地震统计区划分不确定性对场点地震危险性计算的影响

用3个不同的地震统计区划分方案,采用概率地震危险性分析方法,分别计算了研究区地震危险性,并讨论了地震统计区划分方案的不确定性对地震危险性结果的影响．结果表明,地震统计区划分方案的不确定性,对局部场点的地震危险性分析结果的影响是不容忽视的．这些场点通常位于地震统计区边界,以及不同方案震级上限变化大的区域．     

Discussion about the relationship between seismic belt and seismic statistical zone

This paper makes a summary of status of delimitation of seismic zones and belts of China firstly in aspects of studying history,purpose,usage,delimiting principles,various presenting forms and main spectialties.Then the viewpoints are emphasized,making geographical divisions by seismicity is just the most important purpose of delimiting seismic belts and the concept of seismic belt is also quite different from that of seismic statistical zone used in CPSHA method.The concept of seismic statistical zone and its history of evolvement are introduced too.Large differences between these two concepts exist separately in their statistical property,actual meaning,gradation,required scale,and property of refusing to overlap each other,aim and usage of delimitation.But in current engineering practice,these two concepts are confused.On the one hand,it causes no fit theory for delimiting seismic statistical zone in PSHA to be set up;on the other hand,researches about delimitation of seismic belts with purposes of seismicity zoning and studying on structural environment,mechanism of earthquake generating also paues to go abead.Major conclusions are given in the end of this paper,that seismic statistical zone bases on the result of seismic belt delimiting,it only arises in and can be used in the especial PSHA method of China with considering spatially and termporally inhomogeneous seismic activities,and its concept should be clearly differentiated from the comcept of seismic belt.     

地震带与地震统计区关系探究

总结和分析了中国地震带划分的研究历史、目的和用途、划分原则、表现形式以及基本特点,指出地震带是以地震活动性区域划分研究为目的,它不同于概率地震危险性方法中的地震统计区的概念．文中对地震统计区概念及其演化历史进行了分析和论述,认为地震统计区与地震带在统计意义、物理内涵、层次性、划分规模的要求、对空间重叠的排斥性以及划分目的和用途等方面,均存在较大差异．现行工作中将两者不加区分地使用是不合适的, 一方面造成地震统计区未形成自身的适应概率地震危险性分析方法的划分理论,另一方面也造成以地震活动特征和地震孕育发生环境、机制研究为目的的地震带划分研究的停滞不前．文中最后指出,地震统计区划分是以地震带划分研究为基础,它产生并服务于考虑地震活动时空不均匀性的概率地震危险性分析方法,应将其与地震带概念加以明确区分,并加强其划分原则、理论和方法的研究．     

潜在震源区震级上限不确定性研究

潜在震源区的震级上限（Mu）是指在该潜在震源区内可能发生的最大地震的震级．预期未来发生超过该震级地震的概率趋于0．本文运用误差分析及逻辑树等方法,并结合发震模型的数值模拟得到的大震合成目录等结果,系统分析并最终得到了不同途径给出的不同类型潜在震源区震级上限的不确定性．该结果可直接应用于包括地震区划在内的工程地震以及活动断裂危险性评价等工作中．     

中国大陆地震条带统计特征分析

对中国大陆具备相对完整资料的327次M≥5.0地震,分5个工作区进行了统一要求的地震条带图像扫描,发现96次中强震前存在条带图像,约占研究地震总数的29％.其中震前有条带地震与研究地震的比例分别为:华北地区30％,华东南区29％,川滇地区41％,青藏高原西北缘24％,新疆地区16 ％.中强震前出现条带比例最低的是新疆,...     

