超限高层建筑结构抗震设计加强措施和建议——以某超限高层建筑为例

为加强超限高层建筑结构的抗震性能,最大程度减小地震损失,以某一超限高层建筑为对象,对其结构抗震设计的加强措施和建议进行详细分析。在小震作用下运用pkpm软件MIDAS/Building对建筑结构进行弹性计算对比分析,证明弹性计算的可靠性;借用SATWE对结构在中震或大震作用下不同构件的承载力和截面进行验算;采用midasbuilding软件对该超限高层建筑进行罕遇地震作用下的静力弹塑性分析。根据不同震级下建筑结构线弹性分析结果,对建筑主体结构、结构抗震和地基基础进行加强设计,从中归纳出整体结构的抗震加强措施和建议,说明该超限结构能满足规范的设防要求,是安全可靠的。     

混凝土高层建筑结构地震破坏抗毁能力评估

提出基于构件性能的混凝土高层建筑结构地震破坏抗毁能力评估方法,采用强度与延性法分析混凝土高层建筑构件强度和变形,以对强震作用下混凝土高层建筑结构性能实施准确描述。基于建筑结构性能以及多条地震波情况下高层建筑结构倒塌极限状态的分析规范,采用IDA方法设置建筑结构抗倒塌能力系数,并依据该系数获取基于构件性能的混凝土高层建筑结构地震破坏抗毁能力评估流程,实现建筑结构地震破坏抗毁能力的准确评估。实验结果说明,所提方法实现了混凝土高层建筑结构地震破坏抗毁能力的准确评估。     

Lessons learned from the ＂5.12＂ Wenchuan Earthquake： evaluation of earthquake performance objectives and the importance of seismic conceptual design principles

Many different types of buildings were severely damaged or collapsed during the May 12, 2008 Great Wenchuan Earthquake. Based on survey data collected in regions that were subjected to moderate to severe earthquake intensities, a comparison between the observed building damage, and the three earthquake performance objectives and seismic conceptual design principles specified by the national ＂Code for Seismic Design of Buildings GB50011-2001,＂ was carried out. Actual damage and predicted damage for a given earthquake level for different types of structures is compared. Discussions on seismic conceptual design principles, with respect to multiple defense lines, strong column-weak beam, link beam of shear walls, ductility detailing of masonry structures, exits and staircases, and nonstructural elements, etc. are carried out. Suggestions for improving the seismic design of structures are also proposed. It is concluded that the seismic performance objectives for three earthquake levels, i.e., ＂no failure under minor earthquake level, ＂＂repairable damage under moderate earthquake level＂ and ＂no collapse under major earthquake level＂ can be achieved if seismic design principles are carried out by strictly following the code requirements and ensuring construction quality.     

强震环境下带钢避难建筑抗震模型设计

避难建筑通常采用置换混凝土方法抗震,建筑对高强度地震的抗震性能差。因此提出高强度地震下带钢避难建筑抗震设计方法,采用复杂网络带钢避难建筑加固模型对加固前建筑的混泥土强度与荷载能力进行计算,增大框架柱截面,提升带钢避难建筑荷载。采用复合墙体受力加固模型提升建筑墙体抗震性。对加固后建筑模型的坍塌风险评估时,采用带钢避难建筑坍塌的全概率衡量加固后建筑在设计使用年限内的抗坍塌安全性。设计使用年限内加固后的带钢避难建筑的强震CRC超出概率是P(IMCRC),确保其在高强度地震下具有较高的抗震性能。实验结果说明,所提方法下的带钢避难建筑在遇到强震情况时具有较高的抗震性能。     

