The <Emphasis Type="Italic">Wind</Emphasis>/EPACT Proton Event Catalog (1996 – 2016)

We present the finalized catalog of solar energetic proton events detected by the Wind/EPACT instrument over the period 1996?–?2016. Onset times, peak times, peak proton intensity and onset-to-peak proton fluence are evaluated for the two available energy channels, at about 25 and 50 MeV. We describe the procedure utilized to identify the proton events and to relate them to their solar origin (in terms of flares and coronal mass ejections). The statistical relationships between the energetic protons and their origin (linear and partial correlation analysis) are reported and discussed in view of earlier findings. Finally, the different trends found in the first 8 years of Solar Cycles 23 and 24 are discussed.     

Orbit Orientation of the Planet in <Emphasis Type="Italic">τ</Emphasis> Boo (HD 120136)

We determined the rotation period and the parameters of the global magnetic field of τ Boo. This allowed us to estimate the inclination of the rotational axis of the star to the line of sight, as well as to obtain estimates of the inclination of the planet’s orbital plane to the stellar equator.     

小行星(215)、(323)、(416)和(432)的轨道改进

这四颗小行星的历元很早,都是在二、三十年以前.由于多年未算摄动,轨道逐渐偏离,观测与计算间差值。O—C 已增大到一度以上.鉴于改进轨道、计算准确冲日星历表的迫切需要,1962年冬季在已利用电子计算机算得木星、土星精确摄动的基础上,我们搜集了近几年的观测资料,对此四颗星作了轨道改进.轨道改进的计算系根据爱克尔和勃劳威尔(Eckert and Brouwer)的直角座标的方法.为避免小偏心率和大倾角情况对精确度的影响,使能比较确定地求得方程式的解,我们采用下列方程系统:     

Periodic orbits accumulating onto elliptic tori for the (<Emphasis Type="Italic">N</Emphasis> + 1)-body problem

We prove the existence of infinitely many periodic solutions, with larger and larger minimal period, accumulating onto elliptic invariant tori for (an “outer solar-system” model of) the planar (N + 1)-body problem.      

A Long-Term Dissipation of the EUV He <Emphasis Type="SmallCaps">ii</Emphasis> (30.4 nm) Segmentation in Full-Disk Solar Images

Some quiet-Sun days observed by the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) on-board the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) during the time interval in 2010?–?2017 were used to continue our previous analyses reported by Didkovsky and Gurman (Solar Phys.289, 153, 2014a) and Didkovsky, Wieman, and Korogodina (Solar Phys.292, 32, 2017). The analysis consists of determining and comparing spatial spectral ratios (spectral densities over some time interval) from spatial (segmentation-cell length) power spectra. The ratios were compared using modeled compatible spatial frequencies for spectra from the Extreme ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (EIT) on-board the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) and from AIA images. With the new AIA data added to the EIT data we analyzed previously, the whole time interval from 1996 to 2017 reported here is approximately the length of two “standard” solar cycles (SC). The spectral ratios of segmentation-cell dimension structures show a significant and steady increase with no detected indication of SC-related returns to the values that characterize the SC minima. This increase in spatial power at high spatial frequencies is interpreted as a dissipation of medium-size EUV network structures to smaller-size structures in the transition region. Each of the latest ratio changes for 2010 through 2017 spectra calculated for a number of consecutive short-term intervals has been converted into monthly mean ratio (MMR) changes. The MMR values demonstrate variable sign and magnitudes, thus confirming the solar nature of the changes. These changes do not follow a “typical” trend of instrumental degradation or a long-term activity profile from the He?ii (30.4 nm) irradiance measured by the Extreme ultraviolet Spectrophotometer (ESP) either. The ESP is a channel of the Extreme ultraviolet Variability Experiment (EVE) on-board SDO.     

The distribution of Titan's high-altitude (out to ∼50,000 km) exosphere from energetic neutral atom (ENA) measurements by Cassini/INCA

We report observations of Titan's high-altitude exosphere detected out to about 50,000 km altitude. The observations were made by the Ion Neutral Camera (INCA) on board the Cassini spacecraft. INCA detects energetic neutral atoms (ENA) that are formed when the ambient magnetospheric ions charge exchange with Titan's neutral atmosphere and exosphere. We find that Titan's exospheric H₂ distribution follows closely a full Chamberlain distribution including ballistic, escaping and satellite distributions. As expected, neutral densities are dominated by a satellite distribution above about 10,000 km. The maximum detectable extent of the exosphere (～50,000 km) coincides with the radius of the Hill sphere of gravitational influence from Saturn. While we find no direct indications of a neutral Titan torus with densities greater than about 1000 cm^?3, we observe interesting asymmetries in the distribution that warrants further investigation. Based on these findings we compute the average precipitating ENA flux to be about 5×10⁶ keV/(cm² s), or 8×10^?3 erg/(cm² s), which is directly comparable to that of precipitating energetic ions (Sittler, et al., 2009) and slightly higher than that of solar EUV (Tobiska, 2004). Thus, the energy deposited by precipitating ENAs must also be taken into consideration when studying the energy balance of Titan's thermosphere.     

