Early observation of the aurora australis: AD 1640

David M Willis, José M Vaquero and F Richard Stephenson cast a critical eye over evidence of auroral observations in 17th-century Chile.     

Volcanic emissions of metals and halogens from White Island (New Zealand) and Erebus volcano (Antarctica) determined with chemical traps

Volcanic emission rates of As, Sb, Pb, Hg, Se, Cl, and F were determined at Erebus volcano, Antarctica and White Island, New Zealand, using chemical traps. The trace metal fluxes were determined by combining the species to S ratios in the solutions with SO₂ emission rates measured by correlation spectrometry at the two volcanoes. At Erebus volcano, fluxes for the metals Pb and Hg were 2.0 × 10^− 4 and 8.1 × 10^− 6 kg s^− 11, respectively. Fluxes for Cl, F, As, Sb and Se (0.35, 0.15, 2.5 × 10^− 4, 1.2 × 10^− 5, and 4.5 × 10^− 6 kg s^− 1, respectively) agreed within error limits for values determined previously by the LiOH impregnated filter method [Zreda-Gostynska, G., Kyle, P., Finnegan, D., Prestbo, K., 1997. Volcanic gas emissions from Mount Erebus and their impact on the Antarctic environment. Journal of Geophysical Research, 102(B7): 15039–15055.], demonstrating the utility of the chemical trap method. A fall in the As/S ratio from 7 × 10^− 4 in 1997/1999 to 3 × 10^− 4 in 2000 at Erebus coincided with a change in the frequency and style of eruptive activity that may have been due to injection of magma into the system. At White Island, chemical trap data indicated fluxes of Cl = 0.90, F = 0.0079, Pb = 2.7 × 10^− 4, Hg = 1.1 × 10^− 5, As = 1.3 × 10^− 4, Sb = 1.9 × 10^− 5 and Se = 1.5 × 10^− 5 kg s^− 1. Samples collected 600 m downwind of the active crater were comparable to samples collected adjacent to the main gas vent, showing that this method can still be used at some distance from a degassing vent.     

New marine ΔR values for Arctic Canada

For more than four decades, the reporting of ¹⁴C dates on marine molluscs from Arctic Canada has been notable for the lack of consistently applied marine reservoir corrections. We propose that the common approach of reporting Canadian Arctic marine ¹⁴C dates using presumed time-invariant reservoir corrections be abandoned in favour of calibration of ¹⁴C dates, using the current standard protocol. This approach best facilitates inter- and intra-regional correlation, and correlation with other geochronometers. In order to enable the consistent calibration of marine ¹⁴C dates from Arctic Canada, we analysed a ¹⁴C database of 108 marine mollusc samples collected live between 1894 and 1956, and determined regional reservoir offset values (ΔR) for eight oceanographically distinct regions. The following new ΔR values should be used for ¹⁴C calibration: NW Canadian Arctic Archipelago, 335 ± 85 yrs; Foxe Basin, 310 ± 90 yrs; NE Baffin Island, 220 ± 20 yrs; SE Baffin Island, 150 ± 60 yrs; Hudson Strait, 65 ± 60 yrs; Ungava Bay, 145 ± 95 yrs; Hudson Bay, 110 ± 65 yrs; and James Bay, 365 ± 115 yrs.     

On the validity of Boltzmann's distribution law for the charges of aerosol particles in electrical equilibrium

Summary The validity ofBoltzmann's energy distribution law as applied to the charge distribution of monodisperse aerosols, i.e. aerosols which contain particles of one size only, was studied with improved equipment now available.Since monodisperse aerosols with particle size of about 10^–6 cm cannot yet be produced and because aerosols in general contain particles of different sizes, polydisperse aerosols stored in a large gasometer were used for the investigation. The composition and the average radius of these aerosols heterogeneous in particle size were determined by the Exhaustion Method employing a diffusion battery without end-pieces or connecting tubing.The experimental curve found for the ratio of the uncharged (N ₀) to the charged (N) nuclei versus radius (r) of the particles deviates for all investigated radii between 0.5 and 4.0·10^–6 cm from the theoretical curve of a monodisperse aerosol computed according to the Boltzmann law. For radii smaller than about 1.4·10^–6 cmN ₀/N is smaller than that given by Boltzmann's law, for radii greater than 1.4·10^–6 cm larger, or, in other words, forr<1.4·10^–6 cm the number of charged nuclei found in the aerosols investigated is greater than that predicted byBoltzmann's law, and forr>1.4·10^–6 cm smaller.The deviations from the theoretical curve forr>1.4·10^–6 cm can be fully explained by the polydispersity of the aerosols used; forr<1.4·10^–6 cm the deviations are too big to be attributed to polydispersity. From this it must be concluded thatBoltzmann's distribution law is not valid for the charge distribution of homogenous aerosols containing nuclei with radii smaller than about 1.4·10^–6 cm.The equivalent radius as deduced from a substitute monodisperse aerosol in charge equilibrium for which theBoltzmann law is assumed valid, deviates in the range of 1.0·10^–6<r<3.0·10^–6 cm (or 90%>100N ₀/Z>55%) on the average by up to 35% from the actual mean radius of the investigated polydisperse aerosols computed from the radii of their singly sized components.

