试论阜平杂岩的深熔作用

阜平杂岩中广泛产出浅色脉体,从而显示强烈的混合岩化作用。前人把引起混合岩化作用的机制归因于岩汁交代、重熔或无水深熔作用,似乎与实际的岩相结构不是很一致。矿物自形晶、钠长石净边结构和一些典型的矿物转化反应表明,阜平杂岩的混合岩化作用实际上经历了复杂的过程,主要表现为有水条件下的深熔作用。所形成的熔体有较大的流动性,可迁移一定的距离而进入邻近的岩石,对这些部位而言相当于发生了外来熔体的注入活动,造成熔体注入式混合岩化作用,形成一些交代反应和结构。因此,阜平杂岩混合岩化作用中的变质反应过程既包括长英质矿物的熔融(溶解),还涉及一种含水矿物(如黑云母)转化形成另外一种含水矿物(如角闪石)的化学反应。阜平杂岩的混合岩化作用最重要的机制是水致熔融或含水深熔作用,溶解性重熔或无水深熔作用则较为次要。     

鄂东北大别杂岩中深熔混合岩存在的地质地球化学证据

基于地质地球化学研究结果提出识别大别杂岩中深熔混合岩的证据：①浅色体粗大可横切面理，伴有复杂褶皱，帮助发育；②浅色体和古成体中斜长石牌号有明显差异；③矿物成分和组合指示曾达到深熔条件；④浅色体中富含Ａｌ２Ｏ３、Ｆｅ２Ｏ３、ＴｉＯ２和不活动、不相容元素，如ＬＲＥＥ、Ｔｈ、Ｈｆ、Ｚｒ。最结合混合岩矿物空间分布和质量平衡研究结果得出结论：大别核心杂岩中混合岩的主导成因机制是深熔。     

麻山杂岩的变质-混合岩化作用和花岗质岩浆活动

在黑龙江佳木斯地块麻山杂岩中可分别有高级和中级变质作用部分,两处均可见混合岩化作用。通过混合岩浅色脉体或花岗质脉体中的长石自形晶、斜长石周围的钠长石净边、黑云母向角闪石的转化等现象表明混合岩化作用主要表现为深部岩浆的注入,而不仅是高级变质之后的近原地深熔作用所致,高级变质与相关的深熔作用所致混合岩化在区域上的分布是有限的,集中于西麻山的高级区;而注入式混合岩化是普遍的,其产出可遍布所有麻山杂岩的出露区,在麻粒岩相和角闪岩相部位均可出现。早期麻粒岩相变质与后期混合岩化作用应是相互独立的构造或热事件;注入式混合岩化引起了中级变质作用和高级区的退变质作用,注入混合岩化作用的时代约为500Ma;中级变质作用是注入混合岩化的结果,而不是混合岩化的原因。与注入混合岩相关的花岗岩虽然表现出一些S型花岗岩的特征,但根据矿物组合、地化性质的综合分析,更可能是富钾及钾长石斑晶的钙碱性花岗岩类,属于I型花岗岩,形成于挤压向引张转化的过程中。麻山杂岩的变质与混合岩化特征表明,以西伯利亚古陆为中心的南部边缘发生了与冈瓦纳陆块内泛非事件类似的构造活动,只不过这里的规模略小,在变质之后迅速发生了构造体系的转换,而形成大量花岗质岩浆活动。     

阜平杂岩中低品位磁铁矿的形成与深熔作用的关系

在中-高级变质的阜平杂岩中可以形成低品位磁铁矿.除碎屑岩中继承的磁铁矿外,新生变质磁铁矿多呈斑晶,可出现于多种岩石类型,如变基性岩、中性岩、酸性岩和变沉积岩中,表明新生磁铁矿的形成不受层位控制.磁铁矿可由物理重结晶和化学反应2种形式形成,重结晶过程主要为矿物颗粒的加粗,但没有明显的脱水反应.变质化学反应形成的磁铁矿与各单元所经受的后期变质事件改造有关,这类磁铁矿的出现与岩石中TFe的含量没有必然的联系,关键在于变质反应中是否有适量的铁组分的迁移和富集.变质反应过程中,初期黑云母变质转化形成角闪石,即变质反应不全是脱水或吸水过程,表明阜平杂岩主要的变质过程发生在含水体系中.在进一步的变质改造中,黑云母、角闪石可深熔转化形成磁铁矿.在片麻岩的含水熔融过程中,Mg、Ca优先迁移,而Fe(Ti,Al)迁移微弱,造成Fe(Ti,Al)与Mg组分的分离,残留的相对富铁组分形成磁铁矿、钛铁矿.磁铁矿结晶时没有明显的挤压或剪切,张应力可能占主导地位,相应的深熔作用主要发生在构造静应力期或体系略微抬升的过程中.     

河北平山小觉地区阜平岩群中三种岩类深熔现象的岩相学特征

深熔作用(Anatexis)引起了地壳内部固体物质的重溶与熔融和进一步的初始花岗质岩浆的形成。本文主要从岩相学角度对河北平山阜平岩群3种主要变质岩类中一部分岩石在薄片中所显示的初期深熔特征进行了报道,提出识别深熔作用发生发展初期的一些岩相学标志,为相应的理论探讨提供岩相学方面的依据。区域变质岩石初始深熔的共同特征之一是不同矿物粒度都较相应的同类变质岩石为粗。由于经历粒间流体作用的重溶、溶蚀乃至再度晶出的过程,长英质岩石中长石、石英等矿物改变为具有弯曲、波纹状外形的缝合线结构,而“铰链状结构”的形成则是两微斜长石颗粒之间出现钠交代的结果。深熔作用过程中微斜长石显示出不均匀的光性特征,形成具交代成因的条纹长石细脉和条痕;斜长石出现不规则长方形和补丁状的微斜长石反条纹长石,显示“糟化”或绢云母化,或存在不同程度的“暗化”区域,也可转变成为纤维状至细柱状夕线石,沿斜长石中的一些细小裂纹和遭受应变的解理还出现几乎不透明的物质,它们可能原由深熔作用所形成,可称之为“网格状结构”;黑云母可部分地发生分解,在适当的温压条件下则完全分解,形成原可能为熔体的物质,也可转变成为纤维状至细柱状夕线石;角闪石存在一定程度的“暗化”,并形成与斜长石中所见类似的“网     

河北平山小觉地区阜平岩群浅粒岩深熔作用的地球化学研究

新太古代阜平岩群浅粒岩遭受深熔作用改造形成一些不同规模和形状的浅色体。与溶融母岩相比，其稀土元素和高场强元素含量相对较低，但大多数情况下具有相似的元素分布模式。然而，深熔作用刚开始时形成的浅色体，其元素含量、分布模式与熔融母岩完全不同，Nd同位素组成存在较大差别。随着深熔作用的进行，两者Nd同位素组成的差异越来越小，最后几乎完全消失。残余相副矿物，特别是锆石和磷灰石，对深熔浅色体的元素、Nd同位素组成的变化起了重要的作用。     

河北阜平平阳片麻状奥长花岗岩的地质和岩相学特征

平阳片麻状奥长花岗岩位于河北阜平县平阳镇一带，围岩为包括混合岩和片麻岩在内的变质表壳岩，层位上相当于阜平群的下部，产阳地区空间上存在高级变质作用、混合岩化作用和深熔作用的“三位一体”，因而由变质岩到花岗岩显示了系统的岩石学、岩相学以及产出关系上的渐变过渡特点，花岗岩中的变质表壳岩以及部分包体不仅在岩性上可和外围的同类岩石对比，而且也显示了明显的深熔作用改造的痕迹，有较为充分的语气表明平阳片麻状花岗岩总体上是原地深熔的奥长花岗岩，局部发生了一定尺度的位移。平阳地区变质表壳岩的深熔作用经历了以流体活动占主导地位、以矿物的溶解和重结晶为主要特点的早期阶段，演变为以部分矿物的熔融占主导地位的高级阶段，平阳片麻状奥长花岗岩的形成代表了阜平岩群变质表壳岩深熔作用的高级演化阶段，对于客观认识阜平岩群的组成和地质演化具有重大意义。     

