Spatio-temporal patterns of intra-urban land use change in Beijing, China between 1984 and 2008

Urban internal structure is essential information for urban geography researchers and urban planners or managers. This research aims to examine the spatial structure changes of internal urban land use based on the interpreted datasets of 1984 and 2008. Spatio-temporal patterns of internal land use conversion and urban expansion are analyzed, and then dominant driving factors (e.g., social economy, population growth and urban planning) were identified. The results indicate that Beijing′s intra-urban layout has experienced tremendous adjustment from compact to disperse configure, otherwise its function objects have shifted from the major economic and industrial development before the 1990s to the combination with cultural, high-technological and inhabitable city at present. The dominant urban land use transformations include the relocation of industrial lands from core districts to suburban or other provinces, and the accelerating expansion of residential areas and green spaces for supplying the demand of housing and ecological protection. Although Beijing′s urban planning has experienced three major adjustments and improvement since the 1980s, its optimization of urban internal patterns still remains a challenge.     

基于时间序列聚类方法分析北京出租车出行量的时空特征

受城市资源配置、区域功能分化的影响,城市中居民的出行往往呈现出特定的模式和规律,而这种出行模式的背后反映出城市的功能结构。城市车辆GPS导航的广泛使用,以及车辆轨迹数据的大量获取,为分析城市居民出行模式及理解城市功能结构提供了数据支撑。本文以道路分割城市得到的地块为研究单元,利用北京市一个月的出租车轨迹数据,对北京居民的出行模式及城市功能格局进行分析。在轨迹数据分析中,本文从轨迹数据中提取每个地块的出行量时间序列信息,然后采用结合时间序列距离度量和时间序列自身相关性的聚类方法,对出行量时间序列数据进行聚类分析,从而研究乘客出行的时空分布特征,最后结合北京市POI数据,探讨了不同区域乘客出行规律和区域功能类型的相互关系。结果表明,出租车出行量时间序列模式在工作日和周末间存在明显差异。此外,工作日的2个出行高峰与通常的通勤早晚高峰不同。由出行量所得的区域聚类结构,除具有重要交通枢纽功能的地块外,总体上以市中心为圆心大致呈同心圆分布,且距离市中心越远出行量越小。研究结果对于分析北京市居民出行行为、辅助城市交通规划具有一定的意义。     

重庆市主城区1986-2007年用地时空演化特征分析

本文以重庆市主城区为例,通过GIS构建城市用地变化模型对重庆市城市用地20年来的时空演变规律进行了分析,分别对其城市用地利用程度、城市用地多样性和城市用地重心变化进行了评价,并考虑入口和海拔因素,讨论了重庆市城市用地发展的主要特点.结果表明;(1)重庆市主城区城市用地中耕地面积最多,其次是林地,城市景观所占比例较轻.2...     

基于网络地图的多交通模式医疗设施可达性分析

由于城镇化发展迅速、居民对医疗服务需求的提高,使得城市人口密集区域医疗服务压力增大,因此进行医疗服务设施可达性分析具有重要意义。本文以福州市主城区为例,医疗数据来自于福州市卫健委,利用爬虫技术获得小区户数进行人口估算,基于早、中、晚各时段的实时路况信息,计算居民点到医疗服务设施的最优路径旅行时间,并绘制医疗服务等时区,利用高斯距离衰减函数改进的两步移动搜法（Gaussian-Two Step Floating Catchment Area Method, Ga-2SFCA）,考虑出行模式,对福州市主城区二级以上医院进行可达性分析。结果表明：① 驾车出行模式下,医疗服务覆盖率和居民就医可达性要明显好于公共交通出行模式;② 驾车出行模式下,医疗服务可达性受出行时段影响较大;而公共交通出行方式下,各时段差异较小;③ 随着时间阈值的增大,居民点的医疗服务可达性等级提升,且高等级可达性范围逐渐扩大;④ 驾车模式下的医疗可达性空间分布和道路保持一致,呈现出“环线层次”的现象;而公共交通模式下的可达性空间分布由于受到城市公交微循环系统的影响,呈现出“轴向扩张”的现象。     

EVOLVEMENT OF URBAN SPATIAL STRUCTURE AND MAIN DRIVES IN WUXI, CHINA

1IN TR O D U C TIO NC hina, as a developing country, is experiencing rapidpopulation grow th and land expansion,w hich has gen-erated considerable governm entalconcernsand scholar-ly attention (FA ZA L,2000).R esearchers have revealeda m assive increase i…     

闽南金三角地区城市扩展及其驱动分析——以漳州市主城区为例

城市空间扩展是衡量城市化进程的重要指标。本文以闽南金三角地区的福建省漳州市主城区作为研究区,选取2000、2006和2013年的Landsat遥感影像,利用IBI建筑指数分别提取了3个年份的建筑用地信息,然后对其变化进行GIS分析。结果表明,13 a间漳州市主城区面积净增13.69 km²,净增面积为2000年的66.9%。主城区主要沿交通主干道往西北方向呈带状和面状扩展。缓冲区分析表明,道路对主城区扩展起到很大的引导和促进作用。综合社会经济数据可知,主城区的城市扩展历程与第二产业的发展密切相关,属工业导向型的城市扩展模式。另外,城市人口的增加也起到了一定的促进作用,不同区位人口增长速率的差异,对城市扩展的方向也产生了一定的引导作用。     

Factors affecting formation and development of the urban industrial district in China — A case study on caohejing hi-tech park in Shanghai

In China, the urban industrial district is usually an organic concentrated district including many factories that are in big, middle or small size, and are coordinated in the process of production, or use infrastructure in common. The formation and development of the urban industrial district in China are affected by not only general factors such as natural factor, transportation factor, labour factor, ecologic factor, but also special factors such as agglomeration factor, technologic factor and social factor. To the district’s formation, both the social factors and natural factors are important, especially the attitude the government have towards the district and the regional natural condition. But the agglomeration, market and transportation costs here are not as important as those in the traditional Industrial Location Theory. Now we must pay great attention to these three factors owing to the new economic conditions in China. In the development of the district, the main factors are technology and agglomeration. This indicates that the technologic factor is gradually the essential condition in the development of the district. Besides, we must also know the affection of the ecologic factor in the development of the district. According to the reality of Caohejing district, this paper gives every factor mark in the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). With the result of the AHP, some suggestions have been put forward to Caohejing Hi-Tech Park and other urban industrial districts as well.     

公交模式对公共服务设施可达性的影响

利用python程序语言开发了基于百度地图导航服务的批量路径时间查询平台,并结合最邻近设施时间和累积机会成本方法度量了居住单元与中心商业区（CBD）、与行政服务中心、与大型医院、与火车站、与飞机场的可达性;然后,着重对比分析了2种公交模式（有/无地铁）下公共服务设施可达性的差异。实验结果表明：① 与基于ArcGIS网络分析法等传统方法相比,基于“门到门”互联网路径规划服务API方法计算的出行时间成本能够较为精确、便捷地用于度量公共服务设施的可达性,避免了人工构建复杂路网数据集的工作量,而且更具时效性;② 融入地铁网络的公交模式不同程度上提升了居住单元至公共服务设施的可达性,尤其是地铁沿线“廊道”以及重要交通设施（如地铁站点）邻近区域最为显著;③ 居住单元至邻近CBD的可达性变化显著集中于0~30 min,30 min时间阈值内公交（有地铁）模式下累计的人口和面积分别是公交（无地铁）模式的1.7倍和2.2倍;④ 居住单元至邻近火车站的可达性变化显著集中于0~30 min以及30~60 min,30 min时间阈值内公交（有地铁）模式下累计的人口和面积分别是公交（无地铁）模式的8.9倍和3.0倍,60 min时间阈值内累计的人口和面积分别是公交（无地铁）模式的1.5倍和1.9倍;⑤ 居住单元至邻近飞机场的可达性变化显著集中于60~90 min以及90~120 min,90 min时间阈值内公交（有地铁）模式下累计的人口和面积分别是公交（无地铁）模式的12.6倍和6.6倍,120 min时间阈值内累计的人口和面积分别是公交（无地铁）模式的2.0倍和3.6倍;⑥ 居住单元至所属行政中心、至邻近大型医院的可达性在各个时间间隔及阈值范围内亦有相应幅度的改善。此外,运用本文的技术方法还可获得更完整、真实的其他交通模式（如汽车、电动车、自行车、步行等）接入城市公共服务设施的情形,为进一步研究非汽车模式下城市公共服务设施的可达性提供参考,促进城市公共交通可持续性的发展。     

广州城市空间形态特征与时空演化分析

城市空间形态的形成和变化是城市内、外各种社会力量相互作用的物质空间反映。本文基于历史资料和遥感影像,探讨了近百年来广州城市空间形态特征和演变过程。广州城市空间形态演变依次经历了轮形团块期、触角期、分散组团式、轴向发展期、带形发展期、新的触角期等几个阶段。利用遥感方法对1979～2004年间广州市建成区变化的监测表明,该期间广州先后经历了20世纪80年代的相对稳定期、90年代前期的快速发展期、90年代中后期的平稳发展期和近年来的高速发展期,目前是扩展速度较快的时期。     

多时相Landsat数据动态监测城市土地利用变化——以上海市为例

近年来,上海市由于经济的快速发展,城市用地急剧增加,利用多时相的遥感影像,可以动态地定量监测这种城市化的现象。该文采用平行六面体分类法、最小距离分类法、最大似然分类方法,对上海市2002年和2009年Landsat5遥感影像进行分类并对比,发现最大似然分类方法精度最高,在此基础上,分析利用ENVI获取的土地利用类型转移矩阵,可以发现,上海市土地利用发生重大变化,城市用地面积急剧增加,耕地面积快速减少。大量的耕地资源流向了城市用地,但其他用地很少转移到耕地,这种占用不可逆。上海市各区县城市用地的扩张不仅存在数量上的差异,同时还存在着空间上的差异。     

Urban three-dimensional expansion and its driving forces —A case study of Shanghai, China

Urban expansion is a phenomenon of urban space increase, and an important measuring index of the process of urbanization. Taking Shanghai as an example, the changes of urban average height and built-up area were studied to represent city’s vertical and horizontal increases respectively, and statistical methods were used to analyze the driving forces of urban expansion. The research drew following conclusions: 1) The urban expansion process of Shanghai from 1985 to 2006 had a clear periodic feature, and could be divided into three stages: vertical expansion in dominance, coordinated vertical and horizontal expansion, and horizontal expansion in dominance. 2) The average height and quantity of buildings in core city were significantly bigger than those in suburbs, but the changing speed of the latter was faster. And 3) urbanization process was the major driving force for the city’s horizontal expansion, while industrial structure improvement was the key driving factor for the vertical expansion. Those two driving forces were simultaneously affected by city’s political factors.     

上海市城市空间扩展时空特征与预测分析

 本文以1990、1995、2000、2005年的上海市土地利用遥感监测数据为基本数据源,分析了1990-2005年上海市城市空间扩展 的时空特征。同时利用SLEUTH模型对城市空间扩展进行了模拟和精度验证,并对未来30年上海市城市空间扩展进行了预测。结果显示:1990-2005年,上海市城市空间扩展明显,城市面积净增加81 278hm²,净增长10.14%;在扩展的时间过程上呈现先减缓后加剧的趋势,2000-2005年城市用地扩展最为剧烈,城市面积净增加40 668hm²,净增长5.08%,填海造陆是该时期城市扩展的典型特征。SLEUTH模型可以较好地模拟预测上海市城市空间扩展的时空过程,不同时期模拟与遥感监测结果的Kappa系数最高达到了0.8476;未来30年,上海市城市用地将以年平均增长率1.63%的速度扩展,2040年城市用地面积将达到152 685hm²。城市扩展将占用耕地41 824hm²,年平均占用耕地1200hm²。城市扩展的方式主要是边缘增长,东部的浦东新区沿五洲大道向海方向、南部的徐汇区沿沪闵高架路向南,以及西部的嘉定区和青浦区沿京沪高速两侧向西的地区 均是未来城市扩展的主要方向。     

近20年烟台主城区土地利用变化特征与驱动分析

以TM影像为基本数据源,结合土地利用现状图和土地详查数据,分析了烟台主城区1992年以来土地利用空间扩张特征与机制,以能够更好地对城市进行科学规划控制,促进城市经济协调发展。通过对1992年及2013年TM遥感影像进行处理分析,结合烟台市的社会经济统计数据,得出结论：烟台市1992年到2013年城市空间扩张向西面及沿海方向发展;城市建筑用地面积增加较多,耕地和水域面积则呈减小趋势。影响城市土地利用空间扩张的驱动因子主要是经济发展、人口增长、产业结构、交通发展及国家政策等,其中经济发展和人口增长是促进烟台城市土地利用空间扩张的主要因素。     

Land-Use Changes and Human Driving in and Near the Yangtze River Delta from 1995–2015

We analyzed the characteristics and trends of land-use change in and near the coastal zone of the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) during five periods (1995, 2000 2005, 2010, and 2015) using remotely sensed Landsat imagery. Using automatic supervised classification combined with visual interpretation, we obtained land-use information for five study areas (Nantong, Shanghai, Jiaxing, Ningbo, and Zhoushan). Significant land-use changes have occurred in this area between 1995 and 2015, characterized in particular by large reductions in cultivated land and rapid increases in urbanized land. In addition, land reclamation was very active in this period as an effective supplement to the increased demand for land development: since 1995, 1622 km² of land was reclaimed from near-coastal regions in the study area. This increase in urbanization was jointly driven by population, economic, transportation, and policy factors. Urban areas expanded from the center outward in concentric rings, with infrastructure guiding the radial expansion of development along transportation corridors, thus forming a network of connections. Due to the influence of national land regulation policies, the expansion rate of development in the YRD gradually diminished after 2010. This indicates that the area’s resource and environmental carrying capacity has reached a saturation stage in which urbanization has transitioned from broad and incremental expansion to the intensive use of land resources.     

Relationship between built environment,socio-economic factors and carbon emissions from shopping trip in Shenyang City,China

Promoting active travel behavior and decreasing transport-related carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions have become a priority in many Chinese cities experiencing rapid urban sprawl and greater automobile dependence. However, there are few studies that holistically examine the physical and social factors associated with travel CO₂ emissions. Using a survey of 1525 shoppers conducted in Shenyang, China, this study estimated shopping-related travel CO₂ emissions and examined how the built environment and individual socioeconomic characteristics contribute to shopping travel behavior and associated CO₂ emissions. We found that, firstly, private car trips generate nearly eight times more carbon emissions than shopping trips using public transport, on average. Second, there was significant spatial autocorrelation with CO₂ emissions per trip, and the highest carbon emissions were clustered in the inner suburbs and between the first and second circumferential roads. Third, shopping travel CO₂ emissions per trip were negatively correlated with several built environment features including population density, the quantity of public transport stations, road density, and shop density. They were also found to be significantly related to the individual socio-economic characteristics of car ownership, employment status, and education level using a multinomial logistic regression model. These empirical findings have important policy implications, assisting in the development of measures that contribute to the sustainability of urban transportation and meet carbon mitigation targets.     

北京市备案停车场供需空间格局分析

北京市汽车拥有量不断增加,停车位供给严重不足,这不仅导致了违章停车、时间浪费和交通效率低下,还衍生了环境污染和交通安全等问题。为充分了解北京市中心城区备案停车场在不同区域供给与需求对比的空间分布规律,以及缓解北京市停车困难提供决策参考,本文通过对备案停车场进行地理编码,以备案停车场停车位和分街道居住人口平均拥有车辆数作为参照指标,运用两步移动搜索法分析北京市备案停车场在不同区域居住停车供需对比状况。结果表明,北京市中心城区大部分地区备案停车场供给难以满足停车需求,中心城区每百人备案停车位小于5的街道占比约为41.5%、面积占比约为72.3%,人口占比约为41.7%,停车可达性远低于中心城区每百人汽车拥有量。空间分布上,备案停车可达性核心地区好于外围地区,常住人口停车需求供给不足,最严重的区域主要分布在南四环和南五环之间、五环附近和外围地区、西北三环附近和二环城市中轴线上（除东华门街道区域外）。传统的金融街、CBD居住停车可达性和供需比较好,而中关村地区可达性优势并不明显。因此,未来应增加核心地区和老旧小区居住备案停车场的供给,对核心地区应通过调整停车收费标准影响人们的出行方式,加大违章停车的惩处力度,减少交通拥堵。     

Performance Evaluation of Urban Comprehensive Carrying Capacity of Harbin,Heilongjiang Province in China

Urban comprehensive carrying capacity is an important guarantee and external representation of regional sustainable development. Based on urban comprehensive carrying capacity, this paper constructed a performance evaluation index system of urban comprehensive carrying capacity, and used entropy method, urban comprehensive carrying capacity measurement model and urban sustainable development model to measure spatial and temporal comprehensive carrying capacity of Harbin City in Heilongjiang Province from 2012 to 2017. The results show that: 1) index weight analysis suggested the regional development mode in Harbin still followed an epitaxial development mode, which pursued the expansion of scale and the growth of total amount of regional development, neglecting the effective utilization of resources and the improvement of structural benefits. 2) In the pressure system, the index of resource support has dropped sharply. The index of environmental capacity and social progress has risen circuitously, while the degree of agglomeration and the value of transportation facilities have risen steadily;in the pressure system, the index of population development and economic growth tended to fluctuate, while energy consumption and environmental pollution showed a more synchronous change in characteristics, and the livable demand remained at a high level. 3) The carrying capacity index of resources and environment in Harbin has been declining, and the acquired carrying capacity index fluctuated. The long-term regional development model has severely impaired the carrying capacity of resources and environment. 4) The comprehensive carrying capacity of Harbin has clear spatial differentiation characteristics. Finally, the paper proposes that location conditions, economic development level, government regulation, and science and technology are the main factors influencing the spatial differentiation of urban comprehensive carrying capacity.     

基于分形维度法的都市区城市蔓延分析——以广佛为例

根据1957与1982年两个时期的地形图并结合1995与2008年的遥感卫星影像提取城镇建设用地专题信息,利用ArcGIS建立广佛都市区城镇建设用地数据库,采用分形维度的计算方法,对广佛都市区城市蔓延的情况进行测度和分析。结果表明广佛都市区三个发展阶段城镇建设用地面积增长速度并不均匀,具有加速发展的特点。四个测度年份的分形维数分别为1.645 4,1.628 5,1.558 6和1.527 0,均在1～2之间,分形维数呈递降趋势,总体下降了0.118 4,城市发展模式由紧凑型逐渐向松散型演变,存在城市蔓延情况,而且城市发展模式以年均0.14%的速度从紧凑型向松散型演变。广佛都市区城市蔓延的地域分异较为明显,具有较强的空间集聚性和中心向心性,广州和佛山毗邻地区以及中心城区是城市蔓延的活跃区和集中区,1982-1995年间研究区内蔓延速度比1995-2008年间要快。通过深入分析发现,经济快速发展、城市人口的持续增长、交通道路网络的建设是广佛都市区快速扩张和城市蔓延的基本动力因素之一,开发区土地扩张,进一步加剧了无序扩张和城市蔓延。     

Urban regional structures transformation and sustainable development: Case study of Nanjing megalopolis

Since 1978, many changes have happened on the background of urban regional structure in China, such as the economy system restructuring, the social transforming including the population flow accelerating and social demand diversifying and individualizing, the political and economic systems reforms, the rise of the real estate market and the changing relationship between human and nature. From the macroscopic view, these changes make the national urban system to be a newer pattern with a widening gap among the cities in spite of the rising of the cities as a whole. At the same, the urban land use structures are changing with both the trends of intensification and diversification, and the trends of the regional diversification and the economic integration. Besides, urban structures with multiple centers are emerging in several metropolitan areas in China. These changes and trends mentioned above are confirmed by a case study of Nanjing City, a growing metropolitan area in east China. The case study also points out some problems in urban regional structure reforming, especially the poor social and ecological considerations. We should pay more attention to some ideas like balance of intensification and decentralization, development of suburban centers and a reasonable mixing of the functional activities to develop a sustainable urban regional structure. Biography: XU Yi-lun (1971–), male, a native of Zhejiang Province, Ph. D. His research interests include urban geography, urban and regional planning.     

The evolution of settlement location and distribution in urban-rural integration

ＴＨＥＥＶＯＬＵＴＩＯＮＯＦＳＥＴＴＬＥＭＥＮＴＬＯＣＡＴＩＯＮＡＮＤＤＩＳＴＲＩＢＵＴＩＯＮＩＮＵＲＢＡＮＲＵＲＡＬＩＮＴＥＧＲＡＴＩＯＮＬｉａｏＲｏｎｇｈｕａ（廖荣华）ＣｈｅｎＸｉａｎｇｍａｎ（陈湘满）ＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＧｅｏｇｒａｐｈｙ...