Regional development,redistribution and the extraction of mineral resources: The Western Australian Goldfields as a resource bank

The first decade of the twenty-first century was one of the most prosperous in Australia's history. The boom was led by a buoyant minerals and energy resource sector, contributing to high levels of economic growth, rising real wages and low unemployment. Yet, as with the nation's previous resources booms, there were marginal transformations in the economies of those regions from which the minerals were extracted. Overwhelmingly, the wealth generated by the resource boom has concentrated in the cities. Moreover, public expenditure in resource regions also remains comparatively low, and indeed tend to reproduce a development framework oriented towards extraction rather than diversification. This paper employs elements of Innis' staples thesis to help explain this pattern of regional development, and in particular the relatively low levels of reinvestment in resource peripheries. Drawing on the notion of a 'resource bank', we contend that resource regions are often viewed as a reserve of latent wealth that can be drawn upon for the benefit of the urban 'core'. Yet, we also highlight emerging strategies aimed at overcoming this and that seek to return a greater proportion of wealth to those regions from which it was extracted.     

Morphological evolution of the Dee Estuary, Eastern Irish Sea, UK: A tidal asymmetry approach

Asymmetry in the tide (unequal ebb and flood duration) is a dominant factor in causing residual sediment transport and morphological changes in estuaries. The evolution of estuarine morphology is a process of dynamic equilibrium in the short-term, while these features are ephemeral in the long-term. In this study we investigate the spatial distribution of tidal distortion and asymmetry in the Dee estuary, UK, by 3-dimensional numerical modelling methods. High resolution LIDAR surveys are used to underpin and explain our numerical modelling results in terms of basin hypsometry and areas of recent erosion and deposition. Harmonic analysis of the numerical modelling results showed that the shallower intertidal areas (sand and mud banks) were the most tidally asymmetric, showing flood dominance. The main navigation channels showed some ebb dominance but the tides here were relatively undistorted. This overall flood dominance is likely to induce net sediment import to the Dee, which explains known historical morphological changes (large scale accretion over the last two centuries) and also recent morphological changes as seen from the LIDAR surveys (which show predominantly net accretion between 2003 and 2006). Hypsometrical analysis suggests the Dee may be approaching equilibrium, and that the flood dominance and sedimentation rate may therefore decrease in the future. In an infilling estuary, an increase in the area and elevation of tidal flats can eventually shift an estuary towards ebb dominance, as shown by previous research and by ‘idealised estuary’ modelling results presented in this study. The large tidal amplitude to hydraulic depth ratio of the Dee, however, suggests that the tidal flats would have to be very extensive indeed for this to occur.     

Exploring maps by sounds: using parameter mapping sonification to make digital elevation models audible

This study empirically investigates the potential of auditory displays for spatial data exploration, as an additional means to broaden the accessibility and dissemination of geographic information for a diverse body of users. In a mixed factorial experiment, three parameter mapping sonification methods are empirically evaluated to interactively explore discrete and continuous digital elevation models by auditory means. Contrasting prior sonification research, this study’s unique empirical evidence suggests that participants can indeed successfully interpret sonified displays containing continuous spatial data. Specifically, the auditory variable pitch leads to significantly better response accuracy, compared to the sound variable duration. Background and training has a weak effect on data interpretation performance with the auditory display. The more immersive the experienced soundscape, the better participants can interpret the sonified terrain. These encouraging empirical results indeed suggest that interactive auditory displays might offer additional means to disseminate spatial information, and to increase the accessibility to spatial data, beyond the currently dominant visual paradigm.     

艾比湖沿岸生态环境的演变与保湖的重要意义

近年来艾比湖沿岸的生态环境经历了重大演变。保护艾比湖对确保亚欧陆桥铁路的畅通和发展新疆经济有重要意义。同时保存艾比湖的可能性能确定存在。     

SPATIAL ANALYSIS A NON-EVENT? THE CASE OF ZIMBABWE'S DEVELOPMENT PLANNING *

Development planning in Zimbabwe reveals little application of formal spatial analysis because of failures to apply available relevant research and because of the inapplicability of much spatial analysis itself for developing countries in Africa. Comparative studies of spatial analysis applied within the practice of development planning could provide some insights. If spatial analysis is indeed a non-event, the matter should concern academic geography.     

居民对2010年广州亚运会影响的感知变化研究——基于事件举办前视角

现有大多数研究是从"反馈问题(reactive)"的视角出发研究事件活动发生之后的影响结果。将研究重心转向大型事件发生之前的规划和管理阶段,以积极的"未雨绸缪(proactive)"视角审视大型事件重要的利益相关者——居民的感知变化具有重要意义。在广州亚运会举办前,先后相隔5.5个月对居民进行调研,研究显示,随着举办时间的推近,居民对大型事件的影响感知也随之发生变化。主要的变化表现一是居民对大型事件关注度增加,居民作为东道主的自我存在感有增强之势;二是居民对大型事件的感知由无形影响逐渐转化为有形影响;三是居民对大型事件的社会成本的感知越来越强烈,对经济成本和社会公共利益的感知减弱,同时对社区利益的感知有逐渐增强之势;四是居民对事件的态度越来越理性,对负面影响的关注有增强之趋势。     