华北克拉通阜平杂岩中~2.7GaTTG片麻岩的厘定及其地质意义

通过详细的地质工作,本文从阜平杂岩中厘定出一套~2.7Ga的条带状TTG片麻岩系,其原岩主要为英云闪长岩,经历了强烈的变形和深熔改造。该片麻岩可分为岩石主体和条带,按条带形态和成分可分为三种:细小的暗色条带、深熔浅色条带和后期注入的长英质脉体。用LA-MC-ICPMS法对英云闪长岩中锆石进行了原位U-Pb年龄测试,其形成年龄为2669.2±9.7Ma。该片麻岩SiO2=64.32%~70.02%,具有高铝(Al2O3=14.00%~15.87%)富钠(Na2O=3.85%~4.22%)贫钾(K2O=1.13%~2.42%)及低K/Na比值的特点,Mg#指数为39.5~49.6。该片麻岩具有中等-强烈程度的稀土元素分异[(La/Yb)N=3.67~51.38],Eu异常不明显。其富集Sr(303×10-6~431×10-6)、Ba(191×10-6~696×10-6)等大离子亲石元素,亏损Nb(4.70×10-6~9.78×10-6)、Ta(0.19×10-6~0.75×10-6)、Ti(1378×10-6~3259×10-6)、P(174.6×10-6~960.6×10-6)等高场强元素,Cr(5.87×10-6~119.4×10-6)、Ni(6.72×10-6~45.75×10-6)等相容元素含量也较低。Yb(0.31×10-6~1.75×10-6)和Y(3.61×10-6~18.88×10-6)含量低,Sr/Y比值高(16.0~119.1),属于高铝的TTG,与高硅埃达克岩特征相似。推断是热的太古宙新生洋壳部分熔融而成。阜平地区~2.7Ga TTG片麻岩的厘定,进一步证实了华北克拉通在新太古代早期经历了强烈的陆壳增生,并为华北克拉通早期岩浆事件与世界范围的岩浆事件的对比提供了新的依据,为华北克拉通早期陆块及绿岩带的划分提供了新的限定。     

富铝泥质岩混合岩化深熔作用的热力学相平衡模拟研究

基于岩石相平衡,对富铝泥质岩K2O-Al2O3-SiO2一H2O(KASH)和K2O-FeO—MgO—A12O3-SiO2-H2O(KFMASH)体系的混合岩化深熔作用相关系进行了模拟计算,得到泥质岩深熔作用的成岩格子、熔体成分变化特征、熔体含水量及其温压条件、石榴石变斑晶成分演化趋势和泥质岩进变质、退变质矿物组合特征、各种压力条件下S型花岗质熔体特征等,并进一步将模拟结果应用于内蒙古固阳等地的泥质岩,根据相关岩石的矿物组合及结构特征,获得了变质反应历史和P—T轨迹。     

河北平山小觉地区新太古代阜平岩群中变质岩所显示深熔改造的一些岩相学特征

河北平山西北部小觉地区新太古代阜平岩群中表壳岩类的浅粒岩、黑云变粒岩、斜长角闪岩、角闪片麻岩等,在构造有利部位及高温高压条件下经受了有流体活动伴生的深熔作用(Anatexis)改造,形成了一系列区域混合岩类,包括不同程度的混合岩化岩石、混合岩、甚至混合花岗质岩石(程裕淇等,1996,1998,1999,2001).     

Petrological Implication of the Albite Rims in the Felsic Gneisses of the Fuping Complex

The albite rim is present in most felsic gneisses of the Fuping Complex. The presence of the rim indicates the coexistence of plagioclase and K-feldspar in the rock. The rim is formed immediately after the myrmekite, and both textures were derived from the alteration of K-feldspar. The difference is that that there is no quartz present in the rim, and the rim is nearly albite and the anorthite content of the rim plagioclase is substantially lower than that of the myrmekite plagioclase. Formed at 400–500°C the albite rim was derived from the K-feldspar composition adjustment in the late or post-magmatism stage. As the temperature decreased, the equilibrium between K-feldspar and plagioclase could be maintained, and reactions between the minerals occurred. The leucocratic veins in the complex show distinguished magma or migmatitic characteristics. The rim might form in the late magma or deuteric stage. The formation of the rim implies obvious granitic magma- or melt-injection activity. Typical metamorphic rocks cannot produce the rims. Anatexis after medium–high grade metamorphism might be subordinate. If present, the anatexis is water-present, but the rim texture cannot be taken as the symbol of anatexis.     

Petrology,phase equilibria modelling and zircon U–Pb geochronology of Paleoproterozoic mafic granulites from the Fuping Complex,North China Craton

The Fuping Complex is one of the important basement terranes within the central segment of the Trans‐North China Orogen (TNCO) where mafic granulites are exposed as boudins within tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite (TTG) gneisses. Garnet in these granulites shows compositional zoning with homogeneous cores formed in the peak metamorphic stage, surrounded by thin rims with an increase in almandine and decrease in grossular contents suggesting retrograde decompression and cooling. Petrological and phase equilibria studies including pseudosection calculation using thermocalc define a clockwise P–T path. The peak mineral assemblages comprise garnet+clinopyroxene+amphibole+quartz+plagioclase+K‐feldspar+ilmenite±orthopyroxene±magnetite, with metamorphic P–T conditions estimated at 8.2–9.2 kbar, 870–882 °C (15FP‐02), 9.6–11.3 kbar, 855–870 °C (15FP‐03) and 9.7–10.5 kbar, 880–900 °C (15FP‐06) respectively. The pseudosections for the subsequent retrograde stages based on relatively higher H₂O contents from P/T–M(H₂O) diagrams define the retrograde P–T conditions of <6.1 kbar, <795 °C (15FP‐02), 5.6–5.8 kbar, <795 °C (15FP‐03), and <9 kbar, <865 °C (15FP‐06) respectively. Data from LA‐ICP‐MS zircon U–Pb dating show that the mafic dyke protoliths of the granulite were emplaced at c. 2327 Ma. The metamorphic zircon shows two groups of ages at 1.96–1.90 Ga (peak at 1.93–1.92 Ga) and 1.89–1.80 Ga (peak at 1.86–1.83 Ga), consistent with the two metamorphic events widely reported from different segments of the TNCO. The 1.93–1.92 Ga ages are considered to date the peak granulite facies metamorphism, whereas the 1.86–1.83 Ga ages are correlated with the retrograde event. Thus, the collisional assembly of the major crustal blocks in the North China Craton (NCC) might have occurred during 1.93–1.90 Ga, marking the final cratonization of the NCC.     

河北阜平杂岩长英质片麻岩中一些浅色体的地球化学性质及其地质意义

阜平杂岩中的浅色体主要分为2种类型,早期浅色体基本沿片麻理分布,较富钾长石（微斜长石）、石英,贫斜长石,形成于低水深熔或压溶条件下,水含量较低,局部脱水但尚未达到整体脱水的程度;晚期浅色体切割现有的片麻理,较富斜长石、石英,贫钾长石,形成于有水熔融条件下,平阳奥长花岗岩的出现即与晚期浅色体相对应。南营片麻岩、南营浅色花岗片麻岩的地球化学性质与其他片麻岩具有明显的不一致性。浅色体的稀土元素配分型式较复杂,根据对元素相对富集或亏损的分析得知,大多数浅色体的形成受围岩成分的控制,从早期浅色体向晚期浅色体发展,稀土元素含量向LREE相对亏损、HREE相对富集的方向转化,某些微量元素有明显的继承性。与地球化学特征相比,矿物组合的确定对浅色体阶段的归属判定更为重要。阜平杂岩变质演化不是简单的进变质脱水反应,其水分含量的变化十分复杂,对其深入研究有助于更好地了解该区地质和构造的演化过程。     

Archean geodynamics in the Central Zone, North China Craton: constraints from geochemistry of two contrasting series of granitoids in the Fuping and Wutai complexes

The Archean to Paleoproterozoic Central Zone of the North China Craton is situated between the Eastern and Western Archean continental blocks and contains two contrasting series of Neoarchean granitoids: the 2523–2486 Ma tonalite−trondhjemite–granodiorite (TTG) gneisses in the Fuping Complex, and the 2555–2525 Ma calc-alkaline granitoids (tonalite, granodiorite, granite and monzogranite) in the Wutai Complex. The Fuping TTG gneisses most likely formed from partial melting of 2.7 Ga basalts at >50 km, with an involvement of 3.0 Ga crustal material. The Wutai granitoids have higher K₂O, LILE and Rb/Sr, but lower Sr/Y and La_N/Yb_N than the Fuping TTG gneisses, are characterized by Nd T_DM from 2.5 to 2.8 Ga and _Nd(t) from 0.49 to 3.34, and are derived from partial melting of a juvenile source at <37 km.The geochemistry of these two contrasting series of Neoarchean granitoids provides further evidence that the Wutai Complex originated and evolved separately from the Fuping Complex. The Wutai Complex most likely formed as an oceanic island arc with volcanism and synvolcanic granitoid intrusions at 2555–2525 Ma. The Wutai Complex was subsequently accreted onto the Eastern Archean Continental Block, and was probably responsible for crustal thickening and TTG magmatism at 2523–2486 Ma in the Fuping Complex (as part of the Taihangshan–Hengshan block), at the western margin of the Eastern Archean Continental Block.     

河北阜平杂岩长英质片麻岩中一些浅色体的地球化学性质及其地质意义

阜平杂岩中的浅色体主要分为2种类型,早期浅色体基本沿片麻理分布,较富钾长石（微斜长石）、石英,贫斜长石,形成于低水深熔或压溶条件下,水含量较低,局部脱水但尚未达到整体脱水的程度;晚期浅色体切割现有的片麻理,较富斜长石、石英,贫钾长石,形成于有水熔融条件下,平阳奥长花岗岩的出现即与晚期浅色体相对应。南营片麻岩、南营浅色花岗片麻岩的地球化学性质与其他片麻岩具有明显的不一致性。浅色体的稀土元素配分型式较复杂,根据对元素相对富集或亏损的分析得知,大多数浅色体的形成受围岩成分的控制,从早期浅色体向晚期浅色体发展,稀土元素含量向LREE相对亏损、HREE相对富集的方向转化,某些微量元素有明显的继承性。与地球化学特征相比,矿物组合的确定对浅色体阶段的归属判定更为重要。阜平杂岩变质演化不是简单的进变质脱水反应,其水分含量的变化十分复杂,对其深入研究有助于更好地了解该区地质和构造的演化过程。     

Petrochronology of the migmatization event of the Xolapa Complex,Mexico, microchemistry and equilibrium growth of zircon and garnet

ABSTRACT

The number of migmatization events in the Xolapa Complex and their absolute age are controversial. U–Pb dating by laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry was performed on zircon grains from migmatites to investigate the age of different textural domains. Rare-earth element (REE) partition coefficients between zircon and garnet were compared with those established for different temperatures in order to test for equilibrium growth. Two age domains were identified. In one sample where zircon and garnet coexist, the outer zircon overgrowths yield a mean age of 54.16 ± 0.29 Ma (mean square weighted deviation (MSWD) = 3.5), whereas intermediate zones, between the core and outer overgrowths, yield an age of 122.7 ± 1.8 Ma (MSWD = 2.5). Partition coefficients were calculated for REEs between coexisting garnet (two different populations) and zircon using (1) the composition of ca. 54 Ma zircon overgrowths and garnet rims and (2) zircon intermediate zones together with garnet cores. The cores of small garnet grains (garnet A) may have grown in equilibrium with zircon domains of ca. 122 Ma. Both garnet cores and rims of the larger porphyroblasts (garnet B) seem to be in equilibrium with ca. 54 Ma zircon overgrowths. Petrographic observations suggest that crystallization of garnet A occurred during partial melting, placing equilibrium growth and therefore a first migmatitic event during the Early Cretaceous at ca. 122 Ma. This migmatitic event may be related to the collision of the Chortís Block with western Mexico. A second migmatitic event of ca. 54 Ma is suggested by equilibrium growth of large garnets (group B) and the outer zircon overgrowths. The high geothermal gradient necessary for this second migmatitic event might be related to the exhumation of the Xolapa Complex, as a result of the transpression and tectonic transport of the Chortís Block to the southeast from the end of the Mesozoic to most of the Cenozoic.     

河北小觉地区阜平岩群斜长角闪岩及深熔产物的稀土和Nd同位素地球化学研究

工作中重点对河北平山小觉地区阜平岩群两类角闪质岩石深熔作用的地球化学进行了研究.一类为厚层状斜长角闪岩,相邻新生浅色体常量元素组成上向TTG花岗质岩石方向转化,稀土和高场强元素含量明显降低,轻重稀土分离程度增高,tDM减小,εNd(t0)增大.另一类为与黑云变粒岩-片麻岩互层的条带状、石香肠状斜长角闪岩,相邻新生浅色体与之存在不同的地球化学关系:①稀土总量相对增高,轻重稀土分离程度有所降低;②稀土总量和轻重稀土分离程度都有明显增高.后者Nd同位素组成与斜长角闪岩也存在很大区别.这些现象可用熔融母岩、形成条件等差异得到合理的解释.