副高北进过程的个例数值研究

就一次出梅时西太平洋副热带高压北进过程,用数值试验的方法,对副高北进的原因进行了分析研究,重点分析了非绝热过程在副高北进过程中所起的作用。结果表明:1）对应出梅时的环流形势,大气内部的动力调整过程具有使副高增强北进的趋势,是副高北进的主导因子。2）在3～5天时间尺度上,非绝热过程的作用不可忽视,其总效应使副高减弱。就各非绝热因子而言,净辐射过程的总效应使副高减弱,不利副高北进;降水凝结潜热释放有利副高的维持和增强,有利副高北进。就地区而言,南亚季风区加热具有同副高南侧热带辐合带加热相同的作用,正的加热增强有利副高增强北进。     

Case Study on the Impact of the Vortex in the Easterlies in the Tropical Upper Troposphere on the Western Pacific Subtropical Anticyclone

By employing the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data （1000-10 hPa, 2.5°×2.5°）, the impact of the vortex in the easterlies （EV） over the tropical upper troposphere on the zonal movement of the western Pacific subtropical anticyclone （WPSA） during 19-25 June 2003 is analyzed in this paper. It is shown that the EV can extend from middle troposphere to the height of 50 hPa, reaching a maximum at 200 hPa. The vertical thermal distribution appears to be ＂warmer in the upper layer and colder in the lower layer＂. The WPSA retreats eastward abnormally when the EV and the vortex in the westerlies （WV） encounter around the same longitude while they move toward each other. It is also shown that the vorticity variation extends from the troposphere to the height of 50 hPa, with the most prominent change occurring at 200 hPa by the diagnostic analyses of the vertical vorticity equation. The WPSA appears to retreat abnormally eastward while the negative/positive vorticity change becomes stronger near the east/west side of the EV, and the areas with positive vorticity tendency both in the EV and WV join together into one belt along 130°E during the process of the EV and the WV moving toward each other. In the vorticity equation, the positive contribution caused by the horizontal advection term is the maximum, and the minimum is caused by theβ effect. It is also found that enhanced horizontal vorticity advection andβ effect, as well as the ＂barotropic development＂ resulted from the in-phase superposition of the southerly and the northerly winds in the easterlies and westerlies near 130~E, are in agreement with the WPSA eastward retreat.     

梅雨期西太平洋副热带高压异常东退与东风带扰动关系的合成诊断分析

利用NCEP/NCAR日平均再分析资料,对梅雨期热带对流层上空东风带扰动影响西太平洋副热带高压短期东退的过程进行了合成诊断分析.结果表明:梅雨期西太平洋副热带高压(简称西太副高)的短期东退与低纬热带地区上宅东风带扰动存在着密切的联系,本文给出了在西太副高异常东退前后东风带扰动的结构及其演变特征,揭示了东风带扰动所对应的...     

2003年夏季淮河流域梅雨期西太平洋副高结构和活动特征及动力机制分析

通过资料分析和诊断, 揭示了在2003年6～7月淮河流域暴雨期间, 西太平洋副高相对偏北并且呈现南北变化相对稳定、东西变化明显的特征; 强劲而稳定少动的中纬度西风急流使得西太平洋副高难以北抬, 从而造成了淮河流域降雨带的稳定少动. 同时, 分析表明每一次雨锋的出现伴有高层南亚高压的东伸, 并诱发500 hPa西太平洋副高西伸至我国沿海, 导致淮河流域多雨, 江南干旱高温.分析还发现高、低空副热带高压影响天气系统发展的如下机制: (1) 沿30°N东伸的高层南亚高压脊在东部30°N以北地区引起辐散和上升, 在30°N以南地区引起辐合和下沉; (2) 江南高层的辐合下沉气流在中低空的辐散增强了局地的负涡度, 诱发西太平洋副高西伸; (3) 沿增强了的西太平洋副高西北侧的偏西南气流在30°N以北辐合, 增强了局地的上升运动, 为暴雨的产生创造了大尺度的背景流场; (4) 副高西北侧的暴雨加强了低空的南风和高层的北风, 从而使高层东伸的南亚高压和低层西伸的西太平洋副高在我国东部稳定维持.     