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Zusammenfassung Die Gültigkeit desBoltzmannschen Gesetzes der Energieverteilung für die Ladungsverteilung von monodispersen Aerosolen, das heisst Aerosolen, welche Teilchen von nur einer Grösse enthalten, wurde mit den jetzt zur Verfügung stehenden verbesserten Mitteln studiert.Da monodisperse Aerosole mit Teilchengrössen von ungefähr 10^–6 cm noch nicht erzeugt werden können und Aerosole im allgemeinen Teilchen von verschiedenen Grössen enthalten, wurden für die jetzige Untersuchung polydisperse Aerosole, welche in einem grossen Gasometer gespeichert waren, benützt. Die Zusammensetzung und der mittlere Radius dieser Aerosole mit heterogener Teilchengrösse wurden nach der Exhaustions-Methode unter Benützung einer Diffusionsbatterie ohne Endstücke oder Verbindungsröhren bestimmt.Die experimentell gefundene Kurve, welche das Verhältnis der ungeladenen (N ₀) und geladenen (N) Kerne als Funktion des Radius (r) darstellt, weicht für alle untersuchten Radien zwischen 0.5 und 4.0·10^–6 cm von der theoretischen Kurve eines monodispersen Aerosols, wie sie nachBoltzmann's Gesetz berechnet wird, ab. Für Radien kleiner als ungefähr 1.4·10^–6 cm ist das VerhältnisN ₀/N kleiner als es durchBoltzmann's Gesetz gegeben wird, für Radien grössen als 1.4·10^–6 cm grösser oder, mit anderen Worten, fürr<1.4·10^–6 cm ist die Zahl der geladenen Teilchen, die in den untersuchten Aerosolen gefunden wurde, grösser als die vonBoltzmann's Gesetz vorausgesagte, und fürr>1.4·10^–6 cm kleiner.Die Abweichungen von der theoretischen Kurve fürr>1.4·10^–6cm können vollkommen durch die Polydispersität der benützten Aerosole erklärt werden; fürr<1.4·10^–6 cm sind die Abweichungen zu gross, als dass sie der Polydispersität zugeschrieben werden könnten. Daraus muss geschlossen werden, dassBoltzmann's Verteilungsgesetz für die Ladungsverteilung eines homogenen Aerosols, welches Kerne mit Radien kleiner als ungefähr 1.4·10^–6 cm enthält, nicht gültig ist.Der äquivalente Radius, wie er von einem im Ladungsgleichgewicht befindlichen, monodispersen Ersatz-Aerosol, für welchesBoltzmann's Gesetz als gültig angenommen wird, abgeleitet werden kann, weicht im Bereich von 1.0·10^–6<r<3.0·10^–6 cm (oder 90%>N ₀/Z>55%) durchschnittlich bis zu 35% vom tatsächlichen mittleren Radius des untersuchten polydispersen Aerosols ab.

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The research reported in this article has been supported in part by the Geophysics Research Directorate of the Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories, through the European Office of the Air Force Research Division, United States Air Force under Contract AF 61(052)-26, by the United States Department of Army, through its European Research Office, Contract DA-91-591-EUC-1282 & 1657 and by the Instrumentation Engineering Physics & Analysis Laboratory of the General Electric Co., Schenectady, New York under Retainer Agreement.     

