Investigation of a Tertiary maar structure using three-dimensional resistivity imaging

This paper presents the application of the electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) method to the investigation of the Tertiary maar structure of Baruth (Germany) known from previous gravimetric surveys. ERT was applied to support the optimum location for a palaeoclimatological drill hole.
  Special modifications of data acquisition, signal processing and inversion are introduced to adapt the method of ERT to the special requirements for the 3-D investigation of structures with horizontal extensions of 1  km or more. More than 5000 dipole–dipole combinations were recorded at three concentric circular electrode arrangements using stand-alone transient data acquisition systems (RefTek).
  We present a fast approximate imaging technique based on the simultaneous iterative reconstruction technique (SIRT). As the complete calculation of the inverse Frechét matrix is avoided, the algorithm is especially suitable for large data and model spaces, where complete inversion is beyond the limits of available computing hardware. The single-step method is applicable to arbitrary irregular electrode layouts. Synthetic tests show that the imaging procedure reconstructs the main features of the subsurface.
  A low-resistivity body could be interpreted as limnic sediments filling the interior of the Tertiary maar crater. Considering the horizontal resistivity gradient, estimates for the lateral and depth extents of the structure were made. An optimum position for a palaeoclimatological borehole was found, and was in good agreement with the gravimetric minimum.     

基于结构方程模型的旅游消费券效用影响因素研究——以杭州市为例

旅游消费券在扩大消费、刺激经济增长的同时,在发放地域、发放主体、发放渠道、发放对象、使用范围、面额设计和使用限制等方面还存在诸多不足,影响了其效用的发挥。针对此,本文运用结构方程模型方法,构建了旅游消费券效用模型,探讨影响旅游消费券效用的关键因素。研究发现：（1）经济价值、使用意愿、使用限制性、使用可靠性和领取便利性等...     

基于中国主体功能区划的国家与省级点-轴结构解析

中国主体功能区划作为国土空间开发保护的基础制度,其空间结构是各级各类空间规划遵循的重要约束性指标以及主体功能区精准落地的关键参数。本文将面状功能区纳入点-轴系统结构,探索主体功能区点-轴结构的科学内涵,以中国主体功能区划为研究对象,聚焦国家与省级层面,着重从主体功能区点-轴结构的要素构成、功能区与点-轴结构的空间分异、以及功能区与点-轴结构的相互作用三个方面进行解析。研究结果表明：① 中国主体功能区划这张图本身就蕴含着点-轴系统结构,城市化地区是不同等级极核的集合,极核的等级和空间分布决定了开发轴线;② 点-轴地域开发系统、农业发展和生态安全地区呈现圈层式的结构特征,随着距离轴线越远,城市化类型比重越低、生态安全类型比重越高,点-轴结构受粮食安全与生态安全保障需求的约束;③ 无论是国家和省级层面,联系最紧密的区域连线与开发轴线基本吻合,不同层级等级较高的城市化功能主导区域之间的相互作用决定了主体功能区点-轴的拓扑结构,这在自然约束较弱、人类活动相对强度的区域更为显著。本文的研究成果有助于科学认知主体功能区的科学内涵及有序化的空间组织规律,为国土空间规划及功能区降尺度传导提供关键指标与参数,也将为中国综合地理区划提供重要的参考。     

A new class of propagation models based on a factorization of the Helmholtz equation

Summary. A new class of propagation models, which is based on a factorization of the Helmholtz equation, that is, in principle, exact for range-independent environments, is presented. A numerical algorithm which makes use of the forward propagation feature of the propagation models and 'marches' the radiation field over a sequence of incremented range planes is derived and implemented. Numerical results of transmission loss as a function of range are obtained for a number of sample wave speed profiles for two members of the class of propagation models, one being an often-used parabolic wave theory and one being a high-frequency model that is new to our study. These results are compared to each other, to results obtained from an 'exact' numerical integration of the complete Helmholtz theory, and to results obtained using a WKB approximation to the Helmholtz equation formulation. The results demonstrate both the computational viability of the class of propagation models using the derived marching algorithm and very promising numerical agreement between the 'exact' results and those obtained using the high-frequency model.     

地理专家知识表示的框架网络模型研究

基于框架网络结构模型的专家知识表示方法 ,采用知识的框架网络结构描述地学环境的实体单元 ,将各级专家知识的表示以指针连接 ,形成了由知识到语义的专家知识表示的框架网络。以乌鲁木齐河流域土地合理利用规划决策专家系统的构建为例 ,阐述了该模型的构造方法和实现方案 ,并讨论了系统知识库的组织结构和推理规则的设计原理。     

Geospatial data conflation: a formal approach based on optimization and relational databases

ABSTRACT

Geospatial data conflation is aimed at matching counterpart features from two or more data sources in order to combine and better utilize information in the data. Due to the importance of conflation in spatial analysis, different approaches to the conflation problem have been proposed ranging from simple buffer-based methods to probability and optimization based models. In this paper, I propose a formal framework for conflation that integrates two powerful tools of geospatial computation: optimization and relational databases. I discuss the connection between the relational database theory and conflation, and demonstrate how the conflation process can be formulated and carried out in standard relational databases. I also propose a set of new optimization models that can be used inside relational databases to solve the conflation problem. The optimization models are based on the minimum cost circulation problem in operations research (also known as the network flow problem), which generalizes existing optimal conflation models that are primarily based on the assignment problem. Using comparable datasets, computational experiments show that the proposed conflation method is effective and outperforms existing optimal conflation models by a large margin. Given its generality, the new method may be applicable to other data types and conflation problems.     

Enabling smart data selection based on data completeness measures: a quality-aware approach

Geographic information system (GIS) users rely heavily on the versatile operations of GIS software and the abundant variety of geospatial data from different resources to satisfy their application requirements. However, the convenient use of GIS software has resulted in users easily ignoring the threat of data misuse because of the lack of understanding of data quality. Here we argue that data quality considerations must be coherently assimilated into the GIS operation design to visually present helpful information and ensure the accuracy of data for decision making. Data completeness is selected in this paper to demonstrate how the use of data quality information opens a new dimension to the design of future GIS software. We propose a new model for the representation, analysis, and visualization of data completeness information. With the brand new quantitative measures and informative visual approach, understanding of the data completeness of the illustrated contents in the map interface is enhanced, and inappropriate dataset selection can be effectively prevented. Thus, this paper presents an innovative, integrated and geospatial concept of future GIS operation design, where users are constantly aware of the continuously changing status of data quality based on formalized and quantitative data quality theories.     

基于货物结构的中国沿海港口运输职能判别

采用2013年中国沿海各港口的分类货物吞吐量数据,从综合性/专业化、职能规模、职能地位等视角判别其运输职能类型,并探究综合性/专业化与港口规模的关系,既考虑港口自身的货物结构,又兼顾各类货物在全国沿海港口体系中的地位。研究发现：港口的综合性/专业化与港口规模存在较弱的相关性,规模越大,综合性特征越显著,反之,专业化特征越突出;煤炭、金属矿石、石油、矿建材料等大宗货物是沿海港口的主要运输职能,尤其是煤炭运输在绝大多数沿海港口中占有重要地位,是港口形成专业化职能的核心要素;各类货物作为主要货种和优势货种的空间分布不尽相同;根据是否具有突出职能及综合性/专业化判别,沿海港口可以划分为六种运输职能类型。     

中国居民城际出行网络的空间结构特征

利用腾讯迁徙数据构建居民城际出行网络,分析了不同时段、不同交通方式下中国居民城际出行网络的空间结构特征以及主要城市群的对内、对外居民城际出行模式。研究发现,2018年中国居民城际出行网络呈“东密西疏”空间分布格局,形成以京、沪、穗—深、蓉—渝等高中心性城市为顶点的顶层跨区级“钻石型”网络结构。“春运”时段城际出行的重心相较日常出行更偏向于西南,居民城际日均出行规模亦高于其他时段,特殊节假日城际出行具有显著的空间邻近效应。不同出行方式下的出行人口、出行范围和出行交通网络差异显著,航空、铁路、公路出行分别承担国家级、区域级和地方级城际出行的人口集散。主要城市群对内出行网络呈现“核心—邻近—边缘”空间格局,以多中心双核出行模式为主,对外出行网络则呈现“跨区—邻域—地方”的格局,以单中心单核出行模式为主。     

郊区化进程中北京城市内部迁居及相关空间行为——基于千份问卷调查的分析

利用千份问卷调查资料 ,研究居住郊区化进程中北京城市居民的迁居行为、第二住宅与季节性郊区化 ,以及包括通勤、出行和购物等在内的相关空间行为。研究表明 ,北京本地城市化和近郊化的特征明显 ,单位福利分房和原居住地拆迁是居民迁居的主要原因 ,居民职住分离现象十分普遍 ,传统单位制下职住合一的空间格局已被打破 ;城市第二住宅多用于商业出租等用途 ,表现出一定程度的季节性郊区化特点 ,但尚未达到规模集聚的程度 ;在居住郊区化的进程中 ,北京城市居民的通勤、出行和购物等空间行为均有一定程度的变化。     

Postglacial rebound and lateral viscosity variations: a semi-analytical approach based on a spherical model with Maxwell rheology

A spectral method is employed to study the response to surface loads of a Maxwell earth including lateral viscosity variations. In particular, we focus on the effects of lithospheric cratons on the long-wavelength time-dependent displacement field for simple earth models. The viscosity contrast of the craton with respect to the surrounding mantle is kept fixed, whereas its thickness is allowed to vary. We show that the long-wavelength vertical displacement is not greatly affected by the presence of a lithospheric craton, while the tangential displacement is severely modified for the case of a homogeneous mantle. With increasing harmonic degree and thickness of the craton, the load-deformation coefficients deviate from those pertaining to a homogeneous mantle with a viscosity of 10²¹ Pa s. These deviations are particularly enhanced on timescales larger than a few hundred years. These findings indicate that the interpretation of the viscosity structure of the mantle inferred from postglacial rebound signatures based on radially stratified models is affected by the presence of lateral viscosity variations.     

基于虚拟城市模型的城市形态对污水系统影响研究

城市形态与污水设施的运行之间关系密切,探讨城市形态对城市内污水设施的影响对解决现有设施存在的水力失效及未来情景应对能力欠佳等问题具有重要价值。因此,论文测算了现阶段中国地级城市的城市形态,设置了城市形态情景和排水情景,使用Kruscal算法进行管网定线、SWMM软件模拟系统性能,构建自上而下的虚拟城市空间与污水系统耦合模型,探索了不同形态城市的污水系统生命周期成本、结构和性能的一般性规律,构建了系统经济性、有效性和适应性指标体系以综合评估城市污水系统。研究发现,在城市人口36.24万、面积35 km²的规模下,污水系统的生命周期成本约为6亿~7亿元。方形、长条形和星形的流速失效比分别为0.55、0.67、0.55,充满度失效比分别为0.35、0.42、0.36。在排水情景改变下,污水量变小时,系统流速失效情况均更为严重,而充满度失效情况均有所改善;当污水量变大时,流速失效情况均有所改善,而充满度失效情况更为严重。分析系统结构特性,发现越分散的污水系统连通性越好,长条形城市的污水系统相较于方形和星形城市更为集中。对指标作相关性分析,发现越分散的污水系统经济性和有效性更好,但适应性更差。从系统经济性和有效性角度出发,方形和星形城市更有利。从污水系统适应性角度出发,长条形城市优于方形和星形城市,结合2010—2015年的城市形态分析,长条→长条(变化前后城市形态均为长条形,以此类推)、星形→长条、方形→长条的86个城市的城市发展方向不够合理,各城市在未来扩建或新建规划中应在因地制宜基础上考虑内部污水设施,选择合理的城市形态。     

Fluid Households,Complex Families: The Impacts of Children's Migration as a Response to HIV/AIDS in Southern Africa*

Abstract

The fluidity of southern African families is related to a long history of internal and external migration. Currently, HIV/AIDS is having a dramatic impact on extended family structures, with the migration of individual members employed as a coping strategy. Children's migration is one aspect of this that is often distinct from that undertaken by other household members. This article is based on qualitative research conducted in Lesotho and Malawi with young migrants and the households that receive them. It examines the processes of fragmentation and re-formation of households through the movements of children that are taking place in response to HIV/AIDS, and explores the impacts these processes have on young migrants and the households they join.     

Impacts of canopy structure on the sub-canopy solar radiation under a deciduous forest based on fisheye photographs

Forest canopy in a deciduous forest has significant sheltering effects on the sub-canopy solar radiation, significantly influencing the energy balance of snow and permafrost beneath the forest and their spatial distribution.This study employs a digital camera mounted with a fisheye lens to acquire photographs at various times in a growth cycle of the forest canopy at three selected sites in a deciduous forest near the Greater Khingan Mountains Forest Ecological Station, Northeast China. The vege...     

基于空间可达性分析的客家民系迁移路径模拟

以人地关系为视角,引入空间可达性的概念,探讨赣闽粤交界地区客家先民迁移路线的选择与所处的自然环境和社会历史背景之间的关系。利用GIS技术建立地形和古交通通道数据库,分别构建栅格与矢量数据结构最优路径模型,分析了客家民系迁移路径选择与空间可达性的关系。结果表明:可达性分析结果与客家民系的空间分布拟合的较好,受迁移时期的生产力水平限制,高大山脉、隘口等地形因素对迁移路线影响巨大,自然、社会、历史因素共同影响客家民系迁移及分布格局,赣州、长汀、梅州等"客家首府"城市位于所模拟的最优迁移路径上。     

基于耗散结构系统熵模型的乡村生产空间系统有序性研究

通过分析乡村生产空间系统的耗散结构特征,建立系统熵模型,运用关联熵和运行熵,从系统的主体（多元主体）、客体（地）和环境三要素入手构建指标体系,讨论系统内部结构和运行状态的有序性,并以重庆市合川区龙市镇为研究区予以实证,研究表明：研究区乡村生产空间系统关联熵先增后减,系统内部结构有序性呈现阶段性特征,2008—2011年主要受城市化无序扩张和土地利用方式低效粗放等因素影响,系统内部结构趋于混乱无序,2011—2015年主要因财政支农力度增强、农业投入产出水平提高、生态修复力度加大等因素刺激,系统内部结构逐渐趋于有序化;2008—2015年,乡村生产空间系统运行熵逐年减小,在农业综合开发投入大幅增加引起的生产条件改善、产业结构调整与提档升级等驱动下,呈现出持续有序化的发展态势;围绕乡村生产空间系统的内部结构及运行状态的演化规律,从优化土地利用结构、构建现代农业产业体系、编制和完善相关规划、培育新产业新业态入手,提出相关策略,以促进乡村生产空间系统有序健康发展。