从零开始(六)

这次让我们来制作一件能更加形象化展示天象的天文小制作——星座图转盘。一般星图上的星座图基本上都是点与连线的组合,而我们这次要做的星座图转盘上面的每一个星座,全部都是一个个具体的星座想象图。它们是一年四季最主要的星座:有春夜的狮子     

从零开始(一)

这是今年《天文爱好者》专为初学天文的读者开辟的一个栏目,名字叫“从零开始”。有许多小朋友,当然也有不少大朋友,特别是那些教小朋友的老师们,说不定还有许多年纪大的老人家,很想了解一些关于星星和星座、昼夜和四季的天文知识,想听听关于星星的神话传说。本栏目就是要满足这些读者的要求,给大家介绍怎样在密密麻麻的繁星中将一个个星座、一颗颗行星辨认出来,给大家讲讲星星的天文知识、星座的神话传说。不同季节天上的星座和亮星。怎样看星星辨方向。特别还要介绍几种看星测时的方法。“从零开始”还要教给大家几种天文爱好者特别感兴趣的技法,譬如在短短的30秒钟内通过心算,告诉人们天上有什么星座:用不着计算就可以预报大行星在黄道星座之间的位置和运行动态。当然,要进行这项工作,首先得亲手制作一件预报行星动态的天文仪器纸上小制作,本栏目以后会刊登它的制作图纸的。像这样的小天文仪器还有南北星斗仪等多件。此外,还有演示天体运动,如地球运动、月亮圆缺的小仪器和节气日晷等。这里要说明的是,该栏目更注重用肉眼目视观测星空。因为人眼视野辽阔,望远镜视场再大。也容不下最小的星座所包含的那一片星空。     

Eclipse reappearances of Io: Time-resolved spectroscopy (1.9-4.2 μm)

We obtained time-resolved, near-infrared spectra of Io during the 60-90 min following its reappearance from eclipse by Jupiter on five occasions in 2004. The purpose was to search for spectral changes, particularly in the well-known SO₂ frost absorption bands, that would indicate surface-atmosphere exchange of gaseous SO₂ induced by temperature changes during eclipse. These observations were a follow-on to eclipse spectroscopy observations in which Bellucci et al. [Bellucci et al., 2004. Icarus 172, 141-148] reported significant changes in the strengths of two strong SO₂ bands in data acquired with the VIMS instrument aboard the Cassini spacecraft. One of the bands (4.07 μm [ν₁ + ν₃]) observed by Bellucci et al. is visible from ground-based observatories and is included in our data. We detected no changes in Io’s spectrum at any of the five observed events during the approximately 60-90 min during which spectra were obtained following Io’s emergence from Jupiter’s shadow. The areas of the three strongest SO₂ bands in the region 3.5-4.15 μm were measured for each spectrum; the variation of the band areas with time does not exceed that which can be explained by the Io’s few degrees of axial rotation during the intervals of observation, and in no case does the change in band strength approach that seen in the Cassini VIMS data. Our data are of sufficient quality and resolution to show the weak 2.198 μm (4549.6 cm⁻¹) 4ν₁ band of SO₂ frost on Io for what we believe is the first time. At one of the events (June 22, 2004), we began the acquisition of spectra ∼6 min before Io reappeared from Jupiter’s shadow, during which time it was detected through its own thermal emission. No SO₂ bands were superimposed on the purely thermal spectrum on this occasion, suggesting that the upper limit to condensed SO₂ in the vertical column above Io’s surface was ∼4 × 10⁻⁵ g cm⁻².     