Conference listing

• WEFTEC 2000,73rd Annual Conference & Exposition
• Anaheim Convention Center, Anaheim, California, USA
• 14 ‐ 18 October 2000
• >Website: http://www.wef.org/Weftec/index.htm

• International Water Conference 2000
• Engineer's Society of W. PA, Pittsburgh, PA
• 22 ‐ 27 October 2000
• Tel: 412‐261‐0710; Fax: 412‐261‐1606

• ICID IEC meeting and joint International Micro Irrigation Congress
• Capetown, South Africa
• 22 ‐ 27 October 2000
• Website: http://www.icid.org/

• Association of Water Technologies, Annual Convention and Exposition
• Association of Water Technologies, Honolulu, HI
• 31 October ‐ 4 November 2000
• Tel: 800‐858‐6683; Fax: 703‐610‐9005

• International Irrigation Show
• Irrigation Association, Phoenix, AZ
• 12 ‐ 14 November 2000
• Tel: 703‐573‐3551; Fax: 703‐573‐1913

• Summit 2000—Annual Meeting & Exposition
• Geological Society of America, Reno, NV
• 12 ‐ 15 November 2000
• Tel: 303‐447‐2020; Fax: 303‐447‐0648

• National Irrigation Symposium
• ASAE, Phoenix, AZ
• 12 ‐ 16 November 2000
• Tel: 616‐428‐6327

• Hydro 2000, 3rd International Hydrology and Water Resources Symposium
• Perth, Western Australia
• 20 ‐ 23 November 2000
• Theme: Interactive hydrology: interactions between hydrology and climate, environment, economics and society. E‐mail: conwes@congresswest.com.au. Website: http://www.ieaust.org.au/hydro2000

• Fresh Perspectives—Limnology, Hydrology, Meteorology
• University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
• 20 ‐ 24 November 2000
• Website: http://www.phys.canterbury.ac.nz/conf/fresh.html

• International Association of Hydrogeologists 30th International Congress 2000 Groundwater Division: Geological Society of South Africa
• Education Faculty, Universty of Cape Town
• 26 November ‐ 1 December 2000
• Theme: Groundwater: Past achievements and future challenges. Contact: IAH Secretariat, Deidre Cloete, Conference Secretariat: IAH Congress: Cape Town 2000, PO Box 452, Stellenbosch. Tel: 2721 886 4496; Fax: 2721 883 8177; E‐mail: deidre@iafrica.com

• 20th Australian Groundwater School
• Centre for Groundwater Studies, Melbourne, Australia
• 27 November ‐ 2 December 2000
• Tel: 61‐8‐8303‐8753; Fax: 61‐8‐8303‐8730

• Water Resource and Reservoir Workshop
• 12 December 2000
• Contact: Hydrocomp, Inc., 3 Lagoon Drive, Suite 150, Redwood City, CA 94065. Tel: (415) 637 9060; Website: http://www.hydrocomp.com/ResRCInfo.html

• AGU, American Geophysical Union, San Francisco
• 15 ‐ 19 December 2000
• Website: http://earth.aqu.org

• International Conference On Integrated Water Resources. Management for Sustainable Development
• Roorkee, India
• 19 ‐ 21 December 2000
• Contact: Dr B Soni, Scientist F and Organising Secretary, National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee‐24667 (U.P.), India. Fax: 0091 1332 72123; E‐mail: bsoni@cc.nih.ernet.in

• International Symposium on Preferential Flow (held in conjunction with the International Soil Erosion Symposium)
• Phoenix, Arizona
• 3 ‐ 5 January 2001
• E‐mail: shafer@asae.org Website: www.asae.org

• Symposium on the Role of Drought in Aquatic Ecosystems
• Albury, Australia
• February 2001
• Contact: The Organizing Committee, Symposium on the Role of Drought in Aquatic Ecosystems, Murray–Darling Freshwater Research Centre and The CRC for Freshwater Ecology, PO Box 921, Albury, NSW 2640, Australia. E‐mail: hump@mdfrc.canberra.edu.au (include the word ‘Symposium’ in the subject heading)

• ACWI, Advisory Committee on Water Information, Conference on TMDL Science Issues
• St Louis, MO
• 4 ‐ 7 March 2001
• Website: http://water.usgs.gov/wicp/upcom.html

• Groundwater Quality 2001. 3rd International Conference
• University of Sheffield,UK
• 18 ‐ 21 June 2001
• Contact: GQ2001 Conference Secretariat, GPRG, Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK. E‐mail: gq2001@sheffield.ac.uk; Website: http://www.shef.ac.uk/∽gq2001/

• The First International Conference on Saltwater Intrusion and Coastal Aquifers‐Monitoring, Modelling and Management
• Essaouira, Morocco
• 18 ‐ 25 April 2001
• Contact: Alexander H‐D Cheng, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA. Tel: 302 831 6787; Fax: 302 831 3640; E‐mail: cheng@ce.udel.edu; Website: http://www.uwin.siu.edu/dir_announce/event/2001/event0418.html