Influence of seismicity parameter uncertainty on seismic hazard estimation of cities and towns

Introduction In his Doctor thesis, PAN (2000) has roughly studied some about the influence of parameter uncertainty on seismic hazard analysis. The aim of this paper is especially to study the uncertainty influence extent of seismic hazard analysis result in a spot, owing to the uncertainty of seismicity parameters induced by variational statistical time ranges of various statistical regions in the whole country. The authors have inquired into the uncertain extents of influence of seismic p…     

Sensitivity of PSHA results to ground motion prediction relations and logic-tree weights

Epistemic uncertainty in ground motion prediction relations is recognized as an important factor to be considered in probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA), together with the aleatory variability that is incorporated directly into the hazard calculations through integration across the log-normal scatter in the ground motion relations. The epistemic uncertainty, which is revealed by the differences in median values of ground motion parameters obtained from relations derived for different regions, is accounted for by the inclusion of two or more ground motion prediction relations in a logic-tree formalism. The sensitivity of the hazard results to the relative weights assigned to the branches of the logic-tree, is explored through hazard analyses for two sites in Europe, in areas of high and moderate seismicity, respectively. The analyses reveal a strong influence of the ground motion models on the results of PSHA, particularly for low annual exceedance frequencies (long return periods) and higher confidence levels. The results also show, however, that as soon as four or more relations are included in the logic-tree, the relative weights, unless strongly biased towards one or two relations, do not significantly affect the hazard. The selection of appropriate prediction relations to include in the analysis, therefore, has a greater impact than the expert judgment applied in assigning relative weights to the branches of the logic-tree.     

On unified analysis of uncertainty in seismic hazard assessment

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基于改进云图法的结构概率地震需求分析

概率地震需求分析是美国太平洋地震工程研究中心(Pacific Earthquake Engineering ResearchCenter,PEER)提出的新一代"性能化地震工程(Performance-Based Earthquake Engineering,PBEE)"理论框架的重要一环。传统的概率地震需求分析方法称为"云图法",这种方法针对确定性结构进行一系列地震动作用下的非线性动力分析,从而得到地震动强度参数与结构地震需求的"云图"。然而,传统的云图法只能考虑地震动的不确定性,而无法考虑结构的不确定性。为此,结合拉丁超立方体抽样技术,提出一种能综合考虑地震动不确定性和结构不确定性的改进云图法,并将传统的概率地震需求分析内容拓展为概率地震需求模型、概率地震需求易损性分析、概率地震需求危险性分析三个层次。以一榀五层三跨钢筋混凝土框架结构为例,分别采用传统云图法和改进云图法对其进行概率地震需求分析,得到了该结构的概率地震需求模型、地震需求易损性曲线和地震需求危险性曲线。分析结果表明:提出的方法可以有效地考虑地震动与结构的不确定性,避免不考虑结构的不确定性而低估结构的地震风险性。     

Effects of two alternative representations of ground‐motion uncertainty on probabilistic seismic demand assessment of structures

A probabilistic representation of the entire ground‐motion time history can be constructed based on a stochastic model that depends on seismic source parameters. An advanced stochastic simulation scheme known as Subset Simulation can then be used to efficiently compute the small failure probabilities corresponding to structural limit states. Alternatively, the uncertainty in the ground motion can be represented by adopting a parameter (or a vector of parameters) known as the intensity measure (IM) that captures the dominant features of the ground shaking. Structural performance assessment based on this representation can be broken down into two parts, namely, the structure‐specific part requiring performance assessment for a given value of the IM, and the site‐specific part requiring estimation of the likelihood that ground shaking with a given value of the IM takes place. The effect of these two alternative representations of ground‐motion uncertainty on probabilistic structural response is investigated for two hazard cases. In the first case, these two approaches are compared for a scenario earthquake event with a given magnitude and distance. In the second case, they are compared using a probabilistic seismic hazard analysis to take into account the potential of the surrounding faults to produce events with a range of possible magnitudes and distances. The two approaches are compared on the basis of the probabilistic response of an existing reinforced‐concrete frame structure, which is known to have suffered shear failure in its columns during the 1994 Northridge Earthquake in Los Angeles, California. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

青藏高原北部地区地震统计区划分及地震活动特征

地震统计区的划分是研究地震活动性的重要前提和基础,通过对青藏高原北部地区构造地质背景的分析,依据地球物理特征和强震活动特点,讨论和划分该区地震活动统计区,探讨研究区地震活动的复发特点、地震构造特征、潜在地震危险性及强度,分析研究区未来强震发生的强度和可能地点,结果表明,目前青藏高原北部地区处于第8个活跃期,仍存在发生强震的可能,且未来数年存在发生7级以上地震的可能,应密切东昆仑断裂带东段和祁连山中西段地区。     

Influence of the nonlinear behavior of viscous dampers on the seismic demand hazard of building frames

This paper analyzes the influence of damper properties on the probabilistic seismic performance of building frames equipped with viscous dampers. In particular, a probabilistic methodology is employed to evaluate the influence of the damper nonlinearity, measured by the damper exponent, on the performance of structural and nonstructural components of building frames, as described by the response hazard curves of the relevant engineering demand parameters. The performance variations due to changes in the damper nonlinearity level are evaluated and highlighted by considering two realistic design scenarios and by comparing the results of a set of cases involving dampers with different exponents designed to provide the same deterministic performance. By this way, it is possible to evaluate the influence of the nonlinear response and of its dispersion on the demand hazard. It is shown that the damper nonlinearity level strongly affects the seismic performance and different trends are observed for the demand parameters of interest. A comparison with code provisions shows that further investigation is necessary to provide more reliable design formulas accounting for the damping nonlinearity level. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Improved seismic hazard model with application to probabilistic seismic demand analysis

An improved seismic hazard model for use in performance‐based earthquake engineering is presented. The model is an improved approximation from the so‐called ‘power law’ model, which is linear in log–log space. The mathematics of the model and uncertainty incorporation is briefly discussed. Various means of fitting the approximation to hazard data derived from probabilistic seismic hazard analysis are discussed, including the limitations of the model. Based on these ‘exact’ hazard data for major centres in New Zealand, the parameters for the proposed model are calibrated. To illustrate the significance of the proposed model, a performance‐based assessment is conducted on a typical bridge, via probabilistic seismic demand analysis. The new hazard model is compared to the current power law relationship to illustrate its effects on the risk assessment. The propagation of epistemic uncertainty in the seismic hazard is also considered. To allow further use of the model in conceptual calculations, a semi‐analytical method is proposed to calculate the demand hazard in closed form. For the case study shown, the resulting semi‐analytical closed form solution is shown to be significantly more accurate than the analytical closed‐form solution using the power law hazard model, capturing the ‘exact’ numerical integration solution to within 7% accuracy over the entire range of exceedance rate. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Regional variation of spectral parameters for seismic design from broadband probabilistic seismic hazard analysis

The characterisation of the seismic hazard input is a critical element of any seismic design code, not only in terms of the absolute levels of ground motion considered but also of the shape of the design spectrum. In the case of Europe, future revisions of the seismic design provisions, both at a national and a pan‐European level, may implement considerable modifications to the existing provisions in light of recent seismic hazard models, such as the 2013 European Seismic Hazard Model. Constraint of the shape of the long‐period design spectrum from seismic hazard estimates on such a scale has not been possible, however, owing to the limited spectral period range of existing ground motion models. Building upon recent developments in ground motion modelling, the 2013 European Seismic Hazard Model is adapted here with a new ground motion logic tree to provide a broadband Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis for rock sites across a spectral period range from 0.05 seconds to 10.0 seconds. The resulting uniform hazard spectra (UHS) are compared against existing results for European and broadband Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis and against a proposed formulation of a generalised design spectrum in which controlling parameters can be optimised to best fit the uniform hazard spectra in order to demonstrate their variability on a European scale. Significant variations in the controlling parameters of the design spectrum are seen both across and within stable and active regions. These trends can help guide recalibrations of the code spectra in future revisions to seismic design codes, particularly for the longer‐period displacement spectrum.     

累积绝对速度在核电厂地震危险性分析中的应用研究

指出了运用我国现行的考虑时空非均匀性的地震危险性分析计算方法对核电厂等设计精良的设施进行地震危险性分析时所存在的问题.介绍了累积绝对速度（CAV）的概念,并将其引入到我国现行的考虑时空非均匀性的地震危险性分析计算方法之中,用以排除厂址周围小震对核电厂地震危险性分析的影响,并选取实际工程场点进行了试算.试算结果表明,此方法能明显排除厂址周围小震对地震危险性分析结果的影响.     

历史强震震中精度统计特征及其对地震危险性研究的影响

以《中国历史强震目录(公元前23世纪——公元1911年)》为基础,将目录中给出的震中精度参数在分段时间和分段震级上进行统计分析,并给出各类精度地震的地理分布．研究结果表明, 58.4%的历史强震震中精度都在3类及以上,其震中不确定范围大于25 km;一般来说,年代越久远的历史地震,其震中精度越差,而且公元1500年以后的历史强震低精度地震所占比例仍然不小;MS6.0以上的历史强震, 3类、 4类和5类精度地震占了60.1 %;不同精度历史强震的地理分布各有特点,云南省1类、 2类精度地震最多,而新疆和西藏的历史强震绝大部分都是低精度地震事件．以震中精度表述的历史强震震中位置不确定性会对潜在震源区划分、近场区地震活动性研究以及地震构造环境评价等工作造成影响,因此在地震危险性研究与地震地质工作中,都需对低精度历史地震重新考证或适当取舍．      

河套地震带分区地震空间相关长度变化特征

以河套地震带作为研究区域,选取2001年以来小震事件作为研究对象,采用单键群(SLC)方法,计算研究区地震空间相关长度,并分区域讨论其时序变化特征。计算结果表明,2001年以来,河套地震带5个子区域地震空间相关长度表现出不同变化特征,且无持续性变化,多在约3年时间尺度上表现出增长现象,表明地震空间相关长度的增长变化不太可能反映区域应力场的长期变化,而可能携带应力场的中期变化信息。通过设定不同计算窗长和滑动步长来考证计算结果,发现地震事件时空分布的非均匀性、空间窗形状和大小等因素,可能影响地震空间相关长度的数据变化幅度,但不影响整体变化趋势。     

官厅水库及周边地区地震活动趋势的综合统计预测

利用多种地震统计学分析预测方法，详细分析了官厅水库及周边地区的地震活动情况，和未来50年的地震危险性。综合分析最后认为，未来50年内，官厅水库及周边地区至少应发生一次5.5-6.5级地震和多次5级左右地震的可能性；外国较远地区则具有发生7级以上地震的可能，这里距大坝虽然较远，对大坝的安全可能不会构成真正威胁，但其周边地区可能发生的潜在地震，对水库的可能影响则应引起我们足够的注意及重视。     

On the treatment of uncertainty in seismic vulnerability and portfolio risk assessment

In a related study developed by the authors, building fragility is represented by intensity‐specific distributions of damage exceedance probability of various damage states. The contribution of the latter has been demonstrated in the context of loss estimation of building portfolios, where it is shown that the proposed concept of conditional fragility functions provides the link between seismic intensity and the uncertainty in damage exceedance probabilities. In the present study, this methodology is extended to the definition of building vulnerability, whereby vulnerability functions are characterized by hazard‐consistent distributions of damage ratio per level of primary seismic intensity parameter—Sa(T₁). The latter is further included in a loss assessment framework, in which the impact of variability and spatial correlation of damage ratio in the probabilistic evaluation of seismic loss is accounted for, using test‐bed portfolios of 2, 5, and 8‐story precode reinforced concrete buildings located in the district of Lisbon, Portugal. This methodology is evaluated in comparison with current state‐of‐the‐art methods of vulnerability and loss calculation, highlighting the discrepancies that can arise in loss estimates when the variability and spatial distributions of damage ratio, influenced by ground motion properties other than the considered primary intensity measure, are not taken into account.     

Parameter sensitivity analyses in seismic hazard

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