考虑地基土液化影响的桩基高层建筑体系地震反应分析

本文建立了土体－结构体系地震反应分析的混合有限元法，并研究了地基土液化对地震反应的影响。本方法把土体－结构体系简化为一个完整的体系，该体系由梁（柱）单元、剪切杆单元、刚体单元、平面四边形等参单元与三角形单元、界面单元的任意组合来模拟。桩与上部结构材料视为线弹性体，土介质视为非线性材料。土的静应力－应变关系之间的非线性用邓肯一张模型来描述；土的动应力－应变关系之间的非线性和振动孔隙水压力对土的软化效     

近场地震下简支梁桥搭接长度需求分析

随着交通网络向偏远地区辐射,桥梁结构会不可避免的出现靠近断层的情况,受到近断层地震动的影响显著。为了研究近场地震作用下简支梁桥的搭接长度需求,基于ANSYS平台建立了简支梁桥的弹塑性分析模型。通过动力响应分析、弹塑性分析和抗剪能力分析,探讨了近场地震动的脉冲效应对简支梁桥搭接长度的影响。研究表明：近场地震动的脉冲效应放大了结构的地震响应,脉冲型地震和非脉冲地震作用时的最大墩梁相对位移分别为115.1 cm和41.5 cm;两类地震作用时的最大剪力分别为1 892.5 kN和1737.8 kN,最大剪力剪切强度比为0.82;当PGA≥0.4 g时,脉冲型地震作用下桥墩底部塑性铰区的最大转角超过极限转角,桥墩发生破坏,而非脉冲型地震PGA=1.0 g时的塑性铰转角小于极限转角;当PGA=1.0 g时,塑性铰破坏前墩梁相对位移为37 cm,占规范搭接长度的41.8%,近场地震作用下简支梁桥的搭接长度需求满足规范要求。     

An elastic-plastic analysis of short-leg shear wall structures during earthquakes

Short-leg shear wall structures are a new form of building structure that combine the merits of both frame and shear wall structures. Its architectural features, structure bearing and engineering cost are reasonable. To analyze the elastic-plastic response of a short-leg shear wall structure during an earthquake, this study modified the multiple-vertical-rod element model of the shear wall, considered the shear lag effect and proposed a multiple-vertical-rod element coupling beam model with a new local stiffness domain. Based on the principle of minimum potential energy and the variational principle, the stiffness matrixes of a short-leg shear wall and a coupling beam are derived in this study. Furthermore, the bending shear correlation for the analysis of different parameters to describe the structure, such as the beam height to span ratio, short-leg shear wall height to thickness ratio, and steel ratio are introduced. The results show that the height to span ratio directly affects the structural integrity; and the short-leg shear wall height to thickness ratio should be limited to a range of approximately 6.0 to 7.0. The design of short-leg shear walls should be in accordance with the "strong wall and weak beam" principle.     

控制性深孔地震输入界面位置的确定方法和影响研究

探讨了在工程场地地震安全性评价的地震反应分析模型中,江苏省盐城地区部分工程场地内深度超过100m时剪切波速仍小于500m/s的控制性深孔,采用近似估算方法弥补所缺波速值和确定地震输入界面后,进行波速值和地震输入界面位置的不确定性对工程场地地震反应的影响研究,包括地表地震动峰值加速度和反应谱特征周期等,为其他地区控制性深孔的地震输入界面位置的确定方法和影响研究提供参考。     

楔形挡块对中小跨径梁桥横向抗震性能的影响

在地震作用下中小跨径梁桥横向易出现落梁以及桥墩破坏。为了防止桥梁出现上述震害,提出以楔形挡块作为限位装置来提升桥梁的横向抗震性能。以一座3×20 m连续混凝土梁桥为例,通过OpenSees软件来建立有限元模型,在考虑板式橡胶支座的摩擦滑移效应、钢筋混凝土桥墩的非线性等力学效