生态文明建设下海洋空间规划体系的构建研究

海洋空间规划是重要的海洋空间管理工具,构建科学高效的海洋空间规划体系是海洋生态文明建设的重要组成部分。文章基于对海洋空间规划及其体系的基本认知,结合国家生态文明建设和海洋空间治理需求,提出海洋空间规划体系构建的时代背景、着力点和基本路径。研究表明,海洋空间规划体系是由各类海洋空间规划组成的,具有一定逻辑组织关系的管理制度集合,是海洋空间发展与资源环境管制的基础性机制集合;其构建应满足时代发展要求和海洋空间治理需求,体现国家海洋生态文明意志和海洋空间治理现代化,以总结多样化实践、建立完善协调机制和统一技术体系为基本路径。     

关于青岛市海洋生态文明建设的思考

海洋是青岛的特色和优势。本文总结和分析了青岛海洋生态文明建设的做法,并对未来一个时期城市发展,特别是实施“环湾保护,拥湾发展”城市战略过程中,如何处理好海洋资源开发与保护、管理和利用的关系。实现优化海洋资源利用、保护海洋生态环境相统一,不断推进海洋生态文明建设提出了建议和思路。     

中国海洋生态资源环境问题与海洋生态补偿对策分析

随着中国社会经济的高速发展,中国海域海洋生态资源和环境遭到了严重的破坏.目前,国内在海洋生态补偿方面的研究刚刚起步.为实现海洋生态环境保护性开发与可持续利用,急需开展海洋生态补偿相关研究.本文在对中国海洋生态资源和环境状况调查分析基础上,运用外部性理论和模型对海洋生态补偿的作用进行了分析,提出了建立海洋生态补偿机制的途径和对策,为解决海洋生态问题提供决策依据.     

海洋空间利用年度计划制度的提出与体系构建探讨

海洋空间利用年度计划是自然资源部“三定”职责之一,是应对海洋空间资源短缺、空间利用效率低、海洋资源环境损害等的有效措施。生态文明体制改革以来,国家进一步加强对自然资源的总量和规模控制,强化自然岸线保有率的约束作用,重视国土空间整治修复和围填海历史遗留问题处置。基于以上自然资源管理改革精神,研究提出了海洋空间利用年度计划的概念,结合海域使用分类对海洋空间利用年度计划的管控类型进行了判别和分析,并构建了海洋空间利用年度计划的指标体系。     

海洋功能区划与海洋生态红线关系探讨

海洋生态红线制度是我国"五位一体"文明建设的具体要求。为进一步在自然科学与人文科学的联结点上探求深入开展生态红线工作的可能性,文章对比了实施多年的海洋功能区划与历史新阶段提出的海洋生态保护红线的概念和内涵,剖析了两者之间的区别与联系,指出海洋功能区划与海洋生态红线区划在法律地位和管控制度等方面具有一致性,在划分目标、空间管理及划分方法上具有差异性,海洋功能区划以"使用"为主,海洋生态红线以"保护"引领。在此基础上,建议未来海洋生态红线工作的开展可从海洋功能区划借鉴经验,建立完善的管控评估制度,确立生态保护红线的优先地位,处理好海洋功能区划与海洋生态红线区划的关系。同时,海洋生态红线区划应以维持海洋生态系统结构稳定和提高海洋生态系统服务功能为目标,将区域资源环境承载力评估作为一项参考指标,限制低承载区的开发利用,保证海洋生态环境健康可持续发展。     

构建我国海洋生态文明建设制度体系研究

文章根据对国家有关生态文明建设政策的解读,明确海洋生态文明建设的主要内容,即以沿海地区经济的发展维护海洋生态环境平衡、以海洋生态环境的平衡为沿海地区经济发展开辟空间以及以沿海地区经济的发展和海洋生态环境的平衡促进海洋文化的进步,同时明确生态优先和激励约束并举的建设原则。在此基础上,结合我国海洋领域的法律、法规和政策,根据生态文明体制改革的总体精神,针对海洋生态环境资源方面的突出问题和需求,提出构建我国海洋生态文明建设制度体系的初步设想:兼顾物质文明和精神文明,海洋生态文明建设的核心制度应包含产业发展制度、生态环境资源发展制度和海洋文化发展制度,尤其是生态环境资源发展制度中应包括预防性制度、管控型制度和救济性制度;各项制度相辅相成,共同促进我国海洋生态文明建设的发展。     

