溶解氧和PH值4要素的平均特征值,并根据各水团的特性和温度、盐度的平面分布特征,重点探讨了黄海水与沿岸水及东海水的混合和交换.     

Relationships between particle-grazing zooplankton and vertical phytoplankton distributions on the Texas continental shelf

This study compares vertical distributions of Penilia avirostris and Temora turbinata with vertical distributions of chlorophyll a over short time periods at a station in the north-western Gulf of Mexico in the summer and early fall of 1978. In June and July 1978 chlorophyll a and turbidity increased below the thermocline. In September 1978 chlorophyll a was concentrated in the upper mixed layer while turbidity was greatest near the bottom.In June and July P. avirostris and copepodites of T. turbinata were concentrated within the subsurface chlorophyll a layer. Adult T. turbinata were more widely distributed than the copepodites in June but apparently migrated diurnally in July. In September, abundance of all animals generally decreased slightly with depth. This change in animal distribution reflected changes in biotic and abiotic varlables between this cruise and previous cruises. In all cruises, animal distributions were positively correlated with chlorophyll a suggesting that food was the primary influence on distributions of these animals.