中高纬环流对1998年7月西太平洋副热带高压短期变化的影响机制

针对1998年7月长江中下游地区二度梅期间副热带高压的短期演变特征,利用NCEP逐日资料,首先揭示了此期间西太平洋副热带高压发生东西断裂、副高单体发展的短期异常特征,进而指出了中高纬环流调整与副高短期变异的对应关系.在发现与中高纬环流调整相伴随的强冷空气是副高发生变异的关键因素的基础上,利用大气热力学基本原理,研究副高短期变异的动力机制,发现在副高边缘的冷暖空气活动通过与南北风发展直接关联,而影响副高的短期变异,是副高短期变异的重要机制之一.最后,利用R42L9/LASG IAP大气环流模式,通过敏感性数值试验证实了上述冷暖空气活动影响副高发生变异的动力机制.     

东风带扰动热力特征及其对西太副高东退影响的个例分析

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,分析了2003年6月22—25日西太平洋副热带高压(下称西太副高)西伸东退时热带东风带扰动附近大气热源的分布和演变特征,以及对西太副高西伸东退的影响和机制。结果表明,高层东风带扰动附近的非绝热效应分布和强度的突变影响西太副高西伸东退,当扰动中心西侧非绝热加热加强,扰动中心东侧西太副高区域冷却加强时,西太副高东退;潜热释放造成的非绝热效应在高层变化最为明显,非绝热变化的主要影响因子是垂直运动。总结了西太副高东退过程与东风带扰动系统热力联系的可能概念模型:东风带扰动处大气热力结构变化引发经向风场异常,使东风带扰动西侧高层有北风发展和强烈的上升运动,扰动东侧有整层的南风发展,有助于西太副高异常东退。因此,西太副高的西伸东退与热带东风带扰动系统的热力作用密切关联。     

淮河梅雨洪涝与西太平洋副热带高压季节推进异常

基于台站观测和卫星观测资料及再分析数据集,本文研究了6月淮河洪涝发生时中国东部降雨型及与雨带异常相联系的环流特征、环流的季节推进异常及其机理.结果发现6月淮河流域洪涝与亚洲环流和中国东部降水联合模态的第二模态密切相关.该模态在我国东部降水表现为以长江为界北增南减的“梅雨偶极型”分布,对应的低层风场呈现出倾斜的以台湾为界,以南西太平洋是异常气旋环流,以北为反气旋环流,即西太平洋副热带高压偏北,淮河流域上存在异常西南风;同时阿拉伯海上是异常反气旋,印度上空西风偏强、降水显著偏多.这些特征是东亚和西太平洋季风区季节推进超前的反映,且与前期春季澳大利亚东北向海域海洋热含量异常偏高显著相关.该关键区海洋热含量变化是太平洋热含量变化第一模态——三极型变化的一部分,即当菲律宾以东的西太平洋和澳大利亚东北向海域海洋热含量增加,赤道中东太平洋热含量减少.该三极型海洋热含量异常从春到夏信号稳定,它激发正感热加热异常控制菲律宾以东到夏威夷以北的广大热带—副热带西太平洋地区,其北侧黑潮延伸区为负感热区.两者共同作用激发出局地反气旋在北、气旋在南,使对流层低层西太平洋副热带高压偏北.因此春季三极型海洋热含量通过影响对流层低层西太平洋副热带高压异常北移对东亚—西太平洋季节推进提前和6月淮河梅雨洪涝发生起重要作用,可作为季节预测的前期因子之一.     