• Changing Wetlands: new developments in wetland science
• 11 ‐ 13 September 2001
• Contact: Conference Secretary, Changing Wetlands Conference, Sheffield Wetlands Research Centre (SWeRC) Department of Geography, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK. Fax: +44 (0)114 279 7912; E‐mail: wetlands@sheffield.ac.uk; Website: http://www.shef.ac.uk/∽g/wetlands/index.html

• XXXI Congress, International Association of Hydrogeologists
• Munich, Germany
• 10 ‐ 14 September 2001
• Website: http://agh.iaag.geo.uni‐muenchen.de

If you would like your conference included please E‐mail details to Stephen Henning. E‐mail: shenning@wiley.co.uk     

Lg amplitude ratios H/Z and station terms in the six eastern provinces of China

Using the data set of about 1 Hz Lg amplitudes from 80 stations in the six eastern provinces of China, the ratios of horizontal to vertical amplitude of Lg waves,H/Z are determined. The mean lg(H/Z)-value is equal to 0.13. For the station bases of soft deposit,granite and sedimentary rock, lg(H/Z)-values average 0.55, 0.04 and 0.10, respectively. For the three kinds of station bases, the station terms of horizontal amplitude,C _h average 0.65, −0.09 and 0.00; that of vertical amplitude,C _z average 0.32, −0.04 and 0.00, respectively. There are the relations betweenC _h ,C _z and lg(H/Z):C _h =0.01+2.10C _z andC _h =−0.15+1.46 lg(H/Z). The Chinese version of this paper appeared in the Chinese edition ofActa Seismologica Sinica,13, 281–286, 1991. Project sponsored by the Chinese Joint Seismological Science Foundation.     

Exploring the stemflow dynamics and driving factors at both inter- and intra-event scales in a typical subtropical deciduous forest

Numerous efforts have been made to understand stemflow dynamics under different types of vegetation at the inter-event scale, but few studies have explored the stemflow characteristics and corresponding influencing factors at the intra-event scale. An in-depth investigation of the inter- and intra-event dynamics of stemflow is important for understanding the ecohydrological processes in forest ecosystems. In this study, stemflow volume (F_V), stemflow funnelling ratio (F_R), and stemflow ratio (F_%) from Quercus acutissima and Broussonetia papyrifera trees were measured at both inter- and intra-event scales in a subtropical deciduous forest, and the driving factors, including tree species and meteorological factors were further explored. Specifically, the F_V, F_R and F_% of Q. acutissima (52.3 L, 47.2, 9.6%) were lower than those of B. papyrifera (85.1 L, 91.2, 12.4%). The effect of tree species on F_V and F_% was more obvious under low intensity rainfall types. At the inter-event scale, F_V had a strong positive linear correlation with rainfall amount (G_P) and event duration (D_E) for both tree species, whereas F_R and F_% had a positive logarithmic correlation with G_P and D_E only under high-intensity, short-duration rainfall type. F_R and F_% were mainly affected by wind speed and the maximum 30-min rainfall intensity under low-intensity, long-duration rainfall type. At the intra-event scale, for both tree species, the mean lag time between the start of rainfall and stemflow was the shortest under high-intensity, short-duration rainfall type, while the mean duration and amount of stemflow after rain cessation were the greatest under high-amount, long-duration rainfall type. The relationship between stemflow intensity and rainfall intensity at the 5-min interval scale also depended greatly on rainfall type. These findings can help clarify stemflow dynamics and driving factors at both inter- and intra-event scales, and also provide abundant data and parameters for ecohydrological simulations in subtropical forests.     

Tephrostratigraphy of the last 170 ka in sedimentary successions from the Adriatic Sea

In this study are discussed new SEM-EDS analyses performed on glass shards from five cores collected in the Central Adriatic Sea and two cores recovered from the South Adriatic Sea. A total of 26 tephra layers have been characterized and compared with the geochemical features of terrestrial deposits and other tephra archives in the area (South Adriatic Sea and Lago Grande di Monticchio, Vulture volcano). The compositions are compatible with either a Campanian or a Roman provenance. The cores, located on the Central Adriatic inner and outer shelf, recorded tephra referred to explosive events described in the literature: AP3 (sub-Plinian activity of the Somma-Vesuvius, 2710 ± 60 ¹⁴C years BP); Avellino eruption (Somma–Vesuvius, 3548 ± 129 ¹⁴C years BP); Agnano Monte Spina (Phlegrean Fields, 4100 ± 400 years BP); Mercato eruption (Somma–Vesuvius, 8010 ± 35 ¹⁴C years BP; Agnano Pomici Principali eruption (Phlegrean Fields, 10,320 ± 50 ¹⁴C years BP); Neapolitan Yellow Tuff (Phlegrean Fields, 12,100 ± 170 ¹⁴C years BP). Some of these layers were also observed in the South Adriatic core IN68-9 in addition to younger (AP2, sub-Plinian eruption, Somma–Vesuvius, 3225 ± 140 ¹⁴C years BP), and older layers (Pomici di Base eruption, Somma–Vesuvius, 18,300 ± 150 ¹⁴C years BP). Significant is the tephra record of core RF95-7 that, for the first time in the Adriatic Sea, reports the occurrence of tephra layers older than 60 ka: the well known Mediterranean tephra layers X2 (ca. 70 ka), W1 (ca. 140 ka) and V2 (Roman origin, ca. 170 ka) as well as other tephra layers attributed, on the basis of geochemistry and biostratigraphy, to explosive eruptions occurred at Vico (138 ± 2 and 151 ± 3 ka BP) and Ischia (147–140 ka BP).     

Totalregistrierendes Fadenpendel für die absolute Schwerebestimmung

Summary The thread pendulum previously was found to have remarkable advantages in avoiding systematical errors with regard to absolute gravity determination. To assure, on account of the present claims, the whole force of conviction, full recording of energy transformation seems to be indispensable. Two influences on the period of the pendulum, as yet remained without consideration, habe been treated: theFoucault revolution and the elliptical figure of the swing whenever occurring — which may be considered as a contribution to the movement of the spherical pendulum. In order to prepare the final measurements a number of introducing steps are to be regarded.

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Résumé Le pendule à fil, discuté précédemment, a été trouvé supérieur à cause de manque des erreurs systématiques pour la détermination de la gravité. Au but d'assurer une précision convaincante en raison des prétentions modernes, l'enrégistrement total de la transformation énergétique est retenue indispensable. Deux influences à la période oscillatoire du pendule, jusqu'à présent restées sans considération, ont été examinées: la révolution deFoucault et la figure élliptique d'oscillation. Les deux, proposées comme suppléments au mouvement du pendule sphérique. En outre la préparation des mesures définitives exige de considérer un nombre de démarches introductives.

     

Homogenization of Earthquake Catalog for Northeast India and Adjoining Region

A catalog for northeast India and the adjoining region for the period 1897–2009 with 4,497 earthquakes events is compiled for homogenization to moment magnitude M _w,GCMT in the magnitude range 3–8.7. Relations for conversion of m _b and M _s magnitudes to M _w,GCMT are derived using three different methods, namely, linear standard regression, inverted standard regression (ISR) and orthogonal standard regression (OSR), for different magnitude ranges based on events data for the catalog period 1976–2006. The OSR relations for M _s to M _w,GCMT conversion derived in this paper have significantly lower errors in regression parameters compared to the relations reported in other studies. Since the number of events with magnitude ≥7 for this region is scanty, we, therefore, considered whole India region to obtain the regression relationships between M _w,GCMT and M _s,ISC. A relationship between M _w,GCMT and M _w,NEIC is also obtained based on 17 events for the range 5.2 ≤ magnitude ≤ 6.6. A unified homogeneous catalog prepared using the conversion relations derived in this paper can serve as a reference catalog for seismic hazard assessment studies in northeast India and the adjoining region.     

Second order elasticity theory: An improved formulation of the Grüneisen parameter at high pressure

The second order theory of elasticity, in which terms to second order in strain are retained in calculating atomic bond length changes and elastic moduli, is extended to describe thermal vibration of a face-centred cubic crystal. Coupled with equations relating the pressure dependences of elastic constants, this yields a new formulation of the thermal Grüneisen parameter γ in terms of pressure P, incompressibility K and rigidity, μ

$\text{λ}\text{1}\text{2}\text{d}\text{K}\text{d}\text{P}\text{?}\text{1}\text{2}\text{+}\text{1}\text{9}\text{P}\text{K}\text{?}\text{1}\text{3}\text{?}\text{1}\text{9}\text{P}\text{K}\text{f}\text{1?}\text{2}\text{3}\text{P}\text{K}\text{?}\text{2}\text{3}\text{P}\text{K}\text{f}$

where f = 24 (3 K ? 2 P)/(3 K + 115 μ + 90 P). The factor f arises from bond interactions and the case f = 1, representing independent bonds (no interactions), yields the free-volume γ- Since we have shown earlier that the second order elasticity theory provides a convincing explanation of the elasticity of the inner core, we believe that the new formula is appropriate for the inner core. It is, however, inadequate to describe the lower mantle γ, in which atomic bond angle rigidity, not considered here, may be appreciable.     