海洋生态文明区评估方法与实证研究

海洋生态文明以人与海洋的和谐共生为核心,海洋生态文明区即是实现人与海洋和谐共生的地区,具体包含2层含义,即海洋生态系统的可持续发展和人类社会的可持续发展。文章根据海洋生态文明区的含义,依据动态性、层次性、完备性等原则,参照数据的可获取性和可量化性,构建海洋生态文明区评估指标体系,并采用德尔菲法确定各评估指标权重值。选取日照市等8个申报地为研究对象,研究海洋生态系统可持续发展指数、人类社会可持续发展指数和海洋生态文明综合评估指数。研究结果显示,8个市(县)基本达到海洋生态文明区的要求,海洋生态系统可持续发展指数高于人类社会可持续发展指数;在海洋生态系统可持续发展方面最大的制约因素是区域海水质量状况,其次是海域空间资源利用和海洋生物资源利用;在人类社会可持续发展方面最大的制约因素是海洋产业结构,此外地区能源消耗、海洋科技进步、海洋文化传承与保护、海洋宣传与教育以及服务保障能力等也是今后需要改进的方面。     

海洋生态文明探析

现代生态文明的系统研究始于西方工业化国家,是伴随着工业化的进程而展开。而我国的生态文明思想由来已久,早在5 000多年前就已形成了一套鲜为人知的人类生态理论体系。文章在回顾西方生态文明理念与中国生态文明思想的基础上,提出了海洋生态文明的内涵与本质。文章指出,海洋生态文明是以人与海洋的和谐共生为核心,以海洋资源综合开发与可持续利用为前提,以提升海洋对我国经济社会可持续发展的保障能力为主要目标,并进一步将海洋生态文明的内容归结为以下两点:1海洋生态系统的可持续发展,体现在海洋资源的可持续供给和海洋生态系统的良性循环;2人类社会的可持续发展,体现在社会经济的可持续发展和人的海洋生态文明意识的提高。海洋生态文明建设任务是以提高海洋生态文明意识为基础,以构建现代海洋产业体系为核心,以建设海洋生态安全屏障和有效控制入海污染物总量为保障,以海洋科技创新为依托,全面推进人与海洋的和谐共生、健康发展。在理论探讨的基础上,文章以厦门市为例介绍海洋生态文明示范区建设实践。     

海洋空间规划技术在小尺度海洋生态红线区划中的应用———以东山县海域为例

随着社会经济的迅速发展,针对海洋的多元化开发利用给海洋生态系统带来了很大程度的威胁和损害,国内外先后开始运用海洋空间规划技术进行海洋空间的合理安排.海洋生态红线区划是我国在海洋空间规划技术应用中的一项新的实践.本文首先总结了国内外海洋空间规划技术方法,而后结合目前国内海洋生态红线区划已有成果,对小尺度海洋生态红线区划技术进行研究和探讨,总结出由研究区确定、生物生态要素评价和红线区划结果确定为主体的海洋生态红线区划技术.之后将此技术方法运用于东山县海洋生态红线区划实例中,初步完成了东山县海洋生态红线区划方案的制定,验证了海洋空间规划技术在海洋生态红线区划中应用的可行性.本文是海洋生态红线区划技术在小尺度海域范围内进行应用的一次尝试,研究结果可为我国县市级海洋生态红线区划和相关海洋保护性规划研究提供参考.     

海洋发达国家海洋空间规划体系概述

海洋空间规划是重要的海洋空间管理工具,建构海洋空间规划体系是海洋生态文明建设的重要组成部分。文章对英国、比利时、荷兰、德国、挪威、美国、澳大利亚和智利等世界主要海洋发达国家的海洋空间规划体系发展状况进行概述,结果表明:各国已逐步形成基于各自国情、适应海洋行政管理体制的海洋空间规划体系,其中既存在"国家-区域-地方"的层级控制体系,也存在"战略-结构-使用"的内容控制体系,还存在"国家管辖与地方管辖并行"的独立自由型控制体系。可为我国生态文明建设下的海洋空间规划体系研究实践以及开展区域海洋管理工作提供参考。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.