Deformation and metamorphism at the South-margin of the Alps,East of Bellinzona,Switzerland

Deformation and metamorphism of rock series at the South-margin of the Alps, E of Bellinzona, are studied. Magmatic relics and metamorphic Minerals and rock types of the Tonalite and of the Augengneiss of Melirolo are examined. These bodies are regarded as of magmatic origin. Zoning of plagioclase is ascribed to rise of melts and cooling under loss of volatiles. Subvolcanic dykes branch off the Augengneiss into the Tonale Series. The magmatics are late-alpine and intruded into the Southerly cover plate on top of the subduction zone. The cover plate was still cold and unaffected by alpine deformation during this intrusion. Later deformation and heating of cover plate and magmatics is late-alpine. The Tonalite-deformation was quantified by a study of xenolith-deformation. The Tonalite was flattened to 1/20 of its original width. We extrapolate this flattening to the Southerly steep zone, now 5 km broad. We conclude that this zone was 100 km wide befor late-alpine flattening. This deformation occurred during the higher T part of lepontine heat-rise. A maximum T of ca 580 C and pH₂0 5–6 kbar is reached after the main deformation. Considerable stretching upward buried the niveau of intrusion, formerly shallow, under 15–20 km of rocks. The Tonale Series suffered 3-fold rotational refolding under subsiding T after the main deformation. An early-alpine subduction eclogite was found imbricated into the Tonale Series. It still contains parts of the subduction paragenesis preserved or pseudomorphosed and relics of subduction preferred orientation. Under late-alpine deformation it is changed into amphibolite. This proves continuation of subduction from Val Sesia to our area and further E. The magmatics are interpreted as subduction-magmatites. They cannot be derived as partial melts from the subducted slice which underlies the Tonale Series, from which the eclogite was imbricated into the Tonale Series during late-alpine movements.Voll has found a more Northerly subduction zone (Adula Nappe, Misox Zone). This may have reached our area in sufficient depth to produce partial melts before late-alpine flattening of the marginal zone. Last movements at the Insubric Line formed blastomylonites at 300 C indicating vertical movements. In our area lepontine garnet-staurolite-kyanite-schists abut directly against the Insubric line and the Seealpen. Lower T areas towards the S are cut off by the Insubric Line.

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Zusammenfassung Die Arbeit studiert und korreliert Deformation und Metamorphose der Gesteinsserien am Alpen-S-Rand E von Bellinzona. Magmatische und metamorphe Minerale von Tonalit und Augengneis von Melirolo werden erfa\t, ferner Gesteinstypen ausgegliedert. Beide Körper werden als magmatisch angesehen. Zonierung im Plagioldas wird Aufstieg von Schmelzen und Abkühlung unter Entgasung zugeschrieben. Vom Augengneis nach S abzweigende Subvulkanit-GÄnge wurden gefunden. Die Magmatite sind jungalpin in den alpin noch nicht deformierten, kalten Teil der südlichen Deckelplatte über der Subduktionszone eingedrungen. Ebenfalls noch jungalpin werden dann Magmatite und Deckelplatte deformiert und geheizt. Quantifizierung der Tonalit-Deformation mittels Schollen ergibt PlÄttung auf im Mittel 1/20 der Ausgangsbreite. Diese PlÄttung wird auf den heute 5 km breiten, steilen Alpen-S-Rand extrapoliert, damit für diesen eine Breite von 100 km vor der jungen Einengung ermittelt. Die Deformation fÄllt in den Hoch-T-Teil des aufsteigenden Metamorphose-Astes der Lepontin-Heizung. Das T-Maximum bei ca. 580 C, 5–6 kbar, überlebt die Deformation. Hochdehnung hat das erst seichte Inlrusionsniveau betrÄchtlich belastet. 3fache Wiederfaltung in der Tonale-Serie erfolgt rotational, meist S-vergent, bei fallender T. In der Tonale-Serie wurde ein eoalpiner Subduktions-Eklogit gefunden, der eoalpine Paragenesen und Regelung erhalten hat, jungalpin deformiert und in Amphibolit umgewandelt wurde. Er beweist: Subduktion hÄlt vom Val Sesia über unser Gebiet nach E an. Wir fassen die Magmatite als Subduktions-Magmatite auf. Sie können nicht der schon obduziert seicht unter der Tonale-Serie liegenden Subduktions-Serie entstammen, aus der der Eklogit jungalpin in die Tonale-Serie eingeschuppt ist. Im N fandVoll eine zweite, subduzierte Serie: Aduladecke + Misoxer Zone. Es scheint möglich, da\ diese vor der jungen Einengung des S-Randes unter unserem Gebiet die nötige Tiefe für Teilschmelzbildung erreichten. Letzte Bewegungen direkt an der Insubrischen Linie erzeugen bei ca. 300 C Blastomylonite, deuten auf Vertikalbewegung. Das Areal der Lepontin-Metamorphose grenzt mit Granat-Staurolith-Disthen-Glimmerschiefern direkt an Insubrische Linie und Seealpen. Einst nach S zu OberflÄchen-T vermittelnde Teile sind durch die Insubrische Linie weggeschnitten.

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Résumé Les auteurs étudient et mettent en corrélation la déformation et le métamorphisme des séries de roches au bord sud des Alpes, à l'E. de Bellinzona. Les minéraux magmatiques et métamorphiques de la tonalité et du gneiss oeillé de Melirolo sont examinés, ainsi que les types de roche. Les deux massifs sont considérés comme magmatiques. La zonation du plagioclase est attribuée à la montée du magma et à son refoidissement avec dégazéification. On a trouvé des filons de roche subvolcanique émanant du gneiss oeillé. Les magmatites, d'âge alpin tardif, ont été mises en place dans une partie froide, encore exempté de toute déformation alpine, de la fraction méridionale de la plaque de couverture au-dessus de la zone de subduction. La magmatites et la plaque de couverture ont été ensuite déformées par le mouvement alpin tardif et soumises à un échauffement. Le degré de déformation de la tonalité, évalué à partir des enclaves, donne un applatissement de l'ordre de 1/20 de l'épaisseur originelle. Cet applatissement est extrapolé à la bordure méridionale des Alpes, aujourd'hui redressée et large de 5 km., ce qui conduit pour cette dernière à une largeur de 100 km. avant son amincissement récent. La déformation s'est produite lors de la phase à haute température de la phase ascendante du métamorphisme de réchauffement lépontien. La température maximum d'environ 580 C, sous 5 à 6 kbar, s'est prolongée après la déformation. Une forte extension a considérablement affecté ce niveau d'intrusion, alors à faible profondeur. Il s'en est suivi, dans la série du Tonale, une plissement 3 fois répété, rotationel, le plus souvent déversé vers le sud, par température descendante. Dans la série de Tonale, fut découverte une eclogite de subduction éoalpine, qui est marquée par une paragenèse et un réglage éoalpins, et qui déformée par les mouvements alpins récents, a été transformée en amphibolite. Ceci montre que la subduction s'étend du Val Sesia vers l'E. par delà notre région. Nous considérons les magmatites comme étant de subduction. Elles ne peuvent pas dériver de la série en subduction se trouvant à faible profondeur sous la série du Tonale, déjà soumise à une obduction, et qui a incorporé l'éclogite dans la série du Tonale lors des mouvements alpins récents. Au nord,Voll a trouvé une deuxième série marquée par la subduction: la nappe de l'Adula + la zone de Misox. Il semble possible que celles-ci aient atteint, sous notre région, les températures nécessaires à une fusion partielle, et ce, avant l'amincissement récent de la bordure méridionale. Les derniers mouvements survenus directement le long de la ligne insubrique ont produit des blastomylonites à une température de quelque 300 C, en impliquant des mouvements verticaux. L'aire du métamorphisme lépontien, à schistes à grenat, staurotide et disthène, touche directement la ligne insubrique et les Seealpes. Les parties formant la transition aux températures de surface ont été supprimées par le jeu de la ligne insubrique.

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. . , . . , . , . - . , 1/20 . , 5 , 100 . - . 580 C 5–6 . - . . , , . . . , - . , . , , . : . , , . 300 C , . - - . , , .

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List of symbols D Diameter of a sphere of equal volume to the strain ellipsoid - 1,2,3 Natural Strain - s Strain-Magnitude - v Strain-Symmetry - r Radius - s₁, str₁ First cleavage and first stretching lineation of late-alpine age - B₁ Axis of folds round str₁, folding s₁ - s_2–4, b_2–4 Cleavage planes and axes of 2nd-4th folds - T Temperature (C) - X, Y, Z Principal axes of the Strain Ellipsoid     

Effects of human population growth on the Fraser and Okanagan River systems,Canada: a comparative inquiry

Perhaps nowhere in Canada, if indeed in North America, could two adjacent watershed basins be selected which show such remarkable differences in their historical and recent response to human population growth effects. One — the Fraser — covers some 234,000 km² (about one quarter of the province of British Columbia) and houses nearly two-thirds of its total population. The other — the Okanagan — forms a small part (some 14,000 km²) of the upper Columbia River drainage in Canada. Native Indian populations at maximum before European contact in the late 1700s were about 50,000 in the Fraser basin and probably less than a fifth of that in the Okanagan. Present total resident populations of the Fraser and Okanagan basins, about 2 million and 1\4 million respectively, have greatly different distributions and thereby effects within the watersheds they occupy. In addition seasonal tourist populations have important and differential impacts within the two watersheds. Expression of these effects on water, fisheries and other aquatic resources of the two basins are explored along with possibilities and suggestions for their sustainable development. The latter, despite some glimmers of hope, will not be tenable without major changes in public attitude, in government policy at all levels, and in other measures which to many may seem impossible.     

Research and Understanding of the Evolution of the Yellow River Valley in Lanzhou

As the turning point of the Yellow River flowing from the Tibetan Plateau to the Loess Plateau, the valley evolution of Lanzhou Basin is of great significance to the study of the evolution of the Yellow River system in different geomorphic units. The evolution of the Yellow River Valley in Lanzhou has been studied for nearly 100 years. In the process of research, important research results and understandings have been obtained as follows: \mathrm{①} The denudation surface develops above the Yellow River Valley in Lanzhou Basin, and the broad and continuous 9-level terrace develops in the valley. The age of the denudation surface and 9-level Yellow River terrace was systematically determined by using a variety of dating techniques. \mathrm{②} The development pattern of the strath terraces of the Yellow River in Lanzhou was put forward. Under the background of long-term ground uplift, climate change controls the age of terrace formation, and the rate of uplift affects the number of terrace. \mathrm{③} The age of the highest terrace of the Yellow River in the basins from Lanzhou to the upper reaches of the Yellow River is gradually younger. It is revealed that the formation of the present pattern in the upper reach of the Yellow River is the result of the headward erosion from Lanzhou Basin and the drainage intergration of the internal flow basin. At the same time, the chronology of terrace sequence still needs to be deepened, the characteristics of regional tectonic uplift and deformation are lack of direct evidence, the development pattern of terrace needs to be verified by model simulation, the geomorphic response of drainage change is not clear, and the river process recorded by the deposition of terrace flood plain is lack of attention. All those issues will be the focus of future research.     

Phanerozoic evolution of the basins of Northern Egypt and adjacent areas

The results of integrating geological well data and geophysical information from the subsurface of northern Egypt are presented in terms of basin dynamics. Recent biostratigraphic data from wells and scarce outcrops are shown to be critical to an understanding of syndepositional tectonics. Six tectonostratigraphic phases of basin evolution are recognized to span the Phanerozoic. These phases initially record the development of intracratonic subsidence, controlled by deep crustal strike-slip tectonics, as Nubian continental and Tethyan marine influences competed across the northern margin of Gondwanaland. Evidence is also presented for the formation of the present day continental margin to northern Egypt. After a phase of crustal stretching, oceanic rifting focused on the western margin of the Arabian Platform, propagating progressively westwards during the Early-Mid-Jurassic. Thereafter, the effects of passive subsidence on the continental margin were disturbed by discrete phases of intracratonic strike-slip, associated Syrian Arc folding, and the formation of deep basins in the opening Red Sea and Gulf of Suez. Three structural fabrics persisted throughout Phanerozoic basin evolution, the result of repeated extensional reactivation and inheritance from Pan-African basement.     

Distribution and evolution of water chemistry in Heihe River basin

Surface- vs. ground-water chemistry in the Heihe River basin, assessed through field sampling of precipitation, surface water and groundwater, allowed geographical zones and chemical types to be differentiated. The geographical zones included: alpine ice-snow (>3,900 m), alpine meadow (3,400–3,900 m), mountain forest and shrub (2,600–3,400 m), mountain grassland (1,900–2,600 m) and desert grassland (1,500–1,900 m). Groundwater chemical types included: (1) mountain fissure and piedmont gravel, bicarbonate, (2) piedmont diluvial, alluvial and lacustrine plain, sulphate, and (3) desert salt-accumulating depression, chloride. Since the 1960s, large volumes of river water diverted for irrigation have been found to re-emerge as spring water at the edge of alluvial fans and then reintegrate the Heihe River. After a number of reuses and re-emergences in the middle reaches, the rivers level of mineralization has doubled. Hydrological changes have resulted in the marked degradation of aquatic habitats, and caused substantial, and expanding, land salinization and desertification. Solving these largely anthropogenic problems requires concerted, massive and long-term efforts.     

Urbanization and agricultural intensification in the Lower Fraser River valley,: Impacts on water use and quality

The Fraser River drains a quarter of the province of British Columbia and is renown as one of the greatest salmon rivers in the world. The Fraser watershed is under threat from rapid urbanization in its lower reaches as pollutants generated from domestic and industrial wastes, and stormwater runoff threaten the health of the aquatic ecosystem. Plans for secondary sewage treatment in the metropolitan area will reduce waste loadings of some contaminants, but rapid growth will soon offset these benefits. Intensive urbanization, spreading up the Lower Fraser valley, with a network of impervious roads and increased traffic volumes contribute pollutants in surface runoff that are difficult to control. Rapid growth in agrobusiness to provide fresh produce to the nearby markets has resulted in very high densities of farm animals and excessive use of fertilizers and pesticides on the land. These pollutants threaten the groundwater and many of the remaining salmonid streams in the lower valley. The Fraser Basin Management Program, the Fraser River Estuary Management Program, and a variety of government agencies are coordinating studies and analyzing issues and conflicts to develop a strategy for sustainable development in the region.     

Cordilleran Intermontane thermotectonic history and implications for neotectonic structure and petroleum systems,British Columbia,Canada

Heat flow increases northward along Intermontane Belt in the western Canadian Cordillera, as shown by geothermal differences between Bowser and Nechako sedimentary basins, where geothermal gradients and heat flows are ∼30 mK/m and ∼90 mW/m² compared to ∼32 mK/m and 70 –80 mW/m², respectively. Sparse temperature profile data from these two sedimenatary basins are consistent with an isostatic model of elevation and crustal parameters, which indicate that Bowser basin heat flow should be ∼20 mW/m² greater than Nechako basin heat flow. Paleothermometric indicators record a significant northward increasing Eocene or older erosional denudation, up to ∼7 km. None of the heat generation, tectonic reorganization at the plate margin, or erosional denudation produce thermal effects of the type or magnitude that explain the north–south heat flow differences between Nechako and Bowser basins. The more southerly Nechako basin, where heat flow is lower, has lower mean elevation, is less deeply eroded, and lies opposite the active plate margin. In contrast, Bowser basin, where heat flow is higher, has higher mean elevation, is more deeply eroded, and sits opposite a transform margin that succeeded the active margin ∼40 Ma. Differences between Bowser and Nechako basins contrast with the tectonic history and erosion impacts on thermal state. Tectonic history and eroded sedimentary thickness suggest that Bowser basin lithosphere is cooling and contracting relative to Nechako basin lithosphere. This effect has reduced Bowser basin heat flow by ∼10–20 mW/m² since ∼40 Ma. Neither can heat generation differences explain the northerly increasing Intermontane Belt heat flow. A lack of extensional structures in the Bowser basin precludes basin and range-like extension. Therefore, another, yet an unspecified mechanism perhaps associated with the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province, contributes additional heat. Bowser basin’s paleogeothermal gradients were higher, ∼36 mK/m, before the Eocene and this might affect petroleum and metallogenic systems.     

Petrographisch-lagerstättenkundliche Untersuchung der Kupferlagerstätte Sar Cheshmeh (Süd-Iran)

Zusammenfassung Die Cu-Lagerstätte Sar Cheshmeh liegt im Süd-Iran in einer Vulkanitzone, die in 150 km Abstand nördlich parallel zur Zagrosüberschiebung verläuft. Die Lagerstätte ist an einen latitandesitischen bis rhyodazitischen Gesteinskomplex gebunden. Die auftretenden zonaren Vererzungen und hydrothermalen Alterationen des Nebengesteins weisen auf eine porphyry copper-ore-Lagerstätte hin. Aus den vorliegenden Untersuchungen und im Sinne der Plattentektonik ergibt sich, daß der Sar Cheshmeh-Gesteinskomplex von Magmen des Kontinentralrandes gebildet wurde. Gleiches gilt für die Andesitformation von Ardestan im zentralen Iran. Die Wurzel der Magmenherde liegt wahrscheinlich in einer Tiefe von ca. 140 bis 160 km, was in etwa der Tiefenlage der Benioff-Zone entspricht.

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The copper ore deposit of Sar Cheshmeh in South Iran is situated in a volcanic zone which runs 150 kms north parallel to the Zagros overthrust. The orebody lies within a latitandesite-rhyodazite complex. The mineral zoning and the hydrothermal alteration of the rocks indicate a porphyry copper ore deposit. According to the plate tectonic theory the Sar Cheshmeh rock complex is formed by rocks of the continental margin type. The same applies to the andesite formation of Ardestan in Central Iran. The magmas orginated probably at a depth of 140–160 kms, this being also the depth of the Benioff zone.

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Résumé Le gisement métallifère de cuivre de Sar Cheshmeh en Iran du Sud est situé dans une zone volcanique parallèle au charriage du Zagros, à 150 km au nord. Il se trouve dans un complexe de latiteandésite-rhyodacite. La zone minéralisée et l'altération hydrothermale des roches indiquent un gisement de minerai de cuivre porphyrique. Selon la théorie des plaques, le complexe des roches de Sar Cheshmeh est formé de roches du type marge continentale. Cela vaut aussi pour la formation andésitique d'Ardestan en Iran central. Le magma provient probablement d'une profondeur de 140 à 160 km, ce qui corresponde à peu près à la Zone de Bénioff.

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— Sar Cheshmeh — , 150 . - . , porphyry copper-ore, . . - . — —, Sar Cheshmeh . , . , , 140 160 , .

     

平原河网区域来水组成原理

对于一般树状分布河网，上一级河道总是汇入至下一级河道，位于河道下游断面的流量总是由其上游汇集而至。但对于平原河网地区，特别是人工控制建筑物众多，又受潮汐影响的地区(如太湖流域)，河网错综复杂，水流方向不定，要跟踪某个断面的水流去向，或某个河段的水体、断面流量是从哪里汇集而来的，非常困难。但这样的问题在生产实践中往往对其很感兴趣。例如从常熟枢纽引长江水流进入望虞河后，流向何处?河网各断面流量中或各河段水体中常熟枢纽引江水量占多少比重?对这些问题的研究可以估计常熟枢纽引江的效果和影响范围。因此，平原河网区域来水组成方法在生产实践中具有重要意义。重点介绍了平原河网区域来水组成原理及其在太湖流域的应用。     

Flow and sediment transport over large subaqueous dunes: Fraser River, Canada

Large symmetric and asymmetric dunes occur in the Fraser River, Canada. Symmetric dunes have stoss and lee sides of similar length, stoss and lee slope angles <8°, and rounded crests. Asymmetric dunes have superimposed small dunes on stoss sides, sharp crests, stoss sides longer than lee sides, stoss side slopes <3° and straight lee side slopes up to 19°. There is no evidence for lee side flow separation, although intermittent separated flow is possible, especially over asymmetric dunes. Dune symmetry and crest rounding of symmetric dunes are associated with high sediment transport rates. High near-bed velocity and bed load transport near dune crests result in crest rounding. Long, low-angle lee sides are produced by deposition of suspended sediment in dune troughs. Asymmetric dunes appear to be transitional features between large symmetric dunes and smaller dunes adjusted to lower flow velocity and sediment transport conditions. Small dunes on stoss sides reduce near-bed flow velocity and bed load transport, causing a sharper dune crest. Reduced deposition of suspended sediment in troughs results in a short, steep lee slope. Dunes in the Fraser River fall into upper plane bed or antidune stability fields on flume-based bedform phase diagrams. These diagrams are probably not applicable to large dunes in deep natural flows and care must be taken in modelling procedures that use phase diagram relations to predict bed configuration in such flows.     

塔里木河流域2005年四源流对干流供水径流情势分析

2004年塔里木河流域四条源流出山口天然径流量272.1×10⁸m³,属丰水年,比多年平均值224.9×10⁸m³多47.20×10⁸m³,增加21.0%;比20世纪90年代平均241.9×10⁸m³多30.20×10⁸m³,增加12.8%,在1957-2005年49 a水文系列中排名第5位.其中,阿克苏河、叶尔羌河、和田河3条源流与多年均值比较,增幅达22%～25%,开都-孔雀河为平略偏丰.四条源流入塔里木河总水量为56.88×10⁸m³,占四条源流出山口天然径流总量的20.9%.根据现今塔里木河综合治理,仍需要制定长远的全面流域规划,以生态系统建设为根本,从工程上、宏观水量控制管理上、经济上和科技手段上,保障实现塔里木河流域水资源的可持续开发利用.     

Evaluation of groundwater withdrawal from a mountain watershed, Colorado, USA

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the groundwater-withdrawal potential of the Fraser River watershed, a mountainous drainage system in north-central Colorado. Laboratory tests, field investigations, and numerical modeling are conducted to present a quantitative understanding of the watershed’s groundwater-flow system. Aquifer hydraulic conductivity values obtained from aquifer tests range from 1E?5 to 1E?3 m/s. Groundwater withdrawal is concentrated in channel-fill deposits of the Troublesome Formation within the Fraser basin. A steady state groundwater-flow model of the Fraser River watershed is developed and calibrated using 24 observation wells in the Fraser River valley and estimated baseflow of the Fraser River. Modeling results suggest that surface recharge is the major source of groundwater in the watershed. Groundwater exits the watershed through evapotranspiration and discharge to rivers. Transient groundwater-flow modeling evaluates future withdrawal scenarios using the hydraulic head distribution from the steady state model as the initial condition. Drawdown within Troublesome Formation aquifers from the current pumping schedule approaches 2 m. When the daily pumping rate is doubled, drawdown approaches 4 m. The radius of influence is hundreds of meters to 1 km. Pumping wells withdraw approximately 2 and 15 % of groundwater flowing through the well field for hydraulic conductivity of 1E?3 and 1E?5 m/s, respectively. This study suggests that the groundwater system at the Fraser Valley could sustain current and future withdrawals, given that the current recharge condition is maintained.     

Groundwater replenishment analysis by using natural isotopes in Ejina Basin, Northwestern China

The Ejina Basin underlying complex aquifers is located in the lower reaches of the Heihe River with an arid climate and 40 mm mean annual precipitation. As the balance of the natural ecosystem in the Ejina Basin is fragile and easily upset, it is very important to estimate and rationally use the limited groundwater resources to maintain the balance. Water samples were collected from the Heihe River and wells for chemical and isotopic measurements across the basin. The Piper diagram gives two main types of hydrochemical features. Against the background of the regional geology, combining isotope ¹⁸O, tritium, and chemical analysis with groundwater flows indicated by a shallow groundwater level contour map, different kinds of groundwater sources and ways to replenish groundwater were discovered. North of the study area are artesian wells that are replenished by the mountainous area at the boundary between China and Mongolia. Replenishment for most of the groundwater resources of the Gurinai oasis comes from the Heihe River seepage flow of the highly conductive paleochannel, not from the Badain Jaran Desert as indicated by TDS and tritium analysis. The different groundwater ages which are younger than 35 years were approximately estimated by radioactive isotope tritium (T). By such efforts, groundwater resources can be effectively evaluated with the engineering impact of the Heihe River Project.     

基于CMIP5和VIC模型的长江上游主要水文过程变化趋势预测

基于长江上游流域82个气象站点的实测数据和国际耦合模式比较计划第5阶段(Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5,CMIP5)的2种排放情景下的8个气候模式1961～2099年的降水、气温数据,通过等距离累积分布函数法(Equidistance Cumulative Distribution Function Method,EDCDFm)进行气候模式的统计降尺度。在此基础上,构建0.5°×0.5°网格空间分辨率的可变下渗容量水文模型(Variable Infiltration Capacity,VIC),对历史流量进行模拟,并进一步模拟分析长江上游流域2006～2099年径流量、蒸散发的时空演变趋势。结果表明:VIC水文模型能够较好地模拟研究区的水文过程,从长江上游流域未来时期(2006～2099)主要水文过程变化趋势的预测来看,径流量变化趋势不明显、蒸散发呈增加趋势。此研究对于合理规划配置长江流域水资源及为气候影响评价和决策系统提供科技支撑具有重要意义。     

The interaction between surface water and groundwater and its effect on water quality in the Second Songhua River basin,northeast China

The relationship between surface water and groundwater not only influences the water quantity, but also affects the water quality. The stable isotopes (δD, δ ¹⁸O) and hydrochemical compositions in water samples were analysed in the Second Songhua River basin. The deep groundwater is mainly recharged from shallow groundwater in the middle and upper reaches. The shallow groundwater is discharged to rivers in the downstream. The runoff from upper reaches mainly contributed the river flow in the downstream. The CCME WQI indicated that the quality of surface water and groundwater was ‘Fair’. The mixing process between surface water and groundwater was simulated by the PHREEQC code with the results from the stable isotopes. The interaction between surface water and groundwater influences the composition of ions in the mixing water, and further affects the water quality with other factors.     

A geochemical study of the impact of irrigation and aquifer lithology on groundwater in the Upper Yakima River Basin,Washington, USA

The Yakima River, a major tributary of the Columbia River, is currently overallocated in its surface water usage in part because of large agricultural water use. As a result, groundwater availability and surface water/groundwater interactions have become an important issue in this area. In several sub-basins, the Yakima River water is diverted and applied liberally to fields in the summer creating artificial recharge of shallow groundwater. Major ion, trace element, and stable isotope geochemistry of samples from 26 groundwater wells from a transect across the Yakima River and 24 surface waters in the Kittitas sub-basin were used to delineate waters with similar geochemical signatures and to identify surface water influence on groundwater. Major ion chemistry and stable isotope signatures combined with principal component analysis revealed four major hydrochemical groups. One of these groups, collected from shallow wells within the sedimentary basin fill, displays temporal variations in NO₃ and SO₄ along with high δ¹⁸O and δD values, indicating significant contribution from Yakima River and/or irrigation water. Two other major hydrochemical groups reflect interaction with the main aquifer lithologies in the basin: the Columbia River basalts (high-Na groundwaters), and the volcaniclastic rocks of the Ellensburg Formation (Ca–Mg–HCO₃ type waters). The fourth major group has interacted with the volcaniclastic rocks and is influenced to a lesser degree by surface waters. The geochemical groupings constrain a conceptual model for groundwater flow that includes movement of water between underlying Columbia River basalt and deeper sedimentary basin fill and seasonal input of irrigation water.     

加强塔里木河阿拉尔生态系统综合监测

塔里木河流域是我国最大的内陆河流域,流域总面积102×10⁴km²,水资源总量为429×10⁸m³,水资源相对贫乏,生态环境十分脆弱.阿拉尔生态系统监测站位于阿克苏河、叶尔羌河、和田河三河和塔里木河交汇处的肖夹克,是平原区重要区域代表站,其生态环境直接关系着塔里木河干流上、中、下游生态和环境安全.查阅模清该区域的生态环境的基本特点、变化规律和演变趋势,对指导塔里木河综合治理,以及当地社会经济和谐发展极其重要.该站始建于1996年7月,监测项目有水文气象;地下水动态;乔、灌、草;土壤、水盐;沙漠化动态5类监测项目.野外监测设施有河道水文断面、气象观测场、第一监测剖面(长22 km).除水文气象监测项目在综合系统监测站附近外,其余4个监测项目均在第一剖面进行.     

黄河源区径流长期演变特征与趋势预测模型研究

利用小波分析方法对黄河源区径流数据系列的多尺度变化特征、突变点及变化趋势进行了分析.结果表明:黄河源区年径流量具有8a、15a、22a和36a左右的变化周期,其中8a、36a左右的周期变化最为显著.这些周期变化表明,2007年后流量将呈增加的趋势;1928、1982年和1985年是径流变化趋势重要的转变点.在小波分解的基础上,基于BP神经网络模型构建了黄河源区年径流量的长期动态预报模型,利用该模型对未来10a的流量变化进行了预测,并对其预报结果进行了分析.