Conference listing

• AGI 2004 Ocean Sciences Meeting
• Portland, Oregon, USA
• 26–30 January 2004
• Sponsor: AGU
• Contact: A Singer, AGU, 2000 Florida Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20009, USA
• Tel: +1 202 777 7340
• Fax: +1 202 328 0566
• E‐mail: asinger@agu.org
• Website: agu.org/meetings/

• European Geosciences Union, 1st General Assembly
• Nice, France
• 25–30 April 2004
• Website: http://www.copernicus.org/EGU/ga/egu/04

• Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Water Resources III
• Nashville, TN
• 17–19 May 2004
• Website: http://www.awra.org/meetings/Nashville2004/index.html

• CGU/AGU/SEG
• Montreal, Quebec
• 17–21 May 2004
• Website: http://www.agu.org/meetings/sm04/

• North American Genthological Society Meeting
• Vancouver, BC
• 6–10 June 2004
• Website: http://benthos.org/index.cfm

• 61 Eastern Snow Conference
• Portland, Maine, USA
• 9–11 June 2004
• Website: http://www.easternsnow.org/

• International Conference on Groundwater Vulnerability Assessment and Mapping
• Sosnowiec, Poland
• 16–19 June 2004
• Contact: Dr Andrzej J. Witkowski, Secretariat of the Conference, University of Silesia, B?dzińska Str., 60, 41‐200 Sosnowiec, Poland
• Tel: +48 32 291 68 88
• Fax: +48 32 291 58 65
• E‐mail: switkows@us.edu.pl
• Website: http://khgi.wnoz.us.edu.pl/vulnerability.htm

• Riverflow 2004–Second International Conference on Fluvial Hydraulics
• Naples, Italy
• 23–25 June 2004
• Website: http://www.riverflow2004.unina.it

• Riparian Ecosystems and Buffers: Multi‐Scale Structure, Function and Management
• Olympic Valley, CA
• 28–30 June 2004
• Website: http://www.awra.org/Olympic2004/index.html

• BHS International Conference on ‘Hydrology: Science and Practise for the 21^st Century’
• Imperial College, London
• 12–16 July 2004
• Contact: Dr Adrian Butler
• Tel: 020 7954 6122 Fax: 020 7594 6124
• E‐mail: a.butler@ic.ac.uk
• Website: http://www.hydrology.org.uk/index.html

• Italia 2004 32^nd International Geological Congress “From the Mediterranean Area Toward a Global Geological Renaissance” Geology, Natural Hazards and Cultural Heritage
• Florence
• 20–28 August 2004
• Contact: Chiara Manetti, Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Via La Pira, 4‐50121 Firenze, Italy
• Tel/Fax: +39 055 2382146
• Email: casaitalia@geo.unifi.it

• Good Water Governance for People & Nature: What Roles for Law, Institutions, Science & Finance
• Dundee, Scotland
• 29 August–1 September 2004
• Website: http://www.awra.org/meetings/Dundee2004/index.html

• XXXIII Congress of IAH—Conference on Groundwater Flow Understanding: From Local to Regional Scale. Joint Conference IAH/ALHSUD
• Mexico
• 11–15 October 2004
• E‐mail: aih@igris.igeograf.unam.mx
• Website: www.igeograf.unam.mx/aih

• Acid Rain 2005 7th International Conference on Acid Deposition
• Prague, Czech Republic
• 12–17 June 2005
• Contact: Jaroslav Santroch Czech Hydrometeorological Institute, Na Sabatce 17, 14306 Prague 4, Czech Republic
• Tel: +420 24 1765803
• Fax: +420 24 1760689
• E‐mail: info@acidrain2005.cz
• Website: http://www.acidrain2005.cz

If you would like your conference included please E‐mail details to Anne Flynn. E‐mail: aflynn@wiley.co.uk Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Elasticity of orthoenstatite

Elastic constants of orthoenstatite have been determined from Brillouin-scattering measurements. They are c₁₁ = 2.247, c₂₂ = 1.779, c₃₃ = 2.136, c₄₄ = 0.776, c₅₅ = 0.759, c₆₆ = 0.816, c₂₃ = 0.527, c₃₁ = 0.541 and c₁₂ = 0.724 Mbar. Each elastic constant is uniquely defined by the data. Acoustic velocities measured for two directions ultrasonically on the same samples are within 1% of those determined from Brillouin-scattering spectra.     

Possibilita' di applicazione dei metodi geoelettrici di prospezione alla registrazione dei movimenti del magma entro i condotti vulcanici

Riassunto Dopo avere accennato all'importanza della registrazione dei movimenti del magma nel condotto vulcanico ai fini scientifici, viene mostrata, attraverso alcune esperienze, la possibilità di una utile registrazione e che tale possibilità può raggiungersi più facilmente mediante l'impiego dei seguenti metodi usati nella prospezione del sottosuolo: metodo di Wenner, metodo della misura diretta della resistenza, metodo induttivo.

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Zusammenfassung Nach Hervorhebung der Wichtigkeit die Bewegungen des Magmas im innern eines Vulkans registrieren zu können, wird gezeigt, auf Grund einiger Experimente, wie diese Registrierung möglich ist und zwar durch die Anwendung der geoelektrischen Bodenforschungs-Verfahren, nähmlich: di Wenner-Methode, die Methode der direkten Widerstands-Messung, Induktions-Verfahren.

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Résumé Après avoir fait allusion à l'importance scientifique de l'enregistrement des mouvements du magna dans le conduit d'un volcan, on démontre, avec quelques expériences, la possibilité d'un enregistrement convenable qu'on peut obtenir d'ailleurs plus aisément en enployant une des méthodes suivantes utilisées dans la prospection du sous-sol: méthode de Wenner, méthode de la mésure directe de la résistance, méthode inductive.

     

Persistent organic pollutants and stable isotopes in pinnipeds from King George Island,Antarctica

In the present work, fat, skin, liver and muscle samples from Leptonychotes weddellii (Weddell seal, n = 2 individuals), Lobodon carcinophagus (crabeater seal, n = 2), Arctocephalus gazella (Antarctic fur seal, n = 3) and Mirounga leonina (southern elephant seal, n = 1) were collected from King George Island, Antarctica, and analysed for POPs (PCBs, organochlorine pesticides and PBDEs) and stable isotopes (δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N in all tissues but fat). PBDEs could be found in only one sample (L. weddellii fat). Generally, PCBs (from 74 to 523 ng g⁻¹ lw), DDTs (from 14 to 168 ng g⁻¹ lw) and chlordanes (from 9 to 78 ng g⁻¹ lw) were the prevailing compounds. Results showed a clear stratification in accordance with ecological data. Nonetheless, stable isotope analyses provide a deeper insight into fluctuations due to migrations and nutritional stress. Correlation between δ¹⁵N and pollutants suggests, to some degree, a considerable ability to metabolize and/or excrete the majority of them.     

Conference listing

• The GWP (Global Water Consulting Partnership) Consulting Partners (CP) Meeting
• Accra, Ghana
• 17–18 June 2002
• Theme: IWRM and the Regions

• Other GWP meetings associated with the CP meeting in Accra:
• RTAC: June 12
• TEC: June 13–15
• WATAC/TEC: June 15
• SC: June 19

• SC Meeting
• Accra, Ghana
• 19 June 2002
• Steering Committee

• 18th ICID Congress
• 21–28 June 2002
• Montreal, Canada
• Organizers: ICID—CIID
• E‐mail: icid@icid.org

• XIV International Conference on Computational Methods in Water Resources
• Delft, The Netherlands
• 23–28 June 2002
• Phone: +31‐152‐785074
• Fax: +31‐152‐785915
• Website: http://cmwr2002.citg.tudelft.nl

• Biennial Meeting of the International Environmental Modelling and Software Society
• Theme: Integrated Assessment and Decision Support
• University of Lugano, Switzerland
• 24–27 June 2002
• Contact: Dr Andrea Rizzoli, Istituto Dalle Molle di Studi Sull' Intelligenza Artificiale, Galleria 2, CH‐6928 Manno, Switzerland
• Tel: +41 (0)91 6108664
• Fax: +41 (0)91 6108661
• E‐mail: andrea@idsia.ch

• 2nd International Conference New Trend in Water and Environmental Engineering for Safety and Life: Eco‐compatible solutions for Aquatic Environments
• Capri, Italy
• 24–28 June 2002
• E‐mail: info@capri2002.com
• Website: http://www.capri2002.com