Precipitation Structures of a Thermal Convective System Happened in the Central Western Subtropical Pacific Anticyclone

In this paper, characteristics of precipitating clouds in a thermal convective system (TCS) occurred in the southeastern mainland of China at 15:00 BT (Beijing time) on August 2, 2003 in the central western subtropical Pacific anticyclone (WSPA) is studied by using TRMM tropical rainfallmeasuring mission PR (precipitution radar) and IR Infrared radiation measurements. The precipitating cloud structures in both horizontal and vertical, relationship among storm top, cloud top, and surface rain rate are particularly analyzed. Results show that a strong ascending air at 500 hPa and a strong convergence of moisture flux at 850 hPa in the central WSPA supply necessary conditions both in dynamics and moisture for the happening of the TCS precipitation. The TRMM PR observation shows that the horizontal scale of the most TCS precipitating clouds is about 30-40 km, their averaged vertical scale is above 10 km, and the maximum reaches 17.5 km. The maximum rain rate near surface of those TCS clouds is beyond 50 mm h-1. The mean rain profile of the TCS clouds shows that its maximum rain rate at 5 km altitude is 1 km lower than the estimated freezing level of the environment. Compared with the mesoscale convective system (MCS) of "98.7.20", both systems have the same altitude of the maximum rain rate displayed from both mean rain profiles, but the TCS is much deeper than the MCS. From the altitude of the maximum rain rate to near surface, profiles show that rain rate reducing in the TCS is faster than that in the MCS, which implies a strong droplet evaporation process occurring in the TCS. Relationship among cloud top, storm top, and surface rain rate analysis indicates a large variation of cloud top when storm top is lower. On the contrary, the higher the storm top, the more consistent both cloud top and storm top. And, the larger the surface rain rate, the higher and more consistent for both cloud top and storm top. At the end, results expose that area fractions of non-precipitating clouds and clear sky are 86% and 2%, respectively. The area fraction of precipitating clouds is only about 1/8 that of non-precipitating clouds.     

西太平洋副高活动与平流层QBO关系的研究

资料分析表明，西太平洋副高活动有准两年振荡特征，副高的相对强度和副高脊线的纬度位置都清楚地表现出这种振荡。而且分析还表明，平流层低层纬向风的垂直切变同西太平洋副高活动有关，东（西）风切变对应着脊线位置偏北的较强（弱）副高形势。平流层低层东（西）垂直切变在赤道对流层上部所引起的异常上升（下沉）运动，导致Hadley环流的异常加强（减弱）可能是平流层QBO影响西太平洋副高准两年振荡的重要机制。用IAP-GCM所作的数值模拟试验得到了同观测资料分析相一致的结果。     

Potential Vorticity Diagnostic Analysis on the Impact of the Easterlies Vortex on the Short-term Movement of the Subtropical Anticyclone over the Western Pacific in the Mei-yu Period

By employing NCEP-NCAR 1°×1° reanalysis datasets, the mechanism of the easterlies vortex(EV) affecting the short-term movement of the subtropical anticyclone over the western Pacific(WPSA) in the mei-yu period is examined using potential vorticity(PV) theory. The results show that when the EV and the westerlies vortex(WV) travel west/east to the same longitude of 120°E, the WPSA suddenly retreats. The EV and WV manifest as the downward transport of PV in the upper troposphere, and the variation ...     

夏季西太平洋副热带高压异常时的东亚大气环流特征

利用NCAR/NCEP月平均再分析资料,探讨夏季西太平洋副热带高压异常时东亚热带季风、梅雨锋及中高纬环流的变化特征.研究表明:夏季西太平洋副热带高压脊线异常偏南或脊点异常偏西时,东亚夏季风环流偏弱,850 hPa矢量风距平场上东亚热带地区出现反气旋性环流,副热带地区呈气旋性环流,500 hPa垂直速度距平场上东亚热带地区上升运动减弱,梅雨锋区上升运动加强,500 hPa高度上东亚高纬鄂霍次克海区域出现阻塞高压,高纬冷空气直达中纬度,梅雨锋扰动加强,造成江淮流域汛期降水偏多.夏季西太平洋副热带高压脊线异常偏北或脊点异常偏东时,东亚夏季风环流偏强,东亚大气环流系统的活动出现了与上述情况相反的异常型,江淮流域汛期降水偏少.     

春季西太平洋海表面温度对我国江南春雨的影响

利用NCAR提供的第5代全球大气环流模式CAM3.1探讨了春季西太平洋副热带地区海表面温度对我国江南春雨的影响。数值试验结果表明:春季西太平洋副热带地区海表面温度升高可引起同期东亚—西太平洋副热带纬向海陆热力差异减弱,进而引起3—4月青藏高原东南侧的低涡强度减弱,该低涡与西太平洋副热带高压之间的位势梯度减小,中低纬度西太平洋副热带高压强度减弱,其北侧的850 hPa西南风强度相应减弱,因此西南暖湿气流输送也随之减弱,造成江南地区的水汽通量辐合强度明显减弱,这种环流分布状况将不利于出现较强的江南春雨,导致江南春雨强度明显减小。     

Interaction Between Typhoon Vicente (1208) and the Western Pacific Subtropical High During the Beijing Extreme Rainfall of 21 July 2012

The heaviest rainfall in recent six decades fell in Beijing on 21 July 2012, reaching a record of 460 mm within 18 h. This rainfall was a typical remote precipitation event related to Typhoon Vicente(1208).Observational analysis indicates that Vicente influenced distant heavy rainfall by transporting water vapor northward to the Beijing area. This moisture transport was mainly driven by the interaction between Vicente and the western Pacific subtropical high(WPSH) associated with the formation of a low-level southeasterly moisture channel. A set of numerical sensitivity experiments were performed with prescribed typhoons of different intensities to investigate the interaction between Vicente and the WPSH and its effects on this rainstorm process. The results indicate that the WPSH interacting with typhoons of different intensities may exert varying degrees of influence on the development of a southeasterly moisture channel, resulting in a change in rain rate and location over the Beijing area. Specifically, in the presence of an enhanced typhoon,the WPSH shows remarkable withdrawal to the east, which is favorable for a northward extension of the southeasterly moisture channel, thereby increasing moisture supply for the rainstorm. The WPSH tends to stretch westward in a zonal pattern if the typhoon is weakened or removed, hindering the northward extension of the moisture channel. Thus, the rainfall area may be expected to expand or contract, with corresponding increases or decreases in rain rate over the Beijing area with a strengthened or weakened typhoon, respectively.     

西北太平洋台风活动与大气季节内振荡

本文综合介绍了大气季节内振荡与西北太平洋台风活动关系的最新研究结果。主要内容是:大气MJO的活动对西北太平洋台风的生成有比较明显的调制作用,在MJO的活跃期与非活跃期西北太平洋生成台风数的比例为2:1;而在MJO活跃期,对流中心位于赤道东印度洋(即MJO第2～3位相)与对流中心在西太平洋地区(即MJO第5～6位相)时的比例也为2:1。在MJO的不同位相,西太平洋地区的动力因子和热源分布形势有很明显不同。在第2～3位相,各种因子均呈现出抑制西太平洋地区对流及台风发展的态势;而在第5～6位相则明显促进对流的发生发展。这说明MJO在不断东移的过程中,将影响和改变大气环流形势,最终影响台风的生成。对多台风年与少台风年850 hPa的30～60 d低频动能距平合成分析表明,在多台风年有两个低频动能的大值区,其中最显著的是低频动能正异常位于菲律宾以东15°N以南的西北太平洋地区,此区域正好为季风槽所在的位置。而少台风年的情况与多台风年相反,从阿拉伯海东部经印度半岛、孟加拉湾一直到我国南海地区,都是低频动能的大值区,最大的低频动能中心位于印度半岛和我国南海南部;而菲律宾以东的西北太平洋是低频动能的负距平区,季风槽偏弱,对台风生成发展不利。200 hPa速度势场清楚表明,多台风年(少台风年)在菲律宾以东的西北太平洋上表现为高层辐散(辐合),增强(减弱)该地区的上升气流,有利于(不利于)台风的生成。大气季节内振荡(ISO)对西北太平洋台风路径影响的研究表明,大气ISO)流场对台风路径预报有重要参考意义。其结果表明,台风生成时850 hPa低频气旋(LFC)的正涡度带(特别是最大正涡度线)走向往往预示着台风的未来走向;200 hPa的低频环流形势对台风的路径也有一定的指示作用,与200 hPa低频反气旋(LFAC)相联系的200 hPa强低频气流对台风起着引导气流的作用。     

GAMIL CliPAS试验对夏季西太平洋副高的预测

利用GAMIL CliPAS “两步法” 季度预测试验, 检验了后报的1980～1999年北半球夏季西太平洋副热带高压 (简称副高) 的年际变化, 检查了Seoul National University (SNU) 动力统计预测系统对SST预测准确度, 并讨论了影响中国科学院大气物理研究所大气科学和地球流体力学数值模拟国家重点实验室格点大气模式 (GAMIL) 对副高预测效果的可能原因。500 hPa位势高度可预报性指数表明西太平洋副高具有较高可预报性。集合平均基本能再现西太平洋副高的变率特征, 但最大方差的位置和强度与观测稍有区别。观测证据显示, 副高存在2～3年变率和3～5年变率, 且2～3年变率比3～5年变率强。GAMIL能够准确预测观测副高的3～5年变率, 尽管其强度要强于观测。这与试验所用的预测海温能够很好表现赤道中东太平洋 (5.5°S～5.5°N, 190.5°E～240.5°E) 海温的年际变率有关。同时, GAMIL预测的副高2～3年变率较之观测显著偏弱, 这可能与SNU预测的海洋大陆地区 (5.5°S～0.5°N, 110.5°E～130.5°E) SST的2～3年变率偏弱有关。分析表明, SNU预测海温的这种弱点, 与SNU海温统计预测模式所用的历史海温 (OISST) 本身对海洋大陆地区2～3年变率的刻画能力较弱有关。     

GAMIL CliPAS试验对夏季西太平洋副热带高压的预测

利用GAMIL CliPAS"两步法"季度预测试验,检验了后报的1980～1999年北半球夏季西太平洋副热带高压(简称副高)的年际变化,检查了Seoul National University(SNU)动力统计预测系统对SST预测准确度,并讨论了影响中国科学院大气物理研究所大气科学和地球流体力学数值模拟国家重点实验室格点大气模式(GAMIL)对副高预测效果的可能原因.500 hPa位势高度可预报性指数表明西太平洋副高具有较高可预报性.集合平均基本能再现西太平洋副高的变率特征,但最大方差的位置和强度与观测稍有区别.观测证据显示,副高存在2～3年变率和3～5年变率.且2～3年变率比3～5年变率强.GAMIL能够准确预测观测副高的3～5年变率,尽管其强度要强于观测.这与试验所用的预测海温能够很好表现赤道中东太平洋(5.5°S～5.5°N,190.5°E～240.5°E)海温的年际变率有关.同时,GAMIL预测的副高2～3年变率较之观测显著偏弱,这可能与SNU预测的海洋大陆地区(5.5°S～0.5°N,110.5°E～130.5°E)SST的2～3年变率偏弱有关.分析表明,SNU预测海温的这种弱点,与SNU海温统计预测模式所用的历史海温(OISST)本身对海洋大陆地区2～3年变率的刻画能力较弱有关.     

Simulation and Projection of the Western Pacific Subtropical High in CMIP5 Models

This work examined the performance of 26 coupled climate models participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 （CMIP5） in the simulation of the present-day temporal variability and spatial pattern of the western Pacifi c subtropical high （WPSH）. The results show that most models are able to capture the spatial distribution and variability of the 500-hPa geopotential height and zonal wind fi elds in the western subtropical Pacifi c, but with underestimated mean intensity of the WPSH. The underestimation may be associated with the cold bias of sea surface temperature in the tropical Indian and western Pacifi c oceans in the models. To eliminate the impact of the climatology biases, the climatology of these models is replaced by that of the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis in the verifi cation, and the models reproduce the WPSH’s enhancement and westward extension after the late 1970s. According to assessment of the simulated WPSH indices, it is found that some models （CNRM-CM5, FGOALS-g2, FIO-ESM, MIROC-ESM, and MPI-ESM-P） are better than others in simulating WPSH. Then, the ensemble mean of these better models is used to pro ject the future changes of WPSH under three representative concentration pathway scenarios （RCP8.5, RCP4.5, and RCP2.6）. The WPSH enlarges, strengthens, and extends westward under all the scenarios, with the largest linear growth trend projected in RCP8.5, smallest in RCP2.6, and in between in RCP4.5;while the ridge line of WPSH shows no obvious long-term trend. These results may have implications for the attribution and prediction of climate variations and changes in East Asia.     

Impact of Surface Sensible Heating over the Tibetan Plateau on the Western Pacific Subtropical High: A Land–Air–Sea Interaction Perspective

The impact of surface sensible heating over the Tibetan Plateau(SHTP) on the western Pacific subtropical high(WPSH)with and without air–sea interaction was investigated in this study. Data analysis indicated that SHTP acts as a relatively independent factor in modulating the WPSH anomaly compared with ENSO events. Stronger spring SHTP is usually followed by an enhanced and westward extension of the WPSH in summer, and vice versa. Numerical experiments using both an AGCM and a CGCM confirmed that SHTP influences the large-scale circulation anomaly over the Pacific, which features a barotropic anticyclonic response over the northwestern Pacific and a cyclonic response to the south. Owing to different background circulation in spring and summer, such a response facilitates a subdued WPSH in spring but an enhanced WPSH in summer. Moreover, the CGCM results showed that the equatorial low-level westerly at the south edge of the cyclonic anomaly brings about a warm SST anomaly(SSTA) in the equatorial central Pacific via surface warm advection.Subsequently, an atmospheric Rossby wave is stimulated to the northwest of the warm SSTA, which in turn enhances the atmospheric dipole anomalies over the western Pacific. Therefore, the air–sea feedbacks involved tend to reinforce the effect of SHTP on the WPSH anomaly, and the role of SHTP on general circulation needs to be considered in a land–air–sea interaction framework.     

DERF2.0模式对月尺度西太平洋副热带高压预测能力评估

基于国家气候中心第二代月动力延伸预测模式业务系统(DERF2.0)1983—2015年回报数据,利用时间相关系数、标准化均方根误差、距平符号一致率和泰勒图分析等方法综合评估了DERF2.0模式对月尺度西太平洋副热带高压的预测性能。结果表明:模式能够预测出气候平均态上588 dagpm等值线的空间分布及强度和纬向风切变位置,但有偏大偏强的系统偏差。模式对高度场年际变率的预测性能好于纬向风场。模式较为准确地预测了副高气候态的年循环信息,但存在系统偏差,副高面积相对观测偏大,强度偏强,脊线偏北,西伸脊点偏西。模式对副高年际变率的预测性能较好,其中强度最佳,面积其次,脊线相对较差。副高预测性能依赖于超前起报时间,随着起报时间的临近,预测性能整体呈上升趋势,业务中及时更新预测。模式对副高面积超前0~20 d、强度超前0~2 d、西伸脊点超前0~5 d、脊线超前0~7 d起报对未来一个月的预测性能优于持续性预测,业务中可以重点参考。     

全球变暖背景下西太平洋副热带高压变化的探讨

为去除全球变暖等压面抬升的影响、客观地反映西太平洋副热带高压的真实变化,本研究使用了1951~2017年NCEP/NCAR的月平均500hPa高度场再分析资料以及国家气候中心提供6~8月的大气环流指数,基于去除全球变暖影响的西太平洋副热带高压表征线,研究探讨了全球变暖背景下西太平洋副热带高压的变化。研究表明,去除全球变暖影响前(后)西太平洋副热带高压有面积指数增大(减小)、强度指数增强(减弱)和西伸脊点指数西伸(东退)的演变特征。可见,全球变暖可能是西太平洋副热带高压面积、强度和东西位置发生变化的原因之一。