云南一次强对流暴雨天气学成因分析

为提高暴雨预报准确率,减少暴雨致灾损失,基于地面常规气象观测资料、卫星云图反演的云顶亮温（Black Body Temperature, TBB）资料及美国国家环境预报中心（National Centers for Environmental Prediction, NCEP）再分析资料,对2017年8月云南一次强对流暴雨成因进行分析。结果表明：500 hPa低槽东移、700 hPa切变线南压、地面冷锋西推是此次降水过程发生的天气背景;中-β、中-α尺度对流系统（Mesoscale Convective System, MCS）是产生强对流暴雨的直接系统,强降雨主要出现在TBB梯度大值区;MCS与700 hPa切变线关系最为密切,切变线位于滇中以东地区,MCS呈椭圆状,沿切变线附近及后部发展,切变线靠近哀牢山或翻越后,MCS呈西北—东南向带状分布,沿切变线前部发展;切变线翻越哀牢山前,白天移动较快,主要产生雷暴天气,夜间移动缓慢,降雨较强;强对流暴雨需重点关注水汽通量辐合大值区、800 hPa与500 hPa温差大于20℃区域;强降雨时段,整层大气均为上升运动,强降雨区维持低层辐合、中...     

2003年淮河上游区域暴雨的水汽特征

利用合成平均天气图资料和T213数值预报产品物理量中的水汽因子,对2003年6～7月出现在淮河上游的5次暴雨过程的水汽条件进行了分析,结果表明水汽分别来自孟加拉湾和南海;暴雨产生前后,850～500 hPa三层中均以850 hPa水汽含量最大,且辐合亦最明显;当850 hPa和700 hPa天气图上分别在桂林到长沙和昆明到贵阳有＞200×10-4kg·s-1·m-1·hPa-1和＞100×10-4kg·s-1·m-1·hPa-1的水汽通量大值中心,且上游风速又大于下游时,可考虑未来24 h淮河暴雨的产生;当T213数值产品中淮河上游区域的相对湿度、比湿和水汽通量的预报值大于诊断量的临界值的绝对值时,亦可作为暴雨预报的参考依据.     

山东夏季两次切变线暴雨过程对比分析

利用常规观测资料、卫星云图、多普勒天气雷达和NCEP1°×1°再分析资料,对2012年7月30日和2013年7月9日山东出现的两次区域性暴雨进行了对比分析,结果表明：两次850 hPa切变线造成的暴雨,线状MCS(Mesoscale Convective System)组织化程度高,地面辐合线触发了暴雨的发生。不同的是:①“7〖DK〗·30”暴雨500 hPa影响系统为阶梯槽,副高位于朝鲜半岛以东;“7〖DK〗·9”暴雨为典型的东高西低形势,副高控制华东沿海;②“7〖DK〗·30”暴雨受一股较强的东南气流作用,将东海及西太平洋水汽输送到暴雨区,925 hPa水汽通量散度和最强上升速度较“7〖DK〗·9”暴雨分别大-10 g〖DK〗·hPa-1〖DK〗·cm-2〖DK〗·s-1和-0.2 Pa〖DK〗·s-1,“7〖DK〗·9”暴雨由低空西南急流将南海的水汽输送到暴雨区,925 hPa水汽通量和比湿较“7〖DK〗·30”暴雨分别大2~4 g〖DK〗·cm-1〖DK〗·hPa-1〖DK〗·s-1和2 g〖DK〗·kg-1;③两次暴雨过程MCS发生发展过程、形成方式和成熟期组织结构存在显著差异,“7〖DK〗·30”暴雨是对流单体独立发展逐渐合并成β中尺度,最终形成α中尺度对流系统,“7〖DK〗·9”暴雨为多个对流单体合并为β中尺度系统。通过分析得出,切变线暴雨触发机制应着眼于地面辐合线的形成和加强以及冷空气侵入引起的锋生。     

山东夏季强降水的影响系统和物理量特征

应用2009—2013年6—9月山东全省加密自动站资料、地面和探空观测资料,选出了98次区域性强降水过程。统计分析了产生强降水的天气系统特征,把500 hPa天气系统分为6种类型,850～700 hPa天气系统分为5种类型,地面影响系统分为7种类型。统计分析了强降水过程中及前期24个代表大气热力、水汽和动力特征的物理量,给出了最小值、最大值、平均值和各阈值所占百分率。850 hPa 和700 hPa偏南风达到急流（≥12 m·s-1）强度的分别占56.1%和62.2%。对流有效位能（CAPE）≥300 J·kg-1占72.6%。K指数≥30 ℃占86.7%。沙氏指数SI≤0占75.5%。925 hPaθse≥68 ℃占82.2%,850 hPa θse≥66 ℃占74.8%。GPS/MET水汽监测大气可降水量≥55 mm占81.8%。850 hPa和700 hPa的水汽通量平均值分别为8.0和5.9 g·(cm·hPa·s)-1,水汽通量散度平均值分别为-4.6×10-9和-2.7×10-9 g·(hPa·cm2·s)-1。925 hPa、850 hPa和700 hPa的涡度平均值分别为12.6×10-6、12.3×10-6和9×10-6 s-1,散度平均值分别为-5.5×10-6、-3.1×10-6、-3.4×10-6 s-1。850 hPa、700 hPa和500 hPa的垂直速度平均值分别为-4.5×10-4、-7.4×10-4和-11.1×10-4 hPa·s-1。     

2003年初夏咸宁市一次连续暴雨过程的能量学分析

根据暴雨发生的三个基本条件,使用850hPa、700hPa、500hPa天气图及地面天气图资料,以及不同层次(1000hPa、850hPa、700hPa、500hPa、300hPa)总温度场及比湿场资料,分析了2003年6月23-25日发生在咸宁市的一次连续性暴雨过程的成因。结果表明：能量经向剖面“鞍型场”配置,提供了不稳定能量;比湿经向剖面湿度脊的存在,提供了良好水汽条件;地面存在江淮切变线,中低层存在暖式切变线,中低层至地面长时间维持强辐合天气系统,导致垂直上升运动;强降水落区主要发生在700hPa能量锋及湿度不连续线南侧、高能舌及湿舌北部、高能管北界壁附近、湿度脊下方。     

“2011.07.25”山东乳山强降水分析

本文利用常规观测资料、自动站加密观测资料、NCEP1°×1°再分析资料、分辨率为0.1°×0.1°卫星FY-2E的TBB资料,多普勒天气雷达观测资料等,对2011年7月25日山东乳山强降水进行分析研究,结果表明：(1)这次强降水主要影响系统是高空槽、低层暖式切变线和副高边缘的低空急流。强降水产生在850hPa和925hPa切变线附近,低层850hPa以下有较强的西南气流向北输送大量的水汽,强降水的水汽来源于低层近海面的水汽输送和辐合。(2)强降水产生高温高湿区,强降水期间,低层有明显的暖平流,高层有明显的冷平流,低层暖平流增强或高层冷平流增强时,降水强度也明显增强。(3)强降水期间,乳山的特殊海岸线地形抬升作用产生的上升运动与中高层入侵的干冷空气伴有下沉运动相遇,从而触发对流不稳定能量的释放,降水强度增大,产生强降水。(4)乳山出现短时强降水主要是由中-β尺度对流云团造成的,此次强降水的TBB在-63～-52℃,云团发展迅速,高度较高,在云团发展阶段,其反应的云顶温度比实际的云顶温度要偏高。(5)风暴低层逆风区和中-γ尺度气旋性涡旋,及风暴顶的强烈辐散,利于回波发展与维持,同时使高值区维持在风暴中层及以下高度,在环境因子有利的情况下产生降水效率较高的强降水风暴。     