从零开始(五)

现在让我们制作一件专门为初学天文的爱好者设计的天文小仪器——南北星斗仪。它包括一年四季所有主要星座,可以用来演示一年中任意日期,任何时刻天上有哪些星座,还可以用来直观地看星测时。南北星斗仪的制作方法1.剪下6个零件,刻出零件 N1上的大圆孔和 N2上的小圆孔。2.将 N3与 N4背靠背粘合起来,粘合时注意将二者的圆周边缘和定位小缺口准确对齐。     

Precipitable water vapor (PWV) estimations from the site of the Eastern Anatolia Observatory<Superscript>∗</Superscript> (DAG), a new astronomical observatory in Turkey

We present preliminary statistics on the precipitable water vapor (PWV) content over the Karakaya Hills in Erzurum city, where the largest optical and near-infrared astronomical telescope in Turkey will be operated. Since the observatory will observe in the near-infrared (NIR), it is intended to perform PWV measurements of the atmosphere above the site by using signal delays in Global Positioning System (GPS) communication. The analysis of the GPS data recorded on the summit for almost one year shows that the atmosphere over the site of the observatory, which has an altitude of 3170 m, has favorable conditions for NIR observations. From GPS measurements, we report that the site had an average PWV of 3.2 mm and a median PWV of 2.7 mm between October 6, 2016, and June 15, 2017. We also present the time dependency of the PWV content and the correlations between the amount of PWV and the other meteorological records gathered from radiosonde flights and ground-based measurements.     

太阳日冕环的运动(Ⅰ)、(Ⅱ)

几年以前天空实验室的观测发现太阳日冕中多数瞬变过程是以环状形式发生质量喷射,并且测得环状瞬变过程前导边缘是加速运动或者是等速运动。这些日冕环是细长的环。环中的磁能密度大约是热能密度的十倍。观测表明:磁场是控制日冕环的主要因素。     

行星环(Ⅱ)

本文评述了有关土星环的七个方面的理论研究:(1)东-西不对称性;(2)粒子大小分布;(3)环的稳定性;(4)环缝的共振起源;(5)密度波和挠曲波;(6)轮辐结构;(7)F环。 还评述了天王星环以及行星环中的碰撞、光度理论和起源等问题的研究。     

探秘火星(三)

Q1哪个探测器将深入到火星地下探测?几十年来,人类一直对火星进行探索,之前登陆火星的探测器,如勇气号、机遇号、好奇号等,都是探测火星表面上的火山、峡谷、岩石、土壤的演变历史。只探测地表特征,是无法了解火星早期的演化情况的,因为包含此种信息的样品都深埋于火星地表之下。     

行星环(Ⅰ)

本文是关于行星环的现有观测资料的总结。     

流星观测(一)

记得F4有一首歌叫“流星雨”,歌词很煽情:“温柔的天空,应该让你感动,我在你身后,为你布置一片天空……陪你去看流星雨落在这地球上,让你的泪落在我肩膀……”如果在一个晴朗的夜晚,约上两三好友,或聚屋顶,或聚球场,更为潇洒一点,或去郊外空旷的草地、山顶,在这首缠绵悱恻的“流星雨”的浅吟低唱中,各自凝视一方的天空,守侯一闪即逝的流星的出现,岂不是一件很惬意的事民间一直有这样一个说法,如果你在流星还没有消失之前许下一个心愿,这个心愿就一定能够实现。当然,这只是一种美好的愿望,但作为一种生活的点缀,也可以为守望星空的我们增添几分浪漫的情趣。流星是飘浮在宇宙空间的尘粒,受到地球引力的影响,飞向地球,与地球大气摩擦燃烧的现象。流星的高度通常以     

星系传奇(二)

你来我往:为方便大家阅读英文资料并逐步熟悉科研前沿,我将尽可能把涉及到的基本专业术语以及关键词汇的英文标注在括号里,如果大家对此有不同意见,欢迎您与我联系:dnchen@bjp.org.cn     

追逐类星体(27) 黑洞——类星体的发电机(5)

黑洞也可以蒸发天文学的发展遵循着一条规律:观测、理论、再观测、再理论……这大概也是任何一门自然科学的发展规律,只不过天文学表现得更为突出,而在漫长的发展过程中,观测又始终是天文科学的真谛。因此,天文学又被称为是一门观测的科学。黑洞的观测证据越来越丰富,黑洞对宇宙的威胁也越来越严重。理论天文学家必须出来释疑,让黑洞不仅能吃进去,还要吐出来。吐出来的困难在于黑洞的引力太强,在黑洞的视     

射电选BLLac天体(RBLs)的观测性质(Ⅱ)

收集了ＢＬＬａｃ天体的有关信息作为前文（Ｆａｎ＆Ｌｉｎ１９９６）的补充,并在文中加入了具有喷流、具有超光速子元和具有高能射线辐射的ＢＬＬａｃ天体表。同时在表１ｃ中列出了ＢＬＬａｃ天体的发射线,对偏振度与大幅光变的统计相关在相对论成束框架下给予了解释。