贸易便利化、对外直接投资的出口效应分析

贸易便利化、对外直接投资是影响出口的重要因素。运用主成分分析法对全球123个国家（地区）2009-2015年间的贸易便利化水平进行测算,并结合中国相应年份的对外直接投资、出口等相关数据构建随机前沿引力模型,分析贸易便利化、对外直接投资的出口效应,为进一步探析在贸易便利化不同的区域,中国对外直接投资与贸易便利化共同对中国出口的影响,依据贸易便利化水平的高低将样本分为便利化高、低的两组,分别再次进行回归分析。研究表明,贸易的便利化、对外直接投资可显著的促进中国出口,其每增长1%,可分别带动出口0.212%、0.56%的增长;东道国贸易便利化较好区域,对外直接投资、贸易便利化两者交叉项系数达0.23,而较差区域仅为0.07。     

村落遗产地社区居民旅游发展态度的影响因素

构建了社区依恋、社区关注、社区参与、旅游影响感知和社区居民旅游发展态度的结构关系模型,并以村落遗产地——福建土楼为例,采用结构方程模型（SEM） 验证社区居民旅游发展态度的影响因素,并引入个人获益作为调节变量,剖析在获益居民和没有获益的居民中,各种旅游感知对旅游发展态度的影响是否存在显著差异。研究结果表明：① 经济获益感知、社会文化获益感知和环境获益感知均对态度具有显著正向影响,而经济成本感知对态度具有显著负向影响;② 社区依恋通过社会文化获益感知和环境获益感知对态度产生间接影响;③ 社区关注通过经济获益感知和环境获益感知间接影响态度,并通过经济成本感知间接影响态度;④ 社区参与通过经济获益感知、社会文化获益感知和环境获益感知对态度产生间接正向影响,并通过经济成本感知对态度产生间接负向影响;⑤ 经济获益感知、社会文化获益感知和环境获益感知对态度的影响对获益居民比没有获益的居民要大,而经济成本感知、社会文化成本感知与环境成本感知对态度的影响对没有获益的居民比获益居民要大。     

1960-2005年澜沧江流域极端降水变化特征

极端降水事件是气候变化的一个重要方面。澜沧江流域纵贯13个纬度,最大相对高差近5000 m,跨6种气候带,是全球少见的南北向大江,它在气候、水文、地理、生态学等多方面都具有重要的科学研究价值。自1960年以来,流域经历了显著的气温上升。探讨在气候变暖背景下这一复杂流域的极端降水变化具有重要意义。本文利用澜沧江流域及其周边35个气象站1961-2005年的日降水资料,分析了小于5 mm、5～10 mm、10～50 mm以及大于50 mm 4个不同量级降水的降水量、降水日数和日平均降水强度的变化趋势。并计算了每种量级降水占总降水量的百分比及降水频率。结果表明,各量级各项指标均存在明显的区域变化特征,流域总体上极端降水频率的增加态势明显。对典型地区站点分析表明,极端降水的增加可能与气候系统随机性变强有关。     

开封文化旅游发展初探

开封是一座具有悠久历史而且享誉国内外的文化名城。近年来,文化旅游产业开始较快发展,但仍然存在一系列亟待解决的问题,如客源不足、促销不得力、管理人才缺乏、管理体制陈旧等。用SWOT分析法对开封文化旅游的发展优势、劣势及其发展中面临的机遇和挑战进行了全面分析,进而提出了开封文化旅游今后的发展对策:理顺管理体制,深度开发旅游产品,加大投资力度,全面促进开封市文化旅游产业持续发展。     

Infiltration rate of soil around drinking troughs in the Kruger National Park, South Africa

Soil particle size distribution and infiltration of water into the soil were measured in transects radiating from drinking troughs in the Kruger National Park. Soil particle size distribution remained relatively constant along the transects, making it unlikely that any gradients in the infiltration rate were the result of variation in the soil particle size distribution. Concentration of large herbivores around the troughs was indeed causing a negative impact on the infiltration rate of the soils, with implications for the rate of soil loss and the soil moisture regime.     

Land use changes in the environs of Moscow

This paper focuses on several aspects of land use change in Russia during the 1990s with a particular focus on the environs of Moscow. These aspects include modes of farming, recreation, ownership of land, and concentric zones of outwardly declining land use intensity that resemble Von Thunen's economic landscape. These zones are given special attention. In contrast to other land use aspects, the analysis of which indeed reveals a fair amount of change bringing the environs of Russian cities one step closer to their Western counterparts, concentric agricultural land use patterns with outwardly declining productivity suggest continuity rather than change.     

The Morality of Immigrant Home Ownership: Gender,work and Italian-Australian sistemazione

Studies on Australian migrants and housing consistently confirm that the Italianborn have the highest home-ownership rates of all birthplace groups in Australia. Only a few studies have suggested explanatory factors, including agrarian histories and economic aspirations. This paper demonstrates that home ownership for post-war Italian migrants to Australia was indeed conditioned by these and other factors, but within the broader process of migration. Conditions of poverty in Italy made sistemazione (settling down) the goal of migration. Built into sistemazione was a gendered moral imperative to achieve it. Work experiences demonstrate how this imperative conditioned home ownership in Australia.     

渤海湾北部滨外沙坝演变的遥感分析

通过多时相航空遥感影像和MSS、TM、ETM卫星遥感影像的解译、对比,分析渤海湾北部滨外沙坝近50年来的演变过程。结果表明:在波浪、潮汐、潮流和河流等动力因素的作用下,滨外沙坝的动态变化较为明显,在整体西向漂移、向海侧边线蚀退的背景下,个体沙坝的变化表现为陆向蚀退、侵蚀消亡、西南向漂移与端点蚀退、西向漂移与端点延展和海向淤进与陆向蚀退交替等多种态势。     

A Review of: “Urban and Regional Technology Planning: Planning Practice in the Global Knowledge Economy”

Haiti and other developing countries have increasingly turned to emigrant remittances as a potential source of development capital. There is a vigorous debate in the development community about the impacts of remittances, however, with concerns about dependence challenging the optimism about a potential new development engine. Based on interviews with forty-two remittance recipients in Haiti and forty-five corresponding senders in New York State, we find that the remittance economy in Haiti is indeed productive and has the potential to generate employment and other important development benefits. That said, there are important limitations created by broader political–economic conditions and deeply entrenched inequalities.     

近年来我国文化地理学研究的进展

作为人文地理学重要分支之一的文化地理学,在我国出现晚但发展快。纵观十余年来的发展情况,可大致概括为：（１）文化地理学理论从引进到消化进而有了较大的发展,（２）区域文化地理的研究从宏观走向微观,（３）历史文化地理的研究从断代走向区域,（４）专题性文化地理的研究从单一走向多元,（５）综合性文化地理的研究从核心扩展到边缘。其总趋势是逐渐走向具体化、区域化、综合化。     

Old Europe, new Europe: for a geopolitics of translation

This paper looks to the role of geographical metaphors in the 'battle of words' to describe Europe and its presumed identity. The facile adoption of banal cartographies such as those of a 'New' and 'Old' Europe highlights two concerns: first, that despite the imperial and isolationistic temptations of the current American administration, its geopolitical imagination remains firmly wedded to – indeed, cannot but define itself by – its relationship with the 'Old Continent'. Secondly, it reveals an astonishing distance between such cartographic abstractions and the variety of non-territorial metaphors – in particular, those of mediation and translation – that are increasingly being invoked to inscribe possible futures for the European project.     

Practising geographical knowledge: fields, bodies and dissemination

In this article we make a case for a renewed emphasis upon some of the generic, albeit often tacit, spaces of practice that we share across our sub–disciplinary boundaries. In this we seek to emphasize the ways in which everyday actions make up the grander facades of institutional agendas, empirical projects and disciplinary schools of thought. To achieve this we trace the performance of disciplinary contours and identities across three important sites: the field, the body and the act of dissemination. There are, we will argue, significant commonalities that bind us as disciplinary practitioners in terms of how we perform within and across these sites, and indeed, how we join them up through our practices.     

Land use sustainability on the South-Eastern Amazon agricultural frontier: Recent progress and the challenges ahead

The recent decoupling of deforestation and soybean production has raised optimistic expectations towards enhanced land use sustainability in the South-Eastern Amazon agricultural frontier. Nonetheless, assessing land use sustainability implies not only the consideration of how agricultural activities affect natural ecosystems but also how they impact on society and how society can cope with them. We review some of the forthcoming challenges that the agricultural sector should address to confirm its significant progress towards land use sustainability. Firstly, we assess the recent efforts to adopt environmentally friendly practices with regard to the ongoing intensification process mainly based on double cropping systems. Secondly, while rapid agricultural development has brought major social advances, we evidence a recent trend towards a decoupling of soy production and the Human Development Index at municipality level. We then put this result into perspective considering that the trend towards agricultural intensification based on the use of large amounts of agrochemicals could lead to major health concerns which are still too rarely considered. Finally, we discuss how the recent efficient policies to contain deforestation in the Amazon can cause indirect land use changes in the Brazilian Cerrados and in African Savannas, thus potentially leading to an “illusion of preservation” at global scale. We conclude that new indicators involving social sciences are necessary to better address the complexity of land use sustainability on the still very dynamic agricultural frontier in the South-Eastern Amazon.     

The Trade and Industries of Western South America

Abstract

Geography, long the neglected step-child in the field of social studies education, evinces signs of emerging as one of its key integrating elements. Its prominent inclusion and embellishment in both national and state standards and state assessments bodes well for its future. Higher education's role in this endeavor is paramount. The successful understanding, integration, and alignment of geography standards require the fashioning of exceptional university alliances. Inter-departmental mutuality of purpose and effort can, indeed, produce the next generation of caring and competent geography educators.