台风“巴威”外围致山东半岛西部强降水过程的中尺度特征及环境条件

利用自动气象站观测资料、青岛雷达产品以及“天衍”雷达拼图产品和ERA5再分析资料,对台风“巴威”外围致山东半岛西部强降水过程的中尺度特征及环境条件进行分析。结果表明：1）“巴威”在黄海北上期间,其外围暖湿气流与冷空气在山东半岛西部到鲁东南交汇,对流层中低层形成东北—西南向深厚的切变线,高层处于高空急流入口区右侧,低层辐合、高层辐散有利于产生强降水,强降水位于850 hPa切变线及其右侧偏东风一侧。2）前期降水回波先后表现为两条有组织的线形回波带,其形成、发展和移动与850 hPa切变线密切相关;后期切变线右侧偏东风气流中γ中尺度辐合不断触发单体新生,青岛即墨境内组合反射率因子CR、差分反射率因子ZDR、差分相移率KDP均显著增大,导致即墨南泉连续两个小时雨强大于100 mm?h-1。3）切变线附近垂直上升运动深厚,850 hPa以下水汽通量辐合较强,为中尺度系统提供了触发条件和水汽条件;850 hPa,θse暖舌位置与切变线一致,暖舌中心达352 K,为中尺度系统发生、发展提供了能量条件;对流层中高层弱冷空气对触发强对流天气起到一定作用。4）850 hPa以下水汽通量辐合量值≤-8×10-7 g?cm-2?hPa-1?s-1的区域与暴雨区基本吻合,水汽通量辐合中心及垂直上升运动中心越低越有利于出现强降水。     

2020年春季南疆西部一次极端暴雨成因分析

利用常规观测、FY-2G卫星、雷达、全球同化系统(GDAS)及NCEP(1°×1°)再分析等资料,分析2020年4月17—24日南疆西部喀什地区极端暴雨过程。结果表明:此次极端暴雨是在100 hPa南亚高压呈东部型的大尺度环流背景下,主要影响系统为500 hPa中亚低涡(槽)和700～850 hPa切变线;低层辐合、高层辐散的发展及持续为暴雨提供动力支持;暴雨过程中低层θse均随高度增加而减小,为暴雨产生提供了较好的不稳定条件;且中低层水汽充沛,700 hPa喀什地区水汽辐合中心强度达-10×10~(-6)g/(cm~2·hPa·s),比湿≥5 g/kg。雷达回波图上单体风暴或线性多单体风暴持续多个体扫导致强降水的发生,风暴最大反射率因子≥55 dBZ,径向速度图上具有明显的中小尺度辐合特征;TBB低值区与降雨落区紧密结合,强降雨发生在TBB梯度最大处,且TBB等值线越密集雨强越强。     

2011年9月陕西关中一次连阴雨中暴雨过程机理分析

利用常规观测资料、NCEP1°×1°再分析资料、卫星云图资料等,对陕西关中2011年9月5—6日的连阴雨中的暴雨过程进行诊断分析,结果表明:700hPa切变线、陇南低涡、西南急流和地面冷锋为此次暴雨的主要影响系统;水汽主要来源于700hPa;影响系统建立先于强对流云团发展3h以上;对流云团沿着700hPa切变线分布区域发展;暴雨时段始终维持强倾斜上升运动;暴雨区落区位于对流云团西侧θse值密集区附近,降水强度随着云顶亮温的降低而增强;700hPa暖湿气流沿850hPa冷垫爬升,冷暖交汇偏北,强降水发生在冷平流区。     

桂东南“6.28”大暴雨触发机制分析

通过对6月27-29日出现在玉林大暴雨进行动力机制分析,结果表明:这次大暴雨在两槽两脊较强经向环流下,高原槽东移为暴雨产生提供了有利的动力条件;850hPa切变线快速南压至桂中,触发了当地不稳定能量释放;低层强辐合、高层强辐散的耦合利于垂直上升运动和MCS的发生发展;强降水出现在MCS发展最旺盛的时段。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

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正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted