The Principal Point and CCD Cameras

The principal point has long been regarded as one of the fundamental parameters in camera calibration. In the age of film based aerial and large format terrestrial cameras, the principal point could be located by a variety of techniques with a certainty of ±10 mm (Carman and Brown, 1961) and this was considered sufficient. However, aerial cameras were precision, purpose built, expensive pieces of equipment where the assembly was painstaking and the location of the principal point measured to a known tolerance. In the digital era, photogrammetrists, and many others, are using cameras which have not been specifically designed or built for photogrammetry. For these cameras there is no requirement for the manufacturers to position the lens in a pre-defined location relative to the image sensing plane or for the lens manufacturer to align the lens elements precisely. In fact, deviations from the centre of the sensor can be a considerable percentage of the extent of the sensor (up to 10 per cent for some zoom lenses (Burner, 1995)). This paper discusses the development of methods of obtaining the location of the principal point, considers the relationship between the principal point and other parameters in the functional model, and shows how the location of this point can be estimated with and without recourse to autocollimation methods.     

Photogrammetric Capabilities of the Kodak DC40, DCS420 and DCS460 Digital Cameras

The aim of this study is to assess the impact of sensor size and resolution of different digital camera sensors upon the accuracy and precision of three dimensional data derived by photogrammetry. Kodak DC40, DCS420 and DCS460 digital cameras were used to produce digital images of retroreflective targets in a 4 m three dimensional test field. The image locations of the targeted points were automatically measured using an off the shelf image processing software package. Two different sub-pixel measurement approaches were examined: centre of gravity and weighted mean. From the automated sub-pixel measurement of the targeted points, results indicate that the high resolution DCS460 camera produces optimum results using either the weighted mean or centre of gravity approaches. Although this was perhaps expected, the far lower resolution DC40 camera performed better than was originally anticipated, suggesting potential for the cheaper DC40 for many applications.     

普通数码相机构像畸变差两种检校模型的比较

针对普通数码相机两种畸变差检校模型,即考虑径、切向畸变的改正模型和Luca Lucchese畸变改 正模型,分别采用参数的序贯解法和整体解法计算两种畸变改正模型的参数,并通过试验分析比较了两种模型的 检校精度。结果表明作者提出的基于透视变换的畸变参数序贯解算的检测方法能起到良好的畸变差改正作用。     

Measuring Flume Surfaces for Hydraulics Research Using a Kodak DCS460

A critical problem in hydraulics research is accurate measurement of fluvially worked sediments, both in the field and in scaled representations of field situations in laboratory flumes. Such measurement must provide information on individual grain characteristics, and their organisation into structures referred to as bedforms. Existing measurement approaches are based upon mechanical or laser profiling devices, which are both expensive and take considerable time to acquire data, particularly where information is required at very high densities. This paper demonstrates how conventional automated terrain model extraction software, combined with image acquisition using a Kodak DCS460 digital camera, has been effective in generating digital elevation models of complex bed morphology. This has reduced time spent collecting data in the flume and has allowed data collection at much higher spatial and temporal densities. Application of the method is illustrated by research carried out at Hydraulics Research Wallingford. Issues discussed include configuration of photographs and control coordinates; appropriate camera calibration methods; stability of inner orientation of the Kodak DCS460; and accuracies obtained. Comparisons with independent check data reveal that accuracies of ±2.5mm have been achieved using a camera-to-object distance of 4.2 m.     

CCD相机二维几何检校

CCD 相机检校是 CCD输入影象处理的一个必不可少的过程。本文对 CCD成象系统的几何性能进行了分析,提出了测定 CCD影象象素比例因子和象主点初值的简易实验方法。在此基础上,构造了一种同时顾及光、电误差的二维检校方法,井进行了相机检校实验。最后对检校结果进行了分析和讨论。     

几种相机检校方法的探讨

相机技术参数的检校是保证成果质量能否满足精度要求的关键问题之一。本文主要对常用的几种检校方法进行归纳,通过对实验数据的对比分析,找出优缺点,得出结论,为以后相机检校方法进一步的探讨提供一定的帮助。     

线阵推扫式相机高精度在轨几何标定

基于偏置矩阵和探元指向角构建了线阵推扫式相机的在轨几何标定模型,并给出了相应的参数求解方法。分析了线阵推扫式相机物理内参数模型与指向角内参数模型的区别与联系,对物理模型到指向角模型的演化过程进行了推导,分析了偏视场相机与正视场相机在使用指向角模型时的不同,并分别给出了两者的具体计算公式。利用嵩山检校场高精度控制数据和天绘一号高分影像验证了本文的模型和解法。实验结果表明,本文的标定模型和求解方法可解算出稳健可靠的内参数;两次标定结果相比,95%的样本探元沿轨方向的指向差异小于0.1像元,93%的样本探元垂轨方向的指向差异小于0.2像元。经在轨几何标定,影像定位精度显著提升。     

地面检校场的非量测型数码相机检校

由于相机检校作为非量测型数码相机应用于摄影测量前的必经步骤,其精度直接决定着后续测图的精度,因此针对传统的相机检校方法不能较真实地反映相机的物理状态、检校精度不高的问题,该文给出了基于地面检校场进行检校的流程,并以和静县数据为例,将该方法的检校精度与基于室内三维检校场以及基于纯平液晶显示器的检校精度进行了对比。实验表明:经该方法检校出来的相机参数精度更高,能够满足大比例尺测图要求。     

The Development of Camera Calibration Methods and Models

Correction for image distortion in cameras has been an important topic for as long as users have wanted to faithfully reproduce or use observed information. Initially the main application was mapping. While this task continues today, other applications also require precise calibration of cameras, such as close range three dimensional measurement and many two dimensional measurement tasks. In the past, the cameras used were few in number and highly expensive whereas today a typical large industrial company will have many inexpensive cameras being used for highly important measurement tasks. Cameras are used more today than they ever were but the golden age of camera calibration for aerial mapping is now well in the past. This paper considers some of the key developments and attempts to put them into perspective. In particular the driving forces behind each improvement have been highlighted.     

数字航摄相机实验室检定研究

主要阐述了航摄相机镜头校准的目的、意义,回顾了航摄相机校准的发展过程;分析了数字相机计量校准的发展状况和应用前景,论述实验室校准的方法和目的;提出了数字相机检定仪研制初步设想和需要解决的关键技术。     

基于多像灭点的相机定标

近年来,3维目标建模一直是计算机视觉及摄影测量领域的研究热门,其中拍摄目标的相机(或摄像机)定标是问题的关键之一.详细阐述了基于单像、利用灭点对相机进行定标的理论的特点及不足,并对其进行误差分析,从而提出了一种新的基于多方位、多像的灭点定标方法.这种方法克服了原有理论的缺陷,使标定出的相机内外方位参数更加精确、稳定.     

数码相机检验中出现的问题及解决方法

数码相机的检验是近景摄影测量中经常碰到的问题。最常用的主要还是基于共线方程的后方交会法。但由于普通数码相机存在较大的镜头畸变,内方位元素也未知,所以仅用单片进行后方交会求取有关参数时,法方程可能会出现病态现象,从而影响最后的检验结果。文中对此现象进行了讨论,并给出了一些实用的解决方法。     

单目视觉定位中的相机标定

单目视觉定位因其定位模型简单、标定步骤少等特点被广泛应用,根据灭点原理对单目视觉定位中的相机标定进行了研究和分析,并将RANSAC方法用于灭点计算来改善灭点的平稳性,提高了相机标定参数的精度。     

Geometric assessment of the kodak DCS Pro back

This paper reports on an investigation into the suitability of the Kodak DCS Pro Back for use in close range photogrammetric measurement. The camera back, being used in conjunction with a medium-format non-metric camera, has been assessed with a view to using it for low- to medium-order photogrammetric work in architectural recording. Examinations centred upon the stability of the camera back with respect to the camera body and the effects of the removable infrared filter that is present immediately above the camera's focal plane. Ultimately the camera combination was deemed suitable for application in recording of this kind and is now in active use by the Metric Survey Team at English Heritage.     

基本矩阵约束下的摄像机畸变校正及像主点确定

针对视觉测量系统中畸变校正过程烦琐、计算复杂等问题,提出了一种基于基本矩阵约束的镜头畸变自动校正及像主点坐标确定方法。基于对极几何的基本矩阵和一阶径向畸变模型构建了两视图同名点约束方程;为解决待求参数过多导致解不稳定的问题,采用分步求解策略分别求解基本矩阵及畸变参数和主点坐标,用RANSAC稳健估计方法求取基本矩阵,用迭代最小二乘优化求解畸变参数和主点坐标,两步交替进行。提出的算法仅使用两张图像即可获取径向畸变参数及主点坐标,可操作性强,且对噪声具有一定的鲁棒性,适用于自然场景图像的校正。     

非量测数字相机实验室几何标定

非量测数字相机的几何标定,包括内方位元素和畸变的精确测定,直接影响其用于航空摄影测量的最终精度。本文研制出一套非量测数字相机实验室几何标定系统。该系统采用平行光管加星点板作为目标发生器,在测量出一组目标点在相机的CCD靶面上的像点坐标及对应的平行光线的入射角后,结合几何标定的数学模型,可以实现相机的高精度几何标定。采用佳能EOS 5D MarkⅡ和哈苏H3D两款典型的数字相机进行了试验与分析。试验结果验证了本文标定方法的正确性以及精度的可靠性。     

轻小型组合宽角低空相机检校技术研究

轻小型组合宽角低空相机由四个非量测的CCD面阵相机组合而成,其内方位元素未知,并且相机畸变差较大.而无人机航空摄影测量作业对CCD相机的光学畸变参数有较高的要求,因为参数的一个像素的误差常常会导致地面几米甚至数十米的误差,因此对组合相机进行高精度检校是无人机航空摄影测量作业的关键步骤.本文采用多片空间后方交会方法在室外...     

Calibration of digital camera integration accuracy for low-cost oblique aerial photogrammetry

This work describes a calibration process for inexpensive consumer cameras integrated into a low cost and compact aerial multi-view imager for remote sensing and photogrammetry. The main advantage of this design is to make the filming component lightweight and rapidly deployable, as well as reducing cost when compared with mainstream commercial oblique imagery. An in situ flight test was carried out in Guiyang. In that experiment, a meridian convergence-based approach was adopted to adjust preprocessing, the residue error and the captured images’ exterior orientation linear and angular parameters were calculated by means of the direct geo-referencing approach yielding a favorable outcome for exterior orientation linear parameters of the camera, around 0.2–0.3 m deviation from the actual measured results at 1000 m flight above ground level. The camera’s exterior orientation angular parameters φ, ω whose difference compared with the standard aerial aero triangulation approach reached a high accuracy level within the intended endurance of 0.005°. These results indicate that the compact implementation of the oblique aerial imager comprised of consumer level off-the-shelf digital cameras achieved competitive accuracy at a low cost and high versatility.     

四川丹棱机载SAR点目标辐射定标方法

作为机载SAR极化合成孔径雷达数据应用必不可少的步骤,SAR辐射定标将图像像素值转化为地物的后向散射系数。利用点目标进行辐射定标的方法具有简单、易于操作的特点且具有一定精度,被人们广泛应用于实际的生产中。三面角反射器稳定性较好且易于操作,并拥有较大的散射截面积,在较宽的角度变化范围内其在雷达系统中的散射截面积变化较小,所以被当成最常用的点目标定标器。本文在阐述点目标辐射定标的基础上,以四川省丹棱县为实验区域,进行基于点目标的辐射定标外定标,得出了该方法具有一定精度且简单实用的特性。     

相机内参数标定的评价指标研究与实验

相机内参数的标定受标定环境、标定物规格、标定相片数量等诸多难以进行理论分析的因素影响,导致在实际工程应用中,相机内参数标定的评估存在精度不确定性问题。基于数学统计量设计了相机内参数标定精度评估指标,针对标定相片数量和标定物距对相机标定精度的影响进行研究,并对两种典型相机——工业相机和数码相机,进行内参数标定实测试验及分析。结果表明,当标定参数值达到收敛时,相片收敛数量与标定物距成正比关系;与像主点标定相比,焦距的标定收敛效率更高,达到收敛所需的相片数量更少,但随着标定物距增大,两者的差异逐渐缩小。内参数标定精度的评估指标为相机内标定算法的改进及操作流程提供评估手段,为实际标定工作提供参考和借鉴。