Exposure of grass shrimp to sediments receiving highway runoff: Effects on reproduction and DNA

A grass shrimp bioassay was carried out on sediments from three estuarine stations which were different distances from a highway storm drain. Total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations were 29, 1.5 and 0.1 μg/g sediment at stations A (next to drain), B (100 m from drain) and C (500 m from drain), respectively. Lower embryo production and embryo hatching rates and a higher level of DNA strand breaks (comet assay) were observed in grass shrimp exposed to stations A and B sediments. There appeared to be an association between reproduction abnormalities and increased DNA strand breaks as a result of grass shrimp exposure to estuarine sediments receiving highway runoff.     

DNA strand breaks (comet assay) and embryo development effects in grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio) embryos after exposure to genotoxicants.

Grass shrimp embryos develop in egg sacs (stages 1-10) attached to the female for 14-20 days after which they 'hatch' from the egg sacs into a swimming zoea stage (stage 11). Until they emerge from the egg sacs, embryos depend on lipids and lipovitellin stored within the egg. The percent of embryos which hatch after exposure to toxicants relative to controls was the basis of an embryo development assay. Exposure of embryos to chromium(III) chloride, sodium chromate, mercuric chloride, and 2-methyl-1,2-naphthoquinone (MNQ) resulted in a reduced hatching rate. In addition to effects on embryo development, DNA strand damage tests were carried out on contaminant-exposed embryos, using the single-cell electrophoresis method often referred to as comet assay. Development of stage 4 embryos was more affected by MNQ exposure than stage 7 embryos. The hatching rates of stages 4 and 7 embryos exposed to MNQ (172 micrograms/l) were 0 and 90%, respectively. DNA strand damage, measured as DNA tail moments, were 3.4 and 4.4, respectively. Thus, exposure of an early embryo stage to MNQ prevented full embryo development while development of later embryo stages was not affected. It may be that the DNA repair systems are more efficient in later embryo stages than in early stages and thus DNA damaged in the early stages affects development.     

DNA adducts in mussels and fish exposed to bulky genotoxic compounds

Biological and procedural factors can influence DNA adduct detection in aquatic organisms. Among them, functional structure and metabolic traits represent major biological determinants for adducts formed by lipophilic pro-mutagenic contaminants. In detecting DNA adducts through the 32P-postlabelling assay, efficiency in DNA purification, digestion, labelling, as well as adduct enrichment and quantification may explain differences between independent studies. Reference DNA adducts have been used to verify some 32P-postlabelling aspects. Data obtained for mussels and fish treated with benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) and environmentally exposed to genotoxins confirm the above assertions. Although the 32P-postlabelling assay cannot be proposed for routine biomonitoring it appears a reliable and very sensitive index of exposure to genotoxic pollutants in both fish and mollusks.     

细角滨对虾的幼体发育及形态特征

以细角滨对虾Litopenaeus stylirostris为实验对象,按时间顺序观察了胚胎各期的形态特征。通过解剖从无节幼体到仔虾第1天各期幼体的附肢,对其发育形态及其刚毛着生方式进行了描述和统计。比较研究了细角滨对虾和凡纳滨对虾L.vannamei无节幼体期形态差异以及色素的变化、溞状幼体期眼上棘形态的差异以及大颚齿数目。结果表明,无节幼体期细角滨对虾的色素明显多于凡纳滨对虾;两者溞状幼体期眼上棘的形态存在明显差异;两者在无节幼体至仔虾第1天各期大颚活动齿的数目变化一致。     

半滑舌鳎胚胎发育及仔鱼生长与盐度的关系

就半滑舌鳎(CynoglossussemilaevisGünther)受精卵和早期仔鱼生长发育与盐度的关系作了初步探讨。受精卵在盐度低于25的海水中全部下沉,在高于29的海水中浮在水面,而当盐度在26～28.5之间时在海水中呈悬浮状态。受精卵孵化的最适盐度为25～35,此盐度范围内孵化率都可达88%以上,盐度低于20或高于40孵化率降低,初孵仔鱼畸形率升高。盐度对仔鱼生长有一定的影响:盐度在25～35时初孵仔鱼存活率最高,盐度32.5时生长最好;盐度30～32.5范围内刚开口仔鱼的存活率较高,生长最快;盐度低于20时变态期仔鱼的存活率与盐度高于25时没有显著差异(P>0.05),但两者体长存在显著差异(P<0.05)。盐度高于40或低于10会延滞胚胎发育速率,孵化时间在盐度低于10时会相对延长。     

Comet assays to assess DNA damage and repair in grass shrimp embryos exposed to phototoxicants

Exposure of grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio) embryos to four compounds (anthracene, pyrene, alpha-terthienyl, methylene blue) along with solar exposure resulted in extensive DNA strand damage using the comet assay. DNA tail moments of embryos exposed to these chemicals in the dark ranged from 1.8 to 4.3, while exposure to chemicals and solar resulted in tail moments of 14.3-15.3. Reduction of DNA tail moments when solar exposed embryos were transferred to the dark, suggested DNA repair systems were active. The comet assay can be used to follow both DNA damage and repair following exposure to phototoxic chemicals.     

DNA strand breaks in grass shrimp embryos exposed to highway runoff sediments and sediments with coal fly ash

Embryo production was reduced in female grass shrimp exposed to sediments with added coal fly ash and to sediments collected from an estuarine station containing high PAH concentrations due to its proximity to a highway storm drain. Grass shrimp embryos exposed to pore water from the high PAH and high metal sediments showed both reduced hatching and increases in DNA strand breaks (comet assay). Sediments with added coal fly ash had high concentrations of vanadium and selenium which may have contributed to effects similar to those observed with sediments with high PAH. The embryo pore water bioassay (hatching/DNA strand breaks) gave results comparable to those observed for reproduction effects (reduced embryo production/embryo hatching) with female grass shrimp exposed to whole sediment.     

海上油田开发中后期砂岩储层构型剖析与表征

在油田开发中后期,砂层组或小层级别的砂岩储层内部构型剖析与表征逐渐成为储层研究的重点。在少井条件下充分挖掘地震资料信息,建立储层内部结构特征的地震响应关系,发展“以地震信息为导向,井震联合”的方法,成为海上油田储层构型研究的有效途径。通过井点处曲线形态、砂体厚度、垂向高程差异等信息对砂体期次的刻画,以及结构类敏感地震属性对砂体边界的预测,开展复合砂体的垂向分期与侧向划界,能够实现储层构型的剖析。结合海上油田的资料基础和开发特点,形成一套储层构型的结构和成因表征方法：分析沉积类型及其对砂体展布的控制机理,构建沉积模式;优选敏感地震属性,预测储层内部结构;标定井震资料的地质含义并转化为合理参数;综合多信息编制地质图件。     

Effects of MV Rena heavy fuel oil and dispersed oil on yellowtail kingfish early life stages

ABSTRACT

The grounding of the MV Rena has highlighted the lack of information concerning the effects of oil-related compounds on New Zealand marine life. Yellowtail kingfish (YTK), Seriola lalandi, embryos were exposed in static incubations to the water-accommodated fraction (WAF) of Rena heavy fuel oil as well as a similar preparation treated with the commercial dispersant Corexit 9500. Mortality in WAF treatments generally increased in association with total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (tPAH) concentration over a 24-h period. Physical abnormalities were observed in some of the larvae exposed to WAF for 48 h. There was no survival in dispersed oil treatments after 24 h of exposure. These treatments had greater tPAH concentrations (2–53?µgL^?1) than equivalent WAF dilutions (0.2–1.5?µgL^?1?tPAH). Indications are that significant morbidity is induced in YTK at ecologically relevant tPAH concentrations. This highlights the need for further research into oil and dispersant toxicity in New Zealand marine species.     

Interactive effects of UV, benzo[alpha] pyrene, and cadmium on DNA damage and repair in embryos of the grass shrimp Paleomonetes pugio

We examined the link between DNA strand breaks and hatching rates in grass shrimp, (Paleomonetes pugio), embryos exposed to 0.2 microM benzo[alpha] pyrene (BP), 5 microM cadmium (Cd) and 330 kJ/m(2) UV light, either alone or together. After exposure, embryos were transferred to clean seawater with or without 5 microM Cd. Hatching rates and DNA strand breaks (Comet Assay) were determined. DNA lesions caused by exposure to BP, UV light, or BP/cadmium were rapidly repaired and were not associated with any effects on hatching. Exposure to Cd after exposure to BP or UV did not affect embryological development or DNA repair. Exposure to BP/UV resulted in a high level of DNA lesions which were slowly repaired. Exposure to cadmium following BP/UV exposure inhibited hatching and DNA repair. Adducts formed during exposure to BP/UV exposure may be difficult to excise or may saturate the nucleotide excision repair system.     

绿鳍马面鲀早期生长发育与摄食特性的研究

在人工培育条件下,采用实验生态学方法,对绿鳍马面鲀(Thamnaconusmodestus)仔、稚、幼鱼生长、发育与摄食特性的变化进行了研究。结果表明,绿鳍马面鲀仔、稚、幼鱼的各生长指标可拟合为具有1～2个生长转折点的2～3段直线,其中全长、体长、体质量、肛前长、头长、吻长和体高可拟合为3段直线,眼径可拟合为2段直线。头长在第一转折点后的生长速率显著高于其他指标,除头长和体高在第二个生长转折点后生长速率减慢外,其余各项生长指标生长速度均逐渐加快。3～4日龄"开口期"前后的仔鱼,摄食发生率和饱食率均较低,随后逐渐升高。摄食发生率在12日龄后达到100%,饱食率在25日龄后达到100%(消化道充塞度为3～4级)。绿鳍马面鲀仔、稚、幼鱼均为白天摄食类型,白天摄食量占全天摄食量的71.6%以上。随日龄增长,鱼苗饱食时间呈下降趋势,消化时间则呈上升趋势。了解绿鳍马面鲀早期的生长发育与摄食特性,可为人工育苗管理提供参考,以促进鱼苗生长,提高成活率。     

Effects of naphthalene and phenanthrene on visual and prey capture endpoints during early stages of the dourado Salminus brasiliensis

Naphthalene (NAP) and phenanthrene (PHE) effects on Salminus brasiliensis, a carnivorous freshwater fish, were investigated using behavioral tests. Larval stages of S. brasiliensis were exposed to water concentrations of 0, 0.04 mg/l, 0.20mg/l and 0.50mg/l for naphthalene and 0, 0.01 mg/l, 0.05 mg/l and 0.1mg/l for phenanthrene during two developmental phases. The prey fish Prochilodus lineatus were not exposed. Visual acuity was measured at the end of phase 2 in individual S. brasiliensis, which were also tested at the end of each phase for number of attacks on prey, number of prey captured, prey capture efficiency, and distance swam. Vision was impaired by PHE exposure, as acuity angles increased in exposed fish. At Stage I 2.3+/-1.2 prey were captured with 46% efficiency in controls compared to 0.4+/-0.3 prey captured with 13.4% efficiency in fish exposed to 0.05 mg PHEl(-1), the LOEL for both endpoints. At Stage II 4.0+/-1.1 preys were captured in controls compared to 2.5+/-0.9 preys captured in fish exposed to 0.01 mg PHEl(-1), the LOEL. Stage II control fish captured prey with 70% efficiency compared to 30% efficiency at Stage II fish exposed to 0.05 mg PHEl(-1), the LOEL. Distance swam was not affected by either NAP or PHE exposure. The exposure of larval stages of S. brasiliensis to realistic water concentrations of PHE impairs foraging skills and could affect recruitment of the species.     

对虾病毒性疾病研究最新进展

本文从病因病理，人工感染，检测与分子生物学，组织培养，疾病控制等方面介绍了对虾病毒性疾病研究最新进展。     

盐度对褐毛鲿胚胎发育和早期仔鱼存活率的影响

为了探索褐毛鲿(Megalonibea fusca)胚胎孵化和早期仔鱼生长发育最适宜的盐度条件,作者观察了其胚胎在6个盐度(35、30、25、20、15、10)海水中沉浮性、发育、初孵仔鱼分布状态.结果表明:胚胎在盐度35时完全上浮,盐度低于25完全下沉,在盐度30时处于半悬浮状态;不同盐度对胚胎发育有一定影响:在盐度30~15范围内,胚胎发育较快,孵化时间较为一致,在盐度35和10发育变慢,孵化时间延长2.5 h以上;初孵仔鱼在不同盐度海水中呈不同分布状态:在盐度35时完全上浮表层,盐度25~30分布于中下层至中上层,盐度25大部分仔鱼沉底,盐度低于20,初孵仔鱼全部沉底.观察了10个盐度(35、32、29、26、23、20、17、14、11、8)海水中胚胎孵化率和早期仔鱼存活率,结果表明:褐毛鲿胚胎在盐度35~8范围内孵化率达(76±2)%~(98±2)%,在较低盐度26~11区间,孵化率达(88±0)%~(98±2)%,显示低盐区更高的孵化率,而在较高盐度29~35区间,孵化率在(82±2)%~(84±2)%,并且具有明显趋向性,即盐度大于29,随盐度升高孵化率逐渐下降;盐度对早期仔鱼存活率有明显影响:孵化后40 h 正常仔鱼最高存活率在低盐度26~8区,为(89.4±2.2)%~(97.4±0.1)%,盐度大于29,随着盐度上升仔鱼死亡率骤然升高,在盐度29~35,升至(31.7±0.7)%~(38.1±1.5)%,畸形率升至(7.1±0.2)%~(10.7±0.5)%,正常仔鱼存活率下降至(61.0±1.0)%~(61.9±1.5)%.低盐度区仔鱼有更高的存活率.褐毛鲿胚胎最适孵化盐度在29~32,早期仔鱼最适培育盐度为26.     

三疣梭子蟹早期发育阶段的耗氧量、耗氧率与体质量的关系

分析测定了未经处理的普通三疣梭子蟹和经过溶藻弧菌感染筛选的三疣梭子蟹从第Ⅰ期溞状幼体(Z1)到第Ⅳ期仔蟹(C4)各发育阶段的耗氧量和耗氧率,比较了两类梭子蟹的耗氧情况,并研究了三疣梭子蟹体质量与溶解氧需求的关系.结果表明:两类三疣梭子蟹早期发育阶段的体质量与耗氧量、耗氧率均呈幂函数关系,耗氧量随体质量的增加而增加,耗氧率则随体质量的增加而降低;各发育阶段普通蟹和筛选蟹体质量差异不显著;在Z1期和Z3期,筛选蟹的耗氧率显著低于普通蟹(P＜0.01),Z2期筛选蟹的耗氧率显著高于普通蟹(P＜0.01),Z4期至仔蟹期,两类梭子蟹耗氧率差异不显著(P＞0.01).     

后刺才女虫胚胎及幼虫发育过程研究

应用显微技术观察了后刺才女虫（Polydora latispinosa）胚胎的发育过程及各发育阶段幼虫形态结构特点,以期为多毛类的发育生物学研究和分类学积累更多的资料。结果显示,后刺才女虫在魁蚶内表面形成瘤状突起,在外套膜上钻孔,导致外套膜溃疡发红。后刺才女虫受精卵在卵袋中发育至三刚节幼虫时,幼虫破袋而出开始营浮游生活...     

Postglacial sea-level changes and development stages of fluvial-estuarine system

-On the basis of the data obtained from the investigations on some rivers in China and Australia, the author discusses the spatial and temporal changes of various portions of fluvial-estuarine system during postglacial sea-level rising in present coastal and deltaic areas. The evolution of a fluvial-estuarine system can be divided into four development stages: early transgression, late transgression, stationary and regression. Early transgression brought about filling-in of the paleo-valley formed in low stand of sea level. In response to late transgression the estuaries were created, during the stationary stage the big swamp was developed. The regression led to estuaries to be filled with sediments and then became deltas. At the same locality the fluvial-estuarine system changed with time. In the transgressive period the lower reach of a river changed into an estuary, and then became nearshore area. In the regressive period the nearshore area changed into an estuary , and then became delta.     

Differences in the effects of mercury on predator avoidance in two populations of the grass shrimp Palaemonetes pugio

Adult Palaemonetes pugio were collected from two tidal creek systems, Piles Creek (PC), a mercury polluted estuary, and Big Sheepshead Creek (BSC), a relatively pristine creek. Adult killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus), a natural predator of P. pugio, were obtained from BSC. For each test, ten treated (0·01 mg/liter mercuric chloride (HgCl), or 0·01 mg/liter methylmercuric chloride (MeHg)), or control shrimp here introduced into a tank containing three fish. The time between capture of the first and second BSC HgCl treated shrimp was significantly faster (P < 0·05), as was the time between the first and second capture (P < 0·05) of MeHg treated BSC shrimp when compared with their respective controls. In addition, significantly more (P < 0·025) BSC HgCl treated shrimp were captured after 120 min. No significant difference existed between control and HgCl treated PC shrimp; however, significantly more PC MeHg treated shrimp were captured after 60 (P < 0·05) min when compared with their respective controls. These data suggest that PC shrimp, subjected to mercury in their natural environment, are more tolerant to the sublethal effects of both HgCl and MeHg. These data also suggest that behavioral studies can be very sensitive assays for determining the effects of sublethal concentrations of toxicants on populations of organisms.     

鮸状黄姑鱼的早期发育研究

本文对状黄姑鱼的胚胎和仔、稚鱼各发育阶段的形态特征进行了描述。绝状黄姑鱼的受精卵为圆球形浮性卵,无色透明。在水温20～23℃,盐度26～30的条件下,经24h35min陆续孵出仔鱼。胚胎发育分为26期。初孵仔鱼至孵化后4日龄为仔鱼前期;孵化后5～22日龄为仔鱼后期;孵化后23～32日龄为雅鱼期;孵化后33日龄进入幼鱼早期。仔、稚鱼培育水温18～28C,盐度20～30。仔鱼2日龄稍开口,3～4日龄为混合营养阶段,是仔鱼的主要危险期。     

丰年虫粉虾苗幼体饲料对日本对虾溞状幼体的影响

本文就丰年虫粉虾苗幼体饲料(OG)对日本对虾溞状幼体的影响进行试验初步得出，OG饲养效果优于日本车元饲料，从溞状幼体1期至糠虾幼体1期的转化率提高9.2％，且转化时间缩短了0.5d，幼体活力好.文中还就相关的问题进行了讨论.