考虑SSI效应的设圈梁构造柱农村民居振动台试验研究

将参数化建模的方法引入减震结构的分析与设计中,通过预设目标和迭代优化计算,以天水市某高层住宅消能减震结构为例,寻找最优的阻尼器布置方案。为评估和验证该消能减震结构的抗震性能,分别采用Perform 3D和ETABS等软件分析结构在多遇和罕遇地震作用下的结构响应,分析结果表明：小震作用下,消能减震结构的楼层位移、层间位移角、楼层弯矩及楼层剪力均减小6.5%以上,达到了设计要求;大震作用下,结构框架柱、框架梁、剪力墙和阻尼器能够满足既定的性能要求,层间位移角满足规范限值,能够达到“大震不倒”的设计目标,研究结果为实际工程预设减震目标和阻尼器优化布置提供参考。     

基于增量动力地震易损性分析的高层结构抗震加固研究

由于承重结构构件分布不均匀,导致高层建筑框架承重构件间的距离不相等。在地震时,这种不规则分布可能引起加速度共振效应,从而导致建筑失稳。为此,以地震动强度、地震动速度峰值、最大层间位移角为参数指标,分析高层建筑的极限状态,提出基于增量动力地震易损性分析的高层结构抗震加固研究。以某实际工程为试验对象,运用ABAQUS软件构造高层建筑框架结构三维模型,选取多条地震波以及符合场地条件的地震动记录进行验证,绘制地震易损性曲线。结果表明:在高层建筑框架结构中安装阻尼器,可增强结构中各构件的承载力,改善高层建筑抗震性能;增加钢板厚度可提高结构抗震水平,降低极限状态下框架结构IO、LS与CP的超越概率;提高混凝土强度,可改善框架结构抗倒塌性能。高层结构完成抗震加固后,抗震能力由0.91提升至1.01。由此证明,以增量动力分析得到的结构易损性为基础,对建筑易损性较大的地方进行加固、完善,能够改善高层建筑框架结构地震易损性,减少地震灾害损失。     

On the design and seismic response of RC frame buildings designed with Eurocode 8

Performance-Based Seismic Design is now widely recognized as the pre-eminent seismic design and assessment methodology for building structures. In recognition of this, seismic codes may require that buildings achieve multiple performance objectives such as withstanding moderate, yet frequently occurring earthquakes with minimal structural and non-structural damage, while withstanding severe, but rare earthquakes without collapse and loss of life. These objectives are presumed to be satisfied by some codes if the force-based design procedures are followed. This paper investigates the efficacy of the Eurocode 8 force-based design provisions with respect to RC frame building design and expected seismic performance. Four, eight, and 16-storey moment frame buildings were designed and analyzed using the code modal response spectrum analysis provisions. Non-linear time-history analyses were subsequently performed to determine the simulated seismic response of the structures and to validate the Eurocode 8 force-based designs. The results indicate the design of flexural members in medium-to-long period structures is not significantly influenced by the choice of effective member stiffness; however, calculated interstorey drift demands are significantly affected. This finding was primarily attributed to the code’s enforcement of a minimum spectral ordinate on the design spectrum. Furthermore, design storey forces and interstorey drift demand estimates (and therefore damage), obtained by application of the code force-based design procedure varied substantially from those found through non-linear time-history analysis. Overall, the results suggest that though the Eurocode 8 may yield life-safe designs, the seismic performance of frame buildings of the same type and ductility class can be highly non-uniform.     

基于性能的设计方法在超限高层建筑结构设计中的应用研究

针对超限高层建筑结构抗震设计,提出了基于性能设计方法的性能目标,通过结构在小震、中震、大震作用下的弹性、弹塑性静力和动力时程分析,对三水准地震作用下结构构件进行了承载力定量分析。从理论上证明了结构性能可以达到“小震不坏,中震可修,大震不倒”的抗震设防目标,同时进行了1：20模型的结构振动台试验,确证了实际结构设计的安全性。     

