深部碳循环的锌同位素示踪研究进展

深部碳循环和地球表层的碳循环一起构成了全球的碳循环.因为地球超过90%的碳都位于深部,深部碳循环研究对于理解地球长期的气候变化具有重要的科学意义.深部碳循环研究涉及多个科学问题,其中最重要的科学问题之一是如何准确识别地幔中的碳是再循环的地表碳.锌作为亲石元素,广泛存在于岩浆岩、地幔和碳酸盐岩中.地幔和地表沉积碳酸盐岩之间锌同位素组成存在显著的差异,而板块俯冲脱水、地幔部分熔融和岩浆结晶分异等过程导致的锌同位素分馏较为有限,因此锌同位素具有示踪深部碳循环的潜力.系统阐述了锌同位素示踪深部碳循环的原理,回顾了目前应用锌同位素示踪深部碳循环取得的阶段性成果,并指出锌、镁同位素联合示踪有望成为未来深部碳循环研究的主流.      

Review on carbon-based electrode materials for application in capacitive deionization process

Most of the electrochemical studies related to porous carbon electrodes are those which can be used for either electrostatic energy storage or for energy conversion [using electrical double layer capacitor (EDLC)]. The techniques, such as electrodialysis, membrane filtration, advanced oxidation process, thermal evaporation, can be used now-a-days to treat salty water. Among which, capacitive deionization (CDI) has emerged as a novel cost effective and environment friendly desalination technology. CDI process involves the removal of inorganic ions from the salty water by applying an electrical potential between two porous carbon electrodes. Because of the passage of electrical potentials in the system, the unwanted ions present in the water sample will be adsorbed on the electrode surfaces. Hence, the electrodes which are having high surface area can exhibit higher desalination capacity. In this article, the application of various carbon-based composite electrode materials such as activated carbon and PVDF composite, carbon–metal oxide composite, carbon–CNT composite, carbon–polymer composite and carbon sheet (carbon aerogel, activated carbon cloth) in CDI process is systematically reviewed and presented. CDI process is being developed now-a-days especially toward commercialization in treating the brackish water.     

Deforested Mangroves Affect the Potential for Carbon Linkages between Connected Ecosystems

Mangrove forests are important sinks and sources of carbon especially for connections to coral reefs and seagrass beds. However, they are increasing under threat from anthropogenic influences. We investigated correlations between carbon fluxes from the sediment and water column in deforested and intact mangroves. Our findings show that deforestation has a negative effect on sediment organic carbon storage and CO₂ fluxes. However, species richness and density showed a positive correlation with sediment organic carbon storage and CO₂ fluxes. An increased density of saplings showed a positive relationship with dissolved inorganic and organic carbon draining the mangrove forest at high tide. This research offers insights into the importance of the key forest characteristics influencing the storage and fluxes of carbon. Alterations in mangrove carbon stocks and retention may affect connected ecosystems.     

沉积地层中成矿作用的碳同位素特征和含矿缺氧盆地成因新观点

沉积盆地内地层中碳的来源 ,根据其碳、氧同位素特征可归纳为 :海洋沉积碳酸盐碳、生物碳、热解非生物成因碳、大气淡水方解石碳和热卤水系统中的无机碳。热水成因的金矿及喷气 沉积矿床中的碳都具有深源成因的无机碳。深部含无机碳的热流体喷溢到海洋底部可以解释为扩张盆地底部形成的缺氧环境和含矿黑色页岩的主导原因     

A multi-criteria decision-making approach for evaluating carbon performance of suppliers in the electronics industry

Although interest in addressing environmental perspectives in supplier management is rising, incorporating the issue of carbon management into supplier selection in green supply chain is still considerably scarce. This study presents a model for evaluating carbon performance of suppliers by utilizing multiple-criteria decision-making. Through literature reviews and expert opinions, 13 criteria within carbon performance are identified for evaluating suppliers. Subsequently, the analytic network process is utilized to determine the relative weights of each criterion. Finally, the VlseKriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje technique is employed to evaluate carbon performance of suppliers and compromise solution under each of the evaluation criteria. An illustrative example in an electronics company is presented to demonstrate how to select the most appropriate supplier in accordance with carbon management. To be effective in mitigating carbon risk across the supply chain, the proposed hybrid model can help firms evaluate carbon performance of suppliers for facilitating low carbon supply chain.     

