基于非锐化掩模引导滤波的水下图像细节增强算法研究

针对水下图像对比度偏低,细节模糊的问题,本文提出基于非锐化掩模引导滤波的细节增强方法。首先由原始图像做引导图进行滤波得到细节层图像,并对细节层使用噪声检测的中值滤波去除斑点噪声;然后对原始图像进行基于均值滤波的非锐化掩模,得到锐化图像,并将锐化图像作为引导图对原始图像进行引导滤波,获取基础层图像;最后将滤波后的细节层进行增益后与引导滤波获取的基础层进行叠加,达到增强水下图像细节的目的。并通过信息熵、局部对比度和平均梯度3种客观评价指标对图像处理结果进行了对比分析,主观和客观测试结果表明,本文采用的算法能够有效提高图像对比度以及增强细节信息,有利于提高水下图像资料解释的准确性。     

基于注意力的光照感知水下图像复原网络

水下环境光线昏暗,仅依靠自然光源难以清晰成像,通常需要增加人工光源,但人工光源的引入会导致场景亮度不均。在这种包含自然光源和人工光源的混合光照环境下,所拍摄的水下图像质量严重退化,不仅降低视觉观感,更影响后续高级计算机视觉任务的顺利开展。然而现有方法大都只考虑了自然光源的影响,对混合光源环境下的水下图像复原效果不佳。为了解决混合光源环境下水下图像存在的光照不均、色偏、细节模糊等问题,提出了一个光照感知编解码器网络用于水下图像复原。一方面,在多尺度结构中引入注意力机制和改进残差结构高效提取丰富的结构细节特征,另一方面增加光照感知图作为先验约束网络复原结果的对比度。此外,设计了合适的损失函数,引导网络充分学习水下图像和清晰图像间的非线性映射关系,使恢复图像的色调更自然,纹理细节更丰富。对比试验结果证明此方法在主观感知和客观指标上均优于对比算法,消融实验证明所提网络模块和光照感知的有效性。     

基于颜色–场景联合迁移的水下图像增强方法

水下成像存在颜色失真、图像对比度严重下降等问题。大多数基于深度学习的水下图像增强方法依赖仿真数据集,由于仿真与实测数据之间存在较大的分布差异,实测泛化能力受限。将水下图像增强任务划分为2个更简单,但是同时具有明确物理意义的子问题：颜色校正和对比度增强,提出基于物理模型分解的域内–域间迁移框架。首先,域内迁移校正图像颜色,通过学习对退化图像进行分解,在场景光层面通过对齐颜色退化,校正颜色失真同时保证其它成分完全不受影响。进一步,再次利用基于水下散射模型的分解策略,通过针对性迁移水下退化因素,使得仿真–实测域之间实现相互迁移和交互,增强水下图像对比度。实验结果表明：本方法在真实水下图像数据集上处理的结果,在色彩、纹理细节和清晰程度方面均优于现有的对比方法。     

基于改进生成式对抗网络的水下图像增强

由于水介质的吸收和散射特性会导致雾化、低对比度、颜色退化等各种水下成像失真,严重影响了水下图像的后续利用。为了恢复清晰的水下图像,提出一种基于改进生成对抗网络的深度学习模型。借助图像质量评价技术,将生成的过程样本与高质量样本进行拟合,并将拟合得到的差值信息用于优化网络中的生成器。改进的生成式对抗网络有效改善了由真假训练逻辑带来的图像质量提升限制的问题。实验结果显示：该方法有效的恢复了水下图像的色彩,并改善了图像的清晰度和对比度;相比其他方法,提出的方法在SSIM、UCIQE和UIQM指标上分别提升了2.9%、6.2%和14.3%。     

一种基于双通道的水下图像增强卷积神经网络

近年来各国对于海洋生物的保护意识日益强烈,用来监测海洋生物生存状态的水下机器人装备的研发是保护海洋生物资源的关键。水下相机是这类机器人在水下进行海洋生物监测时的光学感知设备。然而水下环境复杂,拍摄到的图像模糊不清,为解决水下图像模糊等问题,提出了一种基于双通道的水下图像增强卷积神经网络。在网络的编码器中采用双通道结构,其中一个通道采用了密集连接和高效通道注意力机制,提取水下图像的细节特征,另一个通道采用多尺度结构,提取原始图像的多尺度语义特征。接着,在网络中引入残差注意力模块和自适应特征融合模块,进一步优化了特征。最后将优化后的特征输入解码器重建出增强后的水下图像。试验表明：提出的网络算法在UIQM指标和Entropy指标上分别为3.005 6和7.654 7,较第二名的算法分别高出0.097 5和0.123 2。     

基于改进粒子群优化算法和模糊熵水下图像分割

由于水下图像受到水下光照条件以及水质的一些特性影响,存在对比度低、灰度不均、目标边缘模糊等特点。传统基于最大熵原理的阈值法尽管能实现某些特定的分割任务,但是采用凸模糊集的隶属函数和穷举法存在计算复杂度高、时效性差等缺点。在传统模糊熵分割算法的基础上,重新定义了模糊熵,并根据最大熵原理,利用改进粒子群优化算法(PSO)来搜索分割阈值。通过水下图像处理试验证明,该算法对简单背景的图像分割是有效的;与传统分割方法相比,具有更强的自适应性和抗噪性。     

基于红色通道注意力机制的水下图像增强

水下图像增强因其在海洋勘测和水下机器人中的重要意义而备受关注。在过去的几年中,已经提出了许多水下图像增强算法。已有的深度学习方法由于忽略水下图像的预处理过程和对红色通道信息的增强或者弱化了这个过程,导致增强结果并不显著,其往往只适应特定的场景,缺乏泛化能力。为此,基于卷积神经网络建立了一种全新的水下图像增强算法,为了充分利用特征图的通道信息,在相同维度的特征图之间采用不同尺寸的卷积核获取更多通道数目的特征。然后,基于红色通道构建了注意力机制,以加强对于图像中容易丢失信息的红色通道的特征提取。最后,在EUVP,UFO120数据集做了消融实验,证明了红色通道注意力机制的有效性。通过对对比实验的增强结果进行各项指标分析,证明增强结果有着更高的结构相似性和峰值信噪比,并且在无参考指标方面有着更高的颜色平衡、清晰度以及对比度,综合性能优于以往的方法。     

基于联合生成–去除的水下图像增强方法

现有的基于深度学习的水下图像增强方法在仿真的水下图像上取得了良好的效果。但是,由于简化的仿真图像与复杂的真实图像之间存在较大差距,此类方法在处理真实水下图像时性能明显下降。为了解决真实水下图像增强问题,提出了一种联合生成–去除水下图像增强方法。该方法采用分解思路,将水下图像分解为干净的背景层和退化层,通过循环一致性损失和对抗性损失来更好地保留背景,进而实现真实图像和仿真图像之间的转换,既校正了图像颜色,又提升了图像对比度,实现良好的增强效果。实验结果表明,本方法在真实水下图像数据集上处理的结果,在色彩、纹理细节和清晰程度方面均优于现有的对比方法。     

基于侧扫声呐的水下小目标检测技术研究

针对水下小目标探测与识别难的问题,开展基于侧扫声呐的声呐图像滤波、图像分割及目标提取方法研究。常规滤波方法难以有效清除图像中存在的噪声,从而造成图像质量下降。采用非局部均值滤波算法与GPU加速的方法,在获得声呐图像较好处理效果的同时,满足水下小目标检测实时性的要求;同时,采用膨胀算法与Canny边缘检测算法相结合的方式,实现了水下真假目标的有效区分。     

基于小波分析的侧扫声呐信号非线性增强算法

侧扫声呐回波信号是形成侧扫声呐图像的基础,是侧扫声呐系统对水下目标的最直接观测量,将一维小波变换与非线性增强方法相结合,提出了一种基于小波变换的侧扫声呐回波信号非线性增强算法,用以改善侧扫声呐图像对比度低、噪声强度大的问题.首先利用改进的Bayes阈值对侧扫声呐ping信号进行一维小波分解,提取信号特征信息;然后利用2...     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.