安徽省地震台网监测能力和监控范围估算

安徽省“十五”数字地震台网由21个子台组成。我们根据测试记录的数据,将地动速度转换为地动位移,根据短周期地震仪近震震级公式ML=lgAμ＋R（△）＋C,对各台站不同震级所能控制的距离进行了计算,得到台网监测范围。台网基本上能够控制安徽省中部ML≥2．0地震和全省ML≥2．5地震。     

三峡重庆库区数字遥测台网地震监测能力评估

三峡重庆库区数字遥测地震台网由27个子台组成,全部采用速度记录方式。我们根据测试记录的数据,用速度震级公式ML=lg(AV/2πf) R(△),对各子台不同震级所能控制的距离进行了计算,得到台网不同震级地震的监测范围。台网基本上能够测定巫山至奉节段的ML≥1.2地震活动,同时能够测定一般地区的ML=1.8地震活动。     

山东数字遥测地震台网地震监测能力评估

根据地震仪器的性能对山东数字遥测地震台网的监测能力进行评估，并利用2000年3－10月地震资料进行了检验。其结果为：山东地区12％的面积监测能力为ML≥2.0级，山东中部及渤海、黄河沿海地区监测能力为ML≥2.5级，渤海、黄海近海地区的监测能力为ML≥3.0级。最后指出台网布局的疏密程度、观测条件及台基条件的优劣等是影响台网监控能力的重要因素。     

辽宁遥测数字地震台网的技术系统

1　台网概况辽宁遥测数字地震台网 (下称辽宁台网 )是在原沈阳遥测地震台网的基础上进行数字化改造而建成的。台网由设在沈阳的台网中心、分布在辽宁省内的 4个中继站和 1 5个遥测数字地震台站组成 ,主要采用港震公司提供的设备和软件 ,根据实际需要 ,台网又自行研制了一些硬件设备和应用软件 ,对整个系统进行了完善和补充 ,整个系统采用了先进的数字地震观测技术 ,具有宽频带、大动态、高分辨率等特点。辽宁台网承担着省内 ML≥ 2 .5、责任区内 ML≥ 5.0、国外 MS≥ 7.0地震的速报任务 ;同时承担着编制辽宁省地震目录及地震观测报告 ,并…     

青岛市数字地震台网技术系统

引言 青岛市是沿海开放、经济发达城市，是地震重点监视防御城市，是2008年北京奥运会唯一协办城市。而1992年南黄海5.3级地震以来，一系列的有感地震波及青岛市，在政府、民众中产生了一定的社会影响。为此，青岛市地震局抓住有利时机，于2001年向市政府申请建设“青岛市数字地震遥测台网”，项目年底立项，总投资476万元人民币。 1 台网概况 青岛市数字遥测台网是集短周期地震仪、宽频带仪、强震仪于一体的综合性地震观测系统。台网由6个遥测子台、1个强震台和1个台网中心组成（图1）。台网孔径约100 km，能实时检测青岛市区范围内ML≥1…     

天津遥测地震台网井下地震波地动位移与地动速度记录的对比分析

本文对比和分析了天津遥测地震台网井下地震波地动位移和地动速度记录的特点,结果表明:(1)台网增加速度记录有利于地震参数的测定,是位移记录的必要补充;(2)有利于监测本区微震活动;(3)是提高平原地区遥测地震台网控震能力的一种有效途径。     

2008年华北及河北省地震活动概况

1 2008年河北省及京津地区地震活动概况 据河北省数字遥测地震台网测定,2008年河北省及京津地区共发生地震732次,ML1．0级以下地震135次,ML1．0～1．9级地震516次,ML2．0～2．9级地震75次,ML3．0--3．9级地震5次,ML4．0～4．9级地震1次,没有5级以上地震（图1）。     

山西大同数字地震台网监测能力分析

根据台网布局和实际使用参数,运用反推方法,对大同数字遥测地震台网和模拟遥测地震台网的监控能力进行了计算分析,粗定了数字台网速报表任区的范围,并对数字台网的大震响应能力进行了讨论,结果表明,大同数字台网的监控能力较模拟台网有了较大的提高,整个网内及网缘地震的监控能力为２．０级,网内大部分区域及东部网缘区域可达１．５级;数字台网对网内最大的测定能力为５．０级,网内南部区域可达５．５级;对于网内更大震级的地震,记录将全部限幅,测定震级困难,对山西北部５．５级以上地震要靠山西台网中北部台站来控制。     

新疆乌鲁木齐数字遥测地震台网监控能力的检验

为弄清新疆乌鲁木齐遥测地震台网模拟记录时的监控能力在台站数没有发生大的变化的情况下，实现数字化记录后是否还适用的问题，利用乌鲁木齐数字地震台网2000年10月至2002年3月的台网交切定位资料对台网监控能力进行了检验，结果表明，在Mt＜2．0地震的控制圈内，数字遥测地震台网的监控能力明显比模拟台网的监控能力范围大。     

山西大同数字遥测地震台网技术系统的建设

叙述了山西大同数字遥测地震台网的结构及监测能力，台网的功能及技术指标和遥测台技术系统、供电系统、中心系统、避雷系统、中继站、信道等的建设情况，分析了山西大同数字遥测地震台网考核运行期间获得的资料，结果表明，大同数字遥测地震台网在检测地震能力、动态范围、地震处理精度和速度方面优于模拟台网，对网内大部分区域及东部网缘区域的地震监控能力可达1.5级，网内地震响应速度小于10min，得出该台风可为地学研究及地震预报提供更为丰富的数字地震资料的结论。     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration Aims And Scope

正This journal is established by the Institute of Engineering Mechanics(IEM),China Earthquake Administration,to promote scientific exchange between Chinese and foreign scientists and engineers so as to improve the theory and practice of earthquake hazards mitigation,preparedness,and recovery.To accomplish this purpose,the journal aims to attract a balanced number of papers between Chinese and     

Solute concentrations in the lower niger river and the source rock contribution

Water quality analyses for the Niger River for the 1980/81 hydrological year are presented. The samples were collected from the main river at Lokoja, and from two main tributaries, the Kaduna and the Benue Rivers. Different water types were distinguished by the concentrations of major ions. The type Ca > Na > Mg > K - HCO₃ > SO₄ > Cl was represented at all stations during at least part of the year. Chloride was found to dominate the sulphate ion in the Kaduna and Niger, while the Benue maintained a higher concentration of sulphate relative to chloride all year round. Distinct patterns of seasonal variation in the ion concentrations were observed, particularly for the samples collected at Lokoja. Low ion concentrations were prominent during periods of high discharge, while low flow periods coincided with high dissolved ion concentrations. The contribution of rainwater to the total dissolved solids in the river waters was assessed indirectly using rainwater chemistry data from the Gulf of Guinea. The estimated rainwater contribution to the Lower Niger amounts to 5.15 mg 1^?1. Geochemical weathering calculations involving reactions of the four major minerals of granitic rocks - anorthite, biotite, albite, and K-feldspar - with carbon dioxide and water, can account for the average water composition of the Lower Niger. The proportion of the ionic components was also related to the occurrence of the respective element in the minerals.     

Scenario predictions for potential near-field and far-field earthquakes affecting Hong Kong

Historical earthquakes noted in the written records of the South China region, including Hong Kong, are not well delineated along identified prominent fault sources. Despite the lack of any definitive, localised trend in the spatial distribution of seismic activity in the region, there does appear to be some major disparity in the seismic activity rates (especially for large magnitude earthquakes) between the near-field and the far-field regions of Hong Kong. Despite this observation, previous studies of the regional seismic activity and seismic ground motion hazard (the latter using a probabilistic seismic hazard assessment, PSHA) have considered very broad source zone regions, in which uniform levels of seismic activity have been assumed. The present paper further scrutinises this broad source zone (BSZ) approach by adopting a novel expanding circular disc (ECD) method to determine the rates of earthquake recurrence. Such a method is intended to counter-check previously developed models by determining earthquake scenario events in terms of magnitude–distance (M–R) pairs or combinations, having defined values of average return period. Unlike the BSZ approach, the ECD method specifically accounts for the supposed variations in the seismic activity rates between events in the near-field and the far-field of Hong Kong.The form of the developed method is particularly suited to the determination of design-level earthquake ground motions for bedrock sites, since it assumes a directionally-independent attenuation model as described in the companion paper. It is found that, whilst the BSZ approach may indicate the overall average levels of hazard that are representative of the South China region as a whole, it does not capture the large disparity in seismic activity rates between near-field and far-field events. This important feature is expected to have a significant impact upon engineering assessments of the seismic safety of structures in Hong Kong and elsewhere in the South China region. For example, it is found that for events with M≥6, the seismic activity rate (normalised by time and area) in the very far-field is around 3.5 times larger than in the near-field and medium-field of Hong Kong. The resulting design M-R combinations, covering a range of return periods from 70 to 2500 years, are limited, for very long return periods and for distant events, by the maximum credible earthquake (MCE) magnitude. Intensive research to determine this seismic hazard parameter is recommended, in order to refine further the results of the ECD analysis, which presently conservatively assumes the MCE to range between M=6 in the near-field of Hong Kong to M=8 in the very far-field, at distances greater than 280 km from Hong Kong.     

Depositional ages and characteristics of Middle–Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous lacustrine deposits in southeastern Mongolia

Lower Cretaceous lacustrine oil shales are widely distributed in southeastern Mongolia. Due to the high organic carbon content of oil shale, many geochemical studies and petroleum exploration have been conducted. Although most of the oil shales are considered to be Early Cretaceous in age, a recent study reveals that some were deposited in the Middle Jurassic. The present study aims at establishing depositional ages and characteristics of the Jurassic and Cretaceous lacustrine deposits in Mongolia. The Lower Cretaceous Shinekhudag Formation is about 250 m thick and composed of alternating beds of shale and dolomite. The Middle Jurassic Eedemt Formation is about 150 m thick and composed of alternating beds of shale, dolomitic marl, and siltstone. The alternations of shale and dolomite in both formations were formed by lake level changes, reflecting precipitation changes. Shales were deposited in the center of a deep lake during highstand, while dolomites were formed by primary precipitation during lowstand. Based on the radiometric age dating, the Shinekhudag Formation was deposited between 123.8 ±2.0 Ma and 118.5 ±0.9 Ma of the early Aptian. The Eedemt Formation was deposited at around 165–158 Ma of Callovian–Oxfordian. The calculated sedimentation rate of the Shinekhudag Formation is between 4.7 ±2.6 cm/ky and 10.0 ±7.6 cm/ky. Shales in the Shinekhudag Formation show micrometer‐scale lamination, consisting of algal organic matter and detrital clay mineral couplets. Given the average thickness of micro‐laminae and calculated sedimentation rate, the micro‐lamination is most likely of varve origin. Both Middle–Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous lacustrine oil shales were deposited in intracontinental basins in the paleo‐Asian continent. Tectonic processes and basin evolution basically controlled the deposition of these oil shales. In addition, enhanced precipitation under humid climate during the early Aptian and the Callovian–Oxfordian was another key factor inducing the widespread oil shale deposition in Mongolia.     

THEORETICAL APPROACH TO THE SOLUTION OF THE INFILTRATION PROBLEM

ABSTRACT

The one-dimensional transient downward entry of water in unsaturated soils is investigated theoretically. The mathematical equation describing the infiltration process is derived by combining Darcy's dynamic equation of motion with the continuity and thermodynamic state equations adjusted for the unsaturated flow conditions. The resulting equation together with the corresponding initial and boundary conditions constitues a mathematical initial boundary value problem requiring the solution of a nonlinear partial differential equation of the parabolic type. The volumetric water content is taken as the dependent variable and the time and the position along the vertical direction are taken as the independent variables. The governing equation is of such nature that a solution exists for t > 0 and is uniquely determined if two relationships are defined, together with the specified state of the system, at the initial time t = 0 and at the two boundaries. The two required relations are those of pressure versus permeability and pressure versus volumetric water content.

Since the partial differential equation has strong non-linear terms, a discrete solution is obtained by approximating the derivatives with finite-differences at discrete mesh points in the solution domain and integrated for the corresponding initial and boundary conditions. The use of an implicit difference scheme is employed in order to generate a system of simultaneous non-linear equations that has to be solved for each time increment. For n mesh points the two boundary conditions provide two equations and the repetition of the recurrence formula provides n—2 equations, the total being n equations for each time increment. The solution of the system is obtained by matrix inversion and particularly with a back-substitution technique. The FORTRAN statements used for obtaining the solution with an electronic digital computer (IBM 704) are presented together with the input data.

Analysis of the errors involved in the numerical solution is made and the stability and convergence of the solution of the approximate difference equation to that of the differential equation is investigated. The method applied is that of making a Fourier series expansion of a whole line of errors and then following the progress of the general term of the series expansion and also the behavior of each constituent harmonic. The errors (forming a continuous function of points in an abstract Banach space) are represented by vectors with the Fourier coefficients constituting a second Banach space. The amplification factor of the difference equation is shown to be always less than unity which guarantees the stability of the employed implicit recurrence scheme.

Experiments conducted on a vertical column packed uniformly with very fine sand, show a satisfactory agreement between the theoretically and experimentally obtained values. Many experimental results are shown in an attempt to explain the infiltration phenomenon with emphasis on the shape and movement of the wet front, and the effects of the degree of compaction, initial water content and deaired water on the infiltration rate.     

Late Permian post‐ophiolitic trondhjemites from Central Iran: a mark of subduction role in growth of Paleozoic continental crust

Late Permian trondhjemites in the Anarak area occur as stocks and dykes, which cross cut the Anarak ophiolite and its overlying metasedimentary rocks, and are exposed along the northern Anarak east–west main faults. These leucocratic intrusive bodies have enclaves of all ophiolitic units and metamorphic rocks. They are composed of amphibole, plagioclase (oligoclase), quartz, zircon and muscovite. Secondary minerals are chlorite (pycnochlorite), epidote, albite, magnetite and calcite. Whole‐rock major‐ and trace‐element analyses reveal that they are characterized by high SiO ₂ (67.8–71.0 wt%), Al ₂ O ₃ (14.9–17.1 wt%) and Na ₂ O (5.3–8.6 wt%), low K ₂ O (0.1–1.5 wt%; average: 0.8 wt%), low Rb/Sr ratio (0.01–0.40; average: 0.09), low Y (3–6 ppm), negative Ti, Nb and Ta anomalies, slightly negative or positive Eu anomaly, LREE enrichment and fractionated HREE. These rocks present 2 to 40 times enrichment in inclined chondrite‐normalized REE patterns. Geochemical characteristics of the Anarak trondhjemites all reflect melting of a mafic protolith at more than 10 kbar. The field evidence and whole‐rock chemistry reveal that these rocks have been crystallized from magmas derived from melting of subducted Anarak oceanic crust. This study reveals that melting of garnet amphibolite was an important element of continent formation in the study area.