土壤碳固定与生物活性:面向可持续土壤管理的新前沿

土壤碳固定研究是近10年土壤学研究的重要前沿,而可持续管理的土壤固碳是当前应对气候变化和全球土壤退化的重大需求。从土壤有机碳的生态系统功能及服务出发,分析了土壤碳固定与土壤功能及生物活性的关联,评述了当前土壤碳固定与微生物活性变化的认识,探讨了土壤团聚体尺度土壤固碳与生物活性的关系,并以水稻土为例讨论了土壤碳固定中团聚体过程及其有机碳—微生物—生物活性的演进关系,提出了土壤碳库稳定性与生物活性的协同关系及其表征问题,特别是如何通过有机质—微生物—酶活性的团聚体分布揭示土壤碳固定的本质,以及良好管理下土壤固碳与生态系统功能的协同特征及其管理途径等优先科学问题。借助非破坏团聚体分组技术和现代微域原位观察分析技术,土壤学已经能从团聚体尺度深入研究土壤固碳与生物活性的土壤机制,这将全面地揭示土壤固碳对于生态系统过程、功能及服务的影响特质,进而为可持续土壤固碳和农田有机质提升,为固碳减排与农田生产力提升及土壤环境服务改善协同发展提供科学依据和管理的政策依据。     

沉积地层中成矿作用的碳同位素特征和含矿缺氧盆地成因新观点

沉积盆地内地层中碳的来源,根据其碳,氧同位素特征可归纳为：海洋沉积碳酸盐碳,生物碳,热解非生物成因碳,大气淡水方解石碳和热卤水系统中的无机碳。热水成因的金矿及喷气－沉积矿床中的碳都具有深源成因的无机碳。深部含无机碳的热流体喷溢到海洋底部可以解释为扩张盆地底部形成的缺氧环境和含矿黑色页岩的主导原因。     

Learning from the history of disaster vulnerability and resilience research and practice for climate change

This paper calculated the embodied carbon in China export and its distribution in each industrial sector. The calculation results showed the total carbon emission of export experienced an increase before 2007 and then a decrease till 2010. The ratio of export embodied carbon accounting for the total carbon emission in China also increased from 31 % in 2002 to 52 % in 2007 and then declined to 40 % in 2010. As for distribution, the export embodied carbon emission of the following industries such as machinery and equipment manufacturing, metal products manufacturing industry, chemical industry, textile, clothing and leather products manufacturing industry ranked the highest. According to the calculation and analysis of the main driving factors of embodied carbon growth, we analyzed the structure effect, scale effect and technological effect’s influence on embodied carbon growth, respectively. We also calculated the trade competitiveness index of 17 export industries. Through research, we found that the products with strong international competitiveness belong to high-carbon-emission categories, which was the main reason of high carbon emission in China export. Finally, we proposed related policy suggestions to promote China’s export trade structural readjustment and optimization and China’s low carbon development in export.     

大理岩型石墨矿中固定碳的测定方法

用稀王水溶解样品,过滤,洗涤,以消除碳酸盐,硫化物,可溶性铁,浮炭,有机物和化合水对测定固定碳的干扰。在６００℃灰化滤纸并线化固定碳９０ｍｉｎ称重,然后在１０００℃灼烧至恒重,前后两次重量之差值为固定碳的结果。与原用８５０℃灼烧重量法相比较,该法避免了固定碳在第一次灼烧中被氧化损失,分析结果的准确度与吸收重量法和气体体积法相符。     

Sources of Terrestrial Organic Carbon in the Mississippi Plume Region: Evidence for the Importance of Coastal Marsh Inputs

High sedimentation rates along river-dominated margins make these systems important repositories for organic carbon derived from both allochthonous and autochthonous sources. Using elemental carbon/nitrogen ratios, molecular biomarker (lignin phenol), and stable carbon isotopic (bulk and compound-specific) analyses, this study examined the sources of organic carbon to the Louisiana shelf within one of the primary dispersive pathways of the Mississippi River. Surface sediment samples were collected from stations across the inner, mid, and outer Louisiana shelf, within the Mississippi River plume region, during two cruises in the spring and fall of 2000. Lignin biomarker data showed spatial patterns in terrestrial source plant materials within the river plume, such that sediments near the mouth of the Mississippi River were comparatively less degraded and richer in C₄ plant carbon than those found at mid-depth regions of the shelf. A molecular and stable isotope-based mixing model defining riverine, marsh, and marine organic carbon suggested that the highest organic carbon inputs to the shelf in spring were from marine sources (55?C61% marine organic carbon), while riverine organic carbon was the highest (63%) in fall, likely due to lower inputs of marine organic carbon at this time compared with the spring season. This model also indicated that marsh inputs, ranging from 19 to 34% and 3?C15% of the organic carbon in spring and fall, respectively, were significantly more important sources of organic carbon on the inner Louisiana shelf than previously suggested. Finally, we propose that the decomposition of terrestrial-derived organic carbon (from the river and local wetlands sources) in mobile muds may serve as a largely unexplored additional source of oxygen-consuming organic carbon in hypoxic bottom waters of the Louisiana shelf.     

基于多目标区域地球化学调查的中国土壤碳储量计算方法研究

土壤碳储量问题在碳循环和全球变化领域具有重要意义,长期以来这一基本参数的计算受到数据来源的制约。全国多目标区域地球化学调查采用双层网格化采样和分析,取得了大量高密度和高精度土壤地球化学数据,为土壤碳库的高精度计算提供了数据基础。文中重点探讨利用这些数据计算土壤碳储量的方法。首先提出针对多目标区域地球化学调查数据的"单位土壤碳量(USCA)"概念,用以代表调查数据基本面积单元(4km2)的碳储量,并作为区域和全国尺度土壤碳储量计算的基本单位。在收集分析14个省市414条的土壤剖面数据的基础上,发现土壤有机碳(TOC)的垂直分布与无机碳和其他元素不同,存在指数分布规律,运用面积积分运算方法发现利用直线模型计算土壤有机碳库的误差(+20%～+100%)远大于指数模型的误差(-10%～+20%)。因此,文中建议"有机碳单位土壤碳量(USCATOC)"需使用指数模型拟合后积分求算,而"无机碳单位土壤碳量(USCATIC)"则使用直线模型,"全碳单位土壤碳量(USCATC)"采用两者加和计算。文中还分析了其他元素的垂直分布特征,并提出氮储量计算需采用与有机碳类似的方法,其他51种元素(氧化物)储量采用与无机碳类似的方案,按照直线模型计算单位土壤元素量和单位土壤氧化物量(USEA)。     

中国陆地生态系统碳收支集成研究的e-Science系统构建

全球/区域生态系统碳循环研究具有多台站联网观测、多源异构数据、多模型综合分析、跨领域科学家协同工作等特点。以中国陆地生态系统通量观测研究网络(ChinaFLUX)为基础平台,论述建立碳循环科研信息化环境(e-Carbon Science)的迫切性,系统阐述e-Carbon Science的目标、组成、关键技术及研究进展,构建了由"四环境(碳循环数据集成与服务环境、模型模拟环境、可视化分析环境、科研协同工作环境)、三系统(站点、区域、全国尺度陆地生态系统碳收支评估应用系统)"组成的ChinaFLUX e-Carbon Science,形成ChinaFLUX通量数据采集—传输—存储—管理—处理—可视化—共享服务的一体化系统,实现不同尺度的碳收支快速评估与模拟,支撑并促进我国陆地生态系统碳循环研究和生态信息学发展,对我国野外台站网络信息化起到引领和示范作用。     

碳酸盐中碳、氧同位素快速制样装置研制

介绍一种碳酸盐中碳、氧同位素快速制样装置。实验证明,该装置具有真空度好、使用方便、无污染、制样效率高、成本低的优点,所生成的二氧化碳具有高纯、分析结果准确、可靠等特点,完全能满足碳酸盐中碳、氧同位素分析的制样要求。     

油页岩灰渣提取白炭黑的方法

以油页岩灰渣制备的水玻璃为原料,结合传统沉淀法和热风干燥工艺成功地制备了白炭黑。实验过程中研究了各种因素对白炭黑性质的影响,并确定了白炭黑的最佳制备工艺：水玻璃中w（SiO₂）为8.1%、c（H₂SO₄）为1.5 mol/L,陈化时间为8 h,反应温度为70～80 ℃,pH值为8.0。透射电镜分析结果表明：采用热风干燥技术制备的白炭黑平均粒径约为50 nm,而且团聚体较少,性能优于烘箱干燥制备的白炭黑。     

A zinc oxide-coated nanoporous carbon adsorbent for lead removal from water: Optimization, equilibrium modeling, and kinetics studies

A zinc oxide-coated nanoporous carbon sorbent was prepared by acid modification and ZnO functionalization of mesoporous carbon. The synthesized materials, such as mesoporous carbon, oxidized mesoporous carbon and zinc oxide-coated nanoporous carbon, were characterized by nitrogen adsorption–desorption analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectra, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. ZnO on oxidized mesoporous carbon gradually increased with increase in the number of cycles. Furthermore, the effects of agitation time, initial metal ions concentration, adsorbent dose, temperature and pH on the efficiency of Pb(II) ion removal were investigated as the controllable factors by Taguchi method. The value of correlation coefficients showed that the equilibrium data fitted well to the Langmuir isotherm. Among the adsorbents, zinc oxide-coated nanoporous carbon showed the largest adsorption capacity of 522.8 mg/g (2.52 mmol/g) which was almost close to that of the zinc oxide-coated (2.38 mmol/g), indicating the monolayer spreading of ZnO onto the oxidized mesoporous carbon. The results of the present study suggest that ZnO-coated nanoporous carbon can be effectively used for Pb(II) adsorption from aqueous solution, whereas a part of acidic functional groups may be contributed to binding the Pb(II) for the oxidized mesoporous carbon and mesoporous carbon. Kinetic studies indicated that the overall adsorption process of Pb(II) followed the pseudo-second-order model. The ZnO-coated nanoporous carbon was regenerated and found to be suitable of reuse of the adsorbent for successive adsorption–desorption cycles without considerable loss of adsorption capacity.     

非水滴定法连续测定铀矿地质样品中的无机碳和有机碳

研究了非水滴定法连续测定铀矿地质样品中的无机碳和有机碳的新方法,建立了优化的测定体系。无机碳回收率为99．4％～100．1％,有机碳的回收率为98．54％～103．1％,该法应用于生产,简便快速,准确可靠,结果令人满意。     

Quantifying the carbon source of pedogenic calcite veins in weathered limestone: implications for the terrestrial carbon cycle

The continent is the second largest carbon sink on Earth’s surface. With the diversification of vascular land plants in the late Paleozoic, terrestrial organic carbon burial is represented by massive coal formation, while the development of soil profiles would account for both organic and inorganic carbon burial. As compared with soil organic carbon, inorganic carbon burial, collectively known as the soil carbonate, would have a greater impact on the long-term carbon cycle. Soil carbonate would have multiple carbon sources, including dissolution of host calcareous rocks, dissolved inorganic carbon from freshwater, and oxidation of organic matter, but the host calcareous rock dissolution would not cause atmospheric CO₂ drawdown. Thus, to evaluate the potential effect of soil carbonate formation on the atmospheric pCO₂ level, different carbon sources of soil carbonate should be quantitatively differentiated. In this study, we analyzed the carbon and magnesium isotopes of pedogenic calcite veins developed in a heavily weathered outcrop, consisting of limestone of the early Paleogene Guanzhuang Group in North China. Based on the C and Mg isotope data, we developed a numerical model to quantify the carbon source of calcite veins. The modeling results indicate that 4–37 wt% of carbon in these calcite veins was derived from atmospheric CO₂. The low contribution from atmospheric CO₂ might be attributed to the host limestone that might have diluted the atmospheric CO₂ sink. Nevertheless, taking this value into consideration, it is estimated that soil carbonate formation would lower 1 ppm atmospheric CO₂ within 2000 years, i.e., soil carbonate alone would sequester all atmospheric CO₂ within 1 million years. Finally, our study suggests the C–Mg isotope system might be a better tool in quantifying the carbon source of soil carbonate.

     

Recycled carbon degassed from the Emeishan plume as the potential driver for the major end-Guadalupian carbon cycle perturbations

Massive gas emissions(e.g.,CO_2,CH_4 and SO_2) during the formation of large igneous provinces(LIPs) have been suggested as the primary cause of dramatic climatic change and the consequent ecological collapses and biotic crises.Thermogenic carbon of crustal sediments induced by intrusive magmatism throughout the LIPs is considered as the primary trigger for environmental catastrophe including mass extinction,as illustrated in the case of the Emeishan LIP in Southwest China.Here we evaluate the Emeishan LIP to address the causal link between carbon degassing and environmental crises during the end-Guadalupian of Middle Permian.An assessment of the carbon flux degassed from recycled oceanic crust in the Emeishan plume shows that recycled oceanic crust contributed significantly to the carbon flux.Using evidence from carbonate carbon isotopic records at the GualupianLopingian(G-L) boundary stratotype at Penglaitan of South China,our study suggests that carbon degassed from massive recycled components in the Emeishan plume served as a major end-Guadalupian(Middle Permian) carbon isotope excursion.The model based on the Emeishan LIP also offers new insights into the important role of recycled carbon released from other LIPs in climatic change and mass extinctions,as in the cases of the endPermian Siberian and end-Cretaceous Deccan Traps.Our work highlights that carbon released from subducted slabs is returned to the atmosphere via upwelling mantle plumes,which could drive global climatic change and mass extinction.     

干热岩热储建造的二氧化碳爆破致裂器优化设计

储层建造是商业化开采干热岩高温地热能的关键技术,二氧化碳爆破致裂技术为此提供了新思路。本文简述了二氧化碳爆破致裂技术,以及爆破过程中二氧化碳充装量、活化器用量、定压片厚度之间的关系。重点完善了用于干热岩储层建造的二氧化碳致裂器相关工作,设计了致裂器内部具体参数,优化了外部结构和系统,最终研发了一种可用于干热岩热储层建造的二氧化碳致裂器,为干热岩储层建造提供有效的技术手段,填补了耐高温高压的井下二氧化碳致裂器领域的空白。     

地质调查助力碳达峰碳中和目标实现的路径浅析

2030年前实现碳达峰,2060年前实现碳中和是2020年我国提出的国家重大战略目标.以当前我国的二氧化碳排放及能源结构现状,要实现这一伟大目标形势十分严峻.介绍了全球碳循环过程,阐述了碳源与碳汇对于大气CO2浓度的贡献,从减源与增汇2个方面,初步分析了地质调查在推动碳达峰与碳中和目标实现中的作用与可能的贡献,并提出了...