An alternative construction of normalized seismic design spectra for near-fault regions

This paper presents a methodology for constructing seismic design spectra in near-fault regions.By analyzing the characteristics of near-fault pulse-type ground motions,an equivalent pulse model is proposed,which can well represent the characteristics of the near-fault forward-directivity and fling-step pulse-type ground motions.The normalized horizontal seismic design spectra for near-fault regions are presented using recorded near-fault pulse-type ground motions and equivalent pulse-type ground motions,which are derived based on the equivalent pulse model coupled with ground motion parameter attenuation relations.The normalized vertical seismic design spectra for near-fault regions are obtained by scaling the corresponding horizontal spectra with the vertical-to-horizontal acceleration spectral ratios of near-fault pulse-type ground motions.The proposed seismic design spectra appear to have relatively small dispersion in a statistical sense.The seismic design spectra for both horizontal and vertical directions can provide alternative spectral shapes for seismic design codes.     

近断层脉冲型地震动作用下隔震结构地震反应分析

隔震结构在远震场地减震效果良好，但是近断层地震动的明显的长周期速度和位移脉冲运动可能对隔震建筑等长周期结构的抗震性能和设计带来不利影响，需要深入探讨。本文首先讨论近断层地震动的长周期脉冲运动特征，然后以台湾集集地震8条典型近震记录和其它4条常用近震记录以及4条远震记录作为地震动输入，对两幢安装铅芯橡胶隔震支座的钢筋混凝土框架隔震结构进行非线性地震反应时程分析，通过比较探讨了算例计算结果，定量说明隔震结构的近震脉冲效应显著，是隔震设计不容忽视的问题。     

近断层地震动的频谱周期参数和非平稳特征分析

分析地震动的频谱周期参数和频率非平稳特征,是地震危险性分析和结构抗震设计的重要内容.本文对近断层地震动记录按照不同的运动特征分组,进行了Hilbert-Huang变换分析.结合相关的定义得到了表征地震动频谱特性的7个周期参数,包括:Fourier幅值谱平均周期Tm、Hilbert边际谱平均周期Tmh、特征周期Tc、卓越周期等,并计算了地震动的Hilbert谱瞬时频率时程变异系数.计算结果表明,从整体上把握地震动频谱特性的三个周期参数Tm 、Tmh 和Tc适合于表征近断层地震动的频谱成份.近断层地震动的频率非平稳特征显著,Hilbert谱瞬时频率变异系数良好地反映了地震动的频率非平稳性质和程度.而且,考察了近断层地震动运动特征对地震动频谱周期参数和频率非平稳性的影响.     

Effects of near-fault and far-fault ground motions on nonlinear dynamic response and seismic damage of concrete gravity dams

As the forward directivity and fling effect characteristics of the near-fault ground motions, seismic response of structures in the near field of a rupturing fault can be significantly different from those observed in the far field. The unique characteristics of the near-fault ground motions can cause considerable damage during an earthquake. This paper presents results of a study aimed at evaluating the near-fault and far-fault ground motion effects on nonlinear dynamic response and seismic damage of concrete gravity dams including dam-reservoir-foundation interaction. For this purpose, 10 as-recorded earthquake records which display ground motions with an apparent velocity pulse are selected to represent the near-fault ground motion characteristics. The earthquake ground motions recorded at the same site from other events that the epicenter far away from the site are employed as the far-fault ground motions. The Koyna gravity dam, which is selected as a numerical application, is subjected to a set of as-recorded near-fault and far-fault strong ground motion records. The Concrete Damaged Plasticity (CDP) model including the strain hardening or softening behavior is employed in nonlinear analysis. Nonlinear dynamic response and seismic damage analyses of the selected concrete dam subjected to both near-fault and far-fault ground motions are performed. Both local and global damage indices are established as the response parameters. The results obtained from the analyses of the dam subjected to each fault effect are compared with each other. It is seen from the analysis results that the near-fault ground motions, which have significant influence on the dynamic response of dam–reservoir–foundation systems, have the potential to cause more severe damage to the dam body than far-fault ground motions.     

地震动差动作用下大跨度空间网壳结构的反应分析

选取100m跨度的双层柱面网壳结构为研究对象,采用时程分析法,分别进行了结构在单向和三向地震行波输入作用下的反应分析,并针对多种视波速情况进行了研究,考查了地震动不同输入情况下结构杆件内力的分布特点,对其进行了对比分析,为大跨网壳结构的抗震设计提供了理论依据。研究表明,考虑行波效应会使结构部分构件内力有一定程度的提高,多维地震作用比单维地震作用下结构的杆件内力大。由此得出结论：对于大跨度空间网壳结构,应该进行多维非一致输入下的地震反应分析;为保证抗震安全,应对可能出现的地面视波速进行全面分析。     

摩擦摆支座在单层球面网壳结构中的隔震分析

将摩擦摆支座（FPS）应用于单层球面网壳结构的隔震，给出了隔震网壳结构的运动方程。通过对比分析不同强度地震动输入条件下的结构动力响应特征，考察了FPS支座应用于网壳结构隔震的有效性和适用性。研究结果表明，在不同强度的地震动作用下，隔震结构的节点加速度峰值和杆件轴力峰值都得到了有效控制，且地震动强度越大，控制效果越好。     

复杂退台高位转换高层建筑振动台试验与分析

对一幢具有转换层的复杂退台式框架剪力墙高层建筑的1/35缩尺模型进行了模拟地震振动台试验,深入研究该结构的动力特性和地震反应特征.试验及理论分析表明:该结构的抗震性能基本满足现行规范要求;由于结构上部逐渐退台,因而结构顶部有较明显的鞭端效应;结构首层和结构转换层及其相邻层的剪力墙、转换层上下层柱是受力较大的区域,应当局...     

Response of multi-span beams to spatially incoherent seismic ground motions

The response of continuous two- and three-span beams of various lengths subjected to spatially varying seismic ground motions is evaluated. Stochastic representations of the seismic ground motions are used as input at the supports of the structures, and sensitivity analyses of the response with respect to the degree of correlation between the support motions are performed. The validity of the commonly used assumption of equal support motion is examined. Square-roots of mean-square values of total displacements, bending moments and shear forces are outputs of the analyses. The results indicate that fully correlated motions may produce higher or lower response than partially correlated motions, depending on the dynamic characteristics of the structure, the response quantity (bending moment or shear force) that is evaluated, the position along the axis of the beam where the response quantity is evaluated, the separation between the natural frequencies of the structure and the dominant frequencies of the input motions, and on the degree of partial correlation between the support motions.     

A new approach of selecting real input ground motions for seismic design: The most unfavourable real seismic design ground motions

This paper presents a new way of selecting real input ground motions for seismic design and analysis of structures based on a comprehensive method for estimating the damage potential of ground motions, which takes into consideration of various ground motion parameters and structural seismic damage criteria in terms of strength, deformation, hysteretic energy and dual damage of Park & Ang damage index. The proposed comprehensive method fully involves the effects of the intensity, frequency content and duration of ground motions and the dynamic characteristics of structures. Then, the concept of the most unfavourable real seismic design ground motion is introduced. Based on the concept, the most unfavourable real seismic design ground motions for rock, stiff soil, medium soil and soft soil site conditions are selected in terms of three typical period ranges of structures. The selected real strong motion records are suitable for seismic analysis of important structures whose failure or collapse will be avoided at a higher level of confidence during the strong earthquake, as they can cause the greatest damage to structures and thereby result in the highest damage potential from an extended real ground motion database for a given site. In addition, this paper also presents the real input design ground motions with medium damage potential, which can be used for the seismic analysis of structures located at the area with low and moderate seismicity. The most unfavourable real seismic design ground motions are verified by analysing the seismic response of structures. It is concluded that the most unfavourable real seismic design ground motion approach can select the real ground motions that can result in the highest damage potential for a given structure and site condition, and the real ground motions can be mainly used for structures whose failure or collapse will be avoided at a higher level of confidence during the strong earthquake. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Engineering implications of the 1985 nahanni earthquakes

A series of strong ground motions was recorded during a set of earthquakes which occurred in the North Nahanni River area of the Northwest Territories of Canada in late 1985. The strongest of these motions were recorded within 10 km of the epicentre of a magnitude 6.9 event; peak accelerations were well above 1g and peak velocities exceeded 0.4 m/s. This paper describes a study of the engineering characteristics of the Nahanni strong motions, particularly as they affect the response of building structures. The response characteristics are analysed in terms of the response spectra and the unit velocity base shear coefficients for multi-degree-of-freedom elastic frame structures. An analysis of the strong motion durations of the records and several measures of intensity is also included. The characteristics of the Nahanni records are compared with those of typical strong seismic ground motions and an ensemble of epicentral region seismic motions recorded under similar conditions. Comparisons are also made with the equivalent parameters in the 1985 edition of the National Building Code of Canada. It is concluded that the Nahanni records are very strong seismic ground motion records with relatively unusual response characteristics, even when compared with those of other records obtained within the epicentral region. The impact of these characteristics on engineering design is most significant for low period structures in epicentral regions. The specifications of typical design codes do not adequately describe the response to such records for very low periods.     

Evaluation of the measured seismic response of the Mexico City Cathedral

The seismic response of the Mexico City Cathedral built of very soft soil deposits is evaluated by using motions recorded in various parts of the structure during several moderate earthquakes. This unique set of records provides significant insight into the seismic response of this and other similar historic stone masonry structures. Free‐field ground motions are carefully compared in time and frequency domains with motions recorded at building basement. The dynamic characteristics of the structure are inferred from the earthquake records by using system identification techniques. Variation of seismic response for different seismic intensities is discussed. It is shown that, due to the soil–structure interaction, due to large differences between dominant frequencies of earthquake ground motions at the site and modal frequencies of vibration of the structure, and due to a particularly high viscous damping, seismic amplifications of ground motion in this and similar historic buildings erected on soft soil deposits are much smaller than that induced in most modern constructions. Nevertheless, earthquake records and analytical results show that several components of the structure such as its central dome and the bell towers may be subjected to local vibrations that significantly amplify ground motions. Overall, results indicate that in its present state the structure has an acceptable level of seismic safety. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于一致可靠度的地震动记录样本容量确定方法研究

确定地震动输入样本容量是开展结构动力地震反应分析的重要环节,目前国内外关于地震动输入样本容量的讨论往往忽略或尚难以定量考虑结构地震反应估计的可靠度水平。以一实际钢筋混凝土框架结构为例,首先分析在大样本地震动作用下结构非线性地震反应的统计特征,研究估计结构地震反应时取样本最大值和平均值的差异,然后借助于假设检验分析结构地震反应的概率分布模型,给出基于一致可靠度的地震动样本容量确定方法,并对比分析单周期点、多周期点、谱值匹配调整地震动及人工合成地震动对样本容量需求的影响,为保证在小样本地震动输入下结构地震反应估计值满足给定可靠度和容许误差提供分析方法和判断依据。本文方法适应于定量确定不同结构类型和不同地震强度水平下的地震动样本容量需求,对建筑结构抗震性能评估及设计规范研究有一定意义。     

光纤振动传感之一:旋转测量技术及其地震学应用

地震波场可分解为三分量平动和三分量旋转运动.旋转分量包含重要的波场梯度信息,是地震波场重建的关键要素,但过去由于缺乏稳定的高灵敏度旋转测量仪器,它在不同的地震学应用中常被忽略.光纤旋转地震仪是率先打破测量仪器缺乏困境、最先实现商业化的旋转地震仪,也是目前最有发展前景的地震波旋转直接测量设备.光纤旋转地震仪基于Sagnac效应,并依托成熟的光纤陀螺技术实现振动的旋转分量测量.它具有纯光电传感不受平动影响的测量优势;并且能够在高灵敏度和宽频带旋转测量的基础下实现设备的小型化,有利于旋转测量的应用推广.因此,光纤旋转地震仪和传统的地震仪将形成互补,实现旋转和平动六分量(6C)的观测,更好地提取地震波场特征,提高振动监测能力,有效改善震源过程反演、地下结构成像和地震破坏机理研究等应用.本文主要介绍光纤旋转测量的基本原理、旋转地震学的应用及其潜在应用前景.     

Nonlinear behaviour of RC frames under repeated strong ground motions

This paper presents an extensive parametric study on the inelastic response of eight reinforced concrete (RC) planar frames which are subjected to forty five sequential ground motions. Two families of regular and vertically irregular (with setbacks) frames are examined. The first family has been designed for seismic and vertical loads according to European codes while the second one only for vertical loads, to study structures which have been constructed before the introduction of adequate seismic design code provisions. The whole range of frames is subjected to five real seismic sequences which are recorded by the same station, in the same direction and in a short period of time, up to three days. In such cases, there is a significant damage accumulation as a result of multiplicity of earthquakes, and due to lack of time, any rehabilitation action is impractical. Furthermore, the examined frames are also subjected to forty artificial seismic sequences. Comprehensive analysis of the created response databank is employed in order to derive important conclusions. It is found that the sequences of ground motions have a significant effect on the response and, hence, on the design of reinforced concrete frames. Furthermore, it is concluded that the ductility demands of the sequential ground motions can be accurately estimated using appropriate combinations of the corresponding demands of single ground motions.     

近断层地震动对短肢剪力墙高层结构地震反应的影响

近断层地震动具有独特的上盘效应、破裂方向性效应和速度脉冲特征。本文分组考察具有这些运动特征的地震动对短肢剪力墙高层建筑结构地震反应的影响。选择台湾集集近断层地震动记录作为地震动输入,利用ANSYS软件对一幢12层短肢剪力墙结构建立空间杆件一壳元组合有限元模型,进行弹塑性时程分析。计算结果表明,近断层地震动上盘效应和破裂方向性效应明显增大短肢剪力墙结构体系的地震反应,短肢剪力墙高层结构的最大层间位移角发生在中部第5层,为0．98％,说明该结构已经达到中等破坏状态;脉冲型地震动效应与结构周期长短密切相关,对长周期结构脉冲效应显著。     

基于强度和能量控制的随机地震动模型

考虑地震动的随机性和频率与强度非平稳性,通过理论分析,提出了一般随机地震动模型,并给出了确定模型参数的原则和方法。该模型以地震动强度、地震动能量以及地震动持时等宏观指标作为控制随机地震动模型参数的指标,而对其内在的频谱组成等指标只要求满足一般地震动的特征。该模型可以用于描述平稳随机过程、强度非平稳随机过程以及强度和频率完全非平稳随机过程。通过与常用功率谱模型的比较,验证了该模型的合理性。     

CORRELATION PATTERNS IN CHARACTERISTICS OF SPATIALLY VARIABLE SEISMIC GROUND MOTIONS

A methodology for the investigation of the spatial variation of seismic ground motions is presented; data recorded at the SMART-1 dense instrument array in Lotung, Taiwan, during Events 5 and 39 are used in the analysis. The seismic motions are modeled as superpositions of sinusoidal functions, described by their amplitude, frequency, wavenumber and phase. For each event and direction (horizontal or vertical) analysed, the approach identifies a coherent, common component in the seismic motions at all recording stations, and variabilities in amplitudes and phases around the common component sinusoidal characteristics, that are particular for each recording station. It is shown that the variations in both the amplitudes and the phases of the motions at the station locations around the common component characteristics contribute significantly to the spatially variable nature of the motions, and, furthermore, they are correlated: increase in the variability of the amplitudes of the motions recorded at individual stations around the common amplitude implies increase in the variability of the phases around the common phase. The dispersion range of the amplitude and phase variability around their corresponding common components appear also to be associated with physical parameters. The spatially variable arrival time delays of the waveforms at the stations due to their upward travelling through the site topography, in addition to the wave passage delays identified from signal processing techniques, constitute another important cause for the spatial variation of the motions; their consideration in the approach facilitates also the identification of the correlation patterns in the amplitudes and phases. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

高墩梁桥的地震冲撞效应及其应对策略初探

国内外多次地震表明了高墩桥梁的地震冲撞破坏现象,针对目前国内大量兴建的高墩梁桥,有必要研究高墩梁桥地震冲撞效应和减轻桥梁地震冲撞破坏的应对策略。本文根据高烈度震区的1座高墩梁桥建立全桥的空间有限元模型,并在墩-梁结合部伸缩缝处采用非线性接触单元模拟相邻梁间的冲撞行为,同时考虑了下部支座的影响;考虑不同的强震动输入,采用非线性时程分析方法,研究了高墩梁桥的地震冲撞效应及减轻冲撞的有效措施。研究结果表明:本文采用的冲撞力学模型能够合理地模拟地震作用下结构的冲撞现象;冲撞行为对结构的地震反应影响复杂;地震动特性对冲撞效应影响显著;调整伸缩逢宽度或设置弹簧-阻尼限位装置可有效缓解结构间的冲撞效应。     

基底隔震储罐频率特征与减震机理分析研究

研究不同高径比橡胶基底隔震储罐的频率特征,探讨储罐隔震体系3种不同振动频率随支座隔震频率变化规律.分析在不同频谱特性地震波激励下,隔震体系各振型组分对地震响应(基底剪力、支座位移和晃动波高)的影响,以及响应峰值随支座隔震频率和阻尼比的变化特点.研究表明,基底剪力峰值与场地地震波频谱特性密切相关.支座隔震频率不能完全反映减震机理的实质,隔震振型频率是影响基底剪力的重要参数.在软弱场地上隔震储罐的减震效率低,有效隔震频率范围窄.晃动波高峰值是储罐自振特性和地震波频谱特性等多种因素导致的结果,隔震系统设计时需特别考虑晃动波高增大的影响.