高强度地震下带钢避难建筑抗震设计

为了提高带钢避难建筑的抗震性能,对高强度地震下带钢避难建筑实施抗震设计。设置高强度地震下带钢避难所的抗震设防要求,给出不同地震情况下地震避难所设防加速度值以及地震避难所地震影响系数最高值,通过SAP2000分析软件对带钢地震避难建筑结构实施动力弹塑性时程研究,选择合理的塑性铰参数值,通过在建筑周围设置钢支撑的策略对带钢避难建筑实施设计,分析高强度地震下的带钢避难建筑的抗震性能。实验结果说明,采用所提设计方法下的带钢避难建筑在大震情况下的反应优,延性较强,在不同地震波作用下的水平方向位移角满足抗震设防规范。     

西昌市某高层剪力墙结构隔震设计与分析

针对西昌市某高层钢筋混凝土剪力墙结构进行了橡胶支座隔震设计和抗震性能分析。西昌市抗震设防烈度为9度,历史上曾发生过7.5级地震。该工程场址地质构造较复杂,东侧区域有一条隐伏断层,属则木河断裂带次生断层。则木河断裂带是川西主要发震断裂带之一,至今仍是一条活动较强烈的大断裂。按照《建筑抗震设计规范》(2016版)要求,取近场影响系数1.5,以提高结构的安全度;选取Ⅱ类场地5条天然地震波和2条人工模拟地震波,共计七条符合规范要求的地震波;基于SAP2000软件对结构进行了隔震设计,中震作用下结构层间剪力和倾覆弯矩减震系数最大值为0.24,比非隔震结构地震响应减小显著,罕遇地震下隔震支座的面压、水平位移能够满足规范要求。采用ABAQUS对结构进行了罕遇地震动力弹塑性时程分析,结果表明结构能够满足"大震不倒"的抗震设防目标。     

强震作用下机场高耸塔台结构抗震性能分析

为提升强震作用下机场高耸塔台结构的抗震性能及安全,采用非线性时程分析方法研究高耸塔台结构的强震损伤分布规律;基于性能化抗震设计方法确定塔台关键构件抗震性能水准,对高耸塔台结构进行性能化抗震设计和损伤控制;最后分析了竖向地震对高耸塔台结构强震损伤的影响.分析得到,采用多遇地震设计的塔台结构,在罕遇地震作用下塔台结构层间位...     

Quantitative investigation on collapse margin of steel high-rise buildings subjected to extremely severe earthquakes

Reponses of structures subjected to severe earthquakes sometimes significantly surpass what was considered in the design. It is important to investigate the failure mechanism and collapse margin of structures beyond design, especially for high-rise buildings. In this study, steel high-rise buildings using either square concrete-filled-tube (CFT) columns or steel tube columns are designed. A detailed three-dimensional (3D) structural model is developed to analyze the seismic behavior of a steel high-rise towards a complete collapse. The effectiveness is verified by both component tests and a full-scale shaking table test. The collapse margin, which is defined as the ratio of PGA between the collapse level to the design major earthquake level (Level 2), is quantified by a series of numerical simulations using incremental dynamic analyses (IDA). The baseline building using CFT columns collapsed with a weak first story mechanism and presented a collapse margin ranging from 10 to 20. The significant variation in the collapse margin was caused by the different characteristics of the input ground motions. The building using equivalent steel columns collapsed earlier due to the significant shortening of the locally buckled columns, exhibiting only 57% of the collapse margin of the baseline building. The influence of reducing the height of the first story was quite significant. The shortened first story not only enlarged the collapse margin by 20%, but also changed the collapse mode.     

Uniform hazard versus uniform risk bases for performance‐based earthquake engineering of light‐frame wood construction

This paper investigates the implications of designing for uniform hazard versus uniform risk for light‐frame wood residential construction subjected to earthquakes in the United States. Using simple structural models of one‐story residences with typical lateral force‐resisting systems (shear walls) found in buildings in western, eastern and central regions of the United States as illustrations, the seismic demands are determined using nonlinear dynamic time‐history analyses, whereas the collapse capacities are determined using incremental dynamic analyses. The probabilities of collapse, conditioned on the occurrence of the maximum considered earthquakes and design earthquakes stipulated in ASCE Standard 7‐05, and the collapse margins of these typical residential structures are compared for typical construction practices in different regions in the United States. The calculated collapse inter‐story drifts are compared with the limits stipulated in FEMA 356/ASCE Standard 41‐06 and observed in the recent experimental testing. The results of this study provide insights into residential building risk assessment and the relation between building seismic performance implied by the current earthquake‐resistant design and construction practices and performance levels in performance‐based engineering of light‐frame wood construction being considered by the SEI/ASCE committee on reliability‐based design of wood structures. Further code developments are necessary to achieve the goal of uniform risk in earthquake‐resistant residential construction. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

“破坏-安全”结构抗震理念及其应用

目前我国房屋建筑抗震采用的以小震弹性计算为基础的设计方法,使工程师忽视了对建筑结构在强烈地震作用下破坏模式的充分考虑与设计,使得建筑结构的大震安全性有时难以得到保证。＂破坏-安全＂抗震理念,以房屋建筑最重要的抗震安全性能为目标,要求设计人员对结构的预期破坏模式有充分的把握和控制,使结构在强烈地震作用下能够形成明确的预期破坏模式并具备一定的耗能能力,从而以经济的代价保证结构其余部分在强烈地震作用下的安全。本文结合我国汶川地震灾后恢复重建与加固改造的实际情况,介绍了＂破坏-安全＂抗震理念及其设计概念,并介绍了国内外研究人员与工程师在实现＂破坏-安全＂抗震理念方面所提出的创新抗震结构体系及其研究成果。希望＂破坏-安全＂这一抗震理念及其相关技术能够在我国广大的经济欠发达地区的抗震设计实践中得到推广,以全面提高我国经济欠发达地区房屋建筑的抗震安全性。     

损失分布和非结构损失对房屋建筑地易损性的影响

房屋建筑的地震易损性是地震损失评估和地震巨灾风险模型的基础。作为房屋建筑的重要组成部分,各类非结构构件的损失在现有的易损性模型中并未得到足够重视。本文以一栋典型钢筋混凝土框架结构教学楼为对象,通过将房屋建筑中的各类构件划分为具有不同地震损伤特性和损失后果的易损性组,考察建筑内的损失分布和非结构损失对房屋建筑地震易损性的影响。分析结果表明:由于许多非结构构件在中小地震作用下即可能发生较严重的破坏,房屋建筑在中小地震下的易损性主要受非结构损失控制;随着地震动强度等级的不断提高,结构损伤渐趋严重,结构损失对整体建筑易损性的影响不断增大;在结构进入震后不可修状态之前,建筑不同楼层的损失分布是评估建筑地震损失时不可忽略的因素。     

芦山M_S7.0与九寨沟M_S7.0地震灾区房屋震害特征对比研究

通过实地调研“4.20”芦山7.0级地震灾区和“8.8”九寨沟7.0级地震灾区建筑物破坏情况,对灾区内框架结构、砖混结构和简易结构三种类型的建筑物震害特征进行了对比。结果表明:两次地震中相同结构类型的建筑物在同级别地震作用下其破坏程度不同,其中砖混结构和简易结构震害特征差异性较大,分析认为除地震本身作用外,灾区房屋的抗震性能不同也是造成两次地震建筑物震害特征差异较大的原因。最后提出了建议以供灾区恢复重建、农村民居安全建设等借鉴和参考。     

基于性能的既有钢筋混凝土建筑结构抗震评估与加固技术研究

根据我国现行的建筑结构抗震规范,无论是新建建筑结构的抗震设计还是既有建筑结构的抗震评估与加固,均通过小震弹性承载力计算 抗震延性构造措施来达到"小震不坏、中震可修、大震不倒"的抗震设防目标(对于不规则且具有明显薄弱部位的建筑结构还需要进行罕遇地震作用下的弹塑性层间变形验算)。对于抗震延性构造措施不满足现行规范的既有建筑结构的评估、改建、扩建,如果仅通过小震弹性的承载力计算,显然无法达到"大震不倒"的目标。本文通过引入国际上先进的基于性能的结构抗震思想,以结构层间位移和结构构件变形作为性能目标,从定量上解决了既有钢筋混凝土建筑结构的抗震评估与加固问题。     

基于复杂网络的建筑物强震下抗毁性估计模型

城市所处的地震危险性环境和城市建筑物的易损性是影响复杂网络建筑物强震环境下抗毁能力的关键因素。由于现阶段对建筑物抗震抗毁能力的评定仍存在一定困难,对建筑物震害程度测评只能通过强震之后建筑物受破坏的程度进行评估,且评估结果不够精准,因此提出基于复杂网络的建筑物抗震能力的评估方法。考虑到地震中的危险性因素,以地面峰值加速度为参数对强震环境下复杂网络建筑物抗毁性进行测评和分析,在此基础上提出对复杂网络下建筑物的防震抗毁能力进行评估的相对建筑物抗震性能指数,并结合建筑物抗震能力评估标准确定其抗震能力水平;再进行仿真实验加以测量,并结合震害经验,证实该方法的有效性。     

Viscoelastic coupling dampers (VCDs) for enhanced wind and seismic performance of high‐rise buildings

As high‐rise buildings are built taller and more slender, their dynamic behavior becomes an increasingly critical design consideration. Wind‐induced vibrations cause an increase in the lateral wind design loads, but more importantly, they can be perceived by building occupants, creating levels of discomfort ranging from minor annoyance to severe motion sickness. The current techniques to address wind vibration perception include stiffening the lateral load‐resisting system, adding mass to the building, reducing the number of stories, or incorporating a vibration absorber at the top of the building; each solution has significant economic consequences for builders. Significant distributed damage is also expected in tall buildings under severe seismic loading, as a result of the ductile seismic design philosophy that is widely used for such structures. In this paper, the viscoelastic coupling damper (VCD) that was developed at the University of Toronto to increase the level of inherent damping of tall coupled shear wall buildings to control wind‐induced and earthquake‐induced dynamic vibrations is introduced. Damping is provided by incorporating VCDs in lieu of coupling beams in common structural configurations and therefore does not occupy any valuable architectural space, while mitigating building tenant vibration perception problems and reducing both the wind and earthquake responses of the structure. This paper provides an overview of this newly proposed system, its development, and its performance benefits as well as the overall seismic and wind design philosophy that it encompasses. Two tall building case studies incorporating VCDs are presented to demonstrate how the system results in more efficient designs. In the examples that are presented, the focus is on the wind and moderate earthquake responses that often govern the design of such tall slender structures while reference is made to other studies where the response of the system under severe seismic loading conditions is examined in more detail and where results from tests conducted on the viscoelastic material and the VCDs in full‐scale are presented. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Site effect on vulnerability of high-rise shear wall buildings under near and far field earthquakes

Worldwide experience repeatedly shows that damages in structures caused by earthquakes are highly dependent on site condition and epicentral distance. In this paper, a 21-storey shear wall-structure built in the 1960s in Hong Kong is selected as an example to investigate these two effects. Under various design earthquake intensities and for various site conditions, the fragility curves or damage probability matrix of such building is quantified in terms of the ductility factor, which is estimated from the ratio of storey yield shear to the inter-storey seismic shear. For high-rise buildings, a higher probability of damage is obtained for a softer site condition, and damage is more severe for far field earthquakes than for near field earthquakes. For earthquake intensity of VIII, the probability of complete collapse (P) increases from 1 to 24% for near field earthquakes and from 1 to 41% for far field earthquakes if the building is moved form a rock site to a site consisting a 80 m thick soft clay. For intensity IX, P increases from 6 to 69% for near field earthquake and from 14 to 79% for far field earthquake if the building is again moved form rock site to soft soil site. Therefore, site effect is very important and not to be neglected. Similar site and epicentral effects should also be expected for other types of high-rise structures.