• Fifth International Conference on Hydroinformatics
• Cardiff School of Engineering,
• Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
• 1–5 July 2002
• Contact: Cherrie Summers, Hydroinformatics 2002
• Secretariat
• Tel/Fax: +44 (0)29 2087 4421
• E‐mail: SummersC@cardiff.ac.uk
• Website: http://www.cf.ac.uk/engin/news/confs/hydro/index.html

• The 11th International Conference for Science Editors Global Science Communication in the New Century
• Beijing, China
• 24–29 August 2002
• Contact:
• Tel: 86 10 68597750/68597751
• Fax: 86 10 68597748
• E‐mail: cllan@cashq.ac.cn
• Website: http://www.cessp.org.cn/ifse.htm

• Annual Conference of the Society for Ecological Restoration: “Restoration Across Borders”
• Niagra Falls, Ontario
• 4–6 October 2001
• E‐mail: SER2001@niagrac.on.ca
• Website: http://www.river‐management.org/conferences.html

• Wetland Soils and Hydrology
• Albuquerque, New Mexico
• 7–10 October 2001
• Registration: $875
• Information: Wetland Training Istitute, Post Office Box 31, Glenwood, New Mexico, 88039
• Tel: 877/792‐6482
• E‐mail: getinfo@wetlandtraining.com
• Website: http://www.river‐management.org/conferences.html

• 2002 Annual Water Resources Conference
• Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
• 4–7 November 2002
• Website: http://www.spatialhydrology.com/

• ICWRD—2002 International Conference on Water Related Disasters
• 5–6 December 2002
• Organised by Indian Association of Hydrologists
• Roorkee and West Bengal Regional Centre
• Contact: Sri S. K. Banerjee/Professor S. C. Das
• Organising Secretary/Co‐Chairman (ICWRD—2002, IAH, WBRC)
• 12D/18 Naktala lane
• Kolkata—700047, WB,
• INDIA
• Tel: ?241 6240 (R)/210 0085 (O)
• Fax: ?033 241 6329
• E‐mail: wb5rp@calz.vsnl.net.in or d‐subhas@mailcity.com

• 2002 AGU Fall Meeting
• San Francisco, California, USA
• 6–10 December 2002
• Sponsor: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
• Contact: AGU Meetings, 2000 Florida Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20009 USA
• Tel: +1‐202‐462‐6900
• Fax: +1‐202‐328‐0566
• E‐mail: meetinginfo@agu.org
• Website: www.agu.org/meetings

If you would like your conference included please E‐mail details to Anne Flynn. E‐mail: aflynn@wiley.co.uk Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Distribution of ionospheric O<Superscript>+</Superscript> ion in synchronous altitude region

Based on satellite observation data, using dynamics equation, the ionospheric O⁺ ion’s distribution in the synchronous altitude region for different geomagnetic activity indexK _p is studied by theoretical modeling and numerical analyzing, and semi-empirical models for the O⁺ ion’s density and flux versus longitude in the synchronous altitude region for differentK _p are given. The main results show that in the synchronous altitude region: (i) The O⁺ ion’s density and flux in day-side are larger than those in nightside. (ii) With longitude changing, the higher the geomagnetic activity indexK _p is, the higher the O⁺ ion’s density and flux, and their variation amplitude will be. The O⁺ ion’s density and flux whenK _{p ≥} 6 will be about ten times as great as that whenK _p = 0. (iii) WhenK _p = 0 orK _{p ≥} 6, the O⁺ ion’s density reaches maximum at longitudes 120° and 240° respectively, and minimum in the magnetotail. WhenK _p = 3−5, the O⁺ ion’s density gets to maximum at longitude 0°, and minimum in the magnetotail. However, the O⁺ ion’s flux reaches maximum at longitude 120° and 240° respectively, and minimum in the magnetotail for anyK _p value.     

Sur les perturbations magnétiques à Mogadiscio

Summary The comparison of the geomagneticK-indices for Mogadiscio with the correspondingK _p for the whole earth, during the 2.nd Intern. Polar Year 1932–33, allows to deduce some features of the equatorial geomagnetic activity. Furthermore, evidence is adduced indicating that the geomagnetic disturbance at Mogadiscio is normal inH andD, while it appears slightly abnormal inZ.

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Communication presentée à l'Association Internationale de Magnétisme et Electricité Terrestres, IXe Assemblée Générale de l'UGGI, Bruxelles, Séance du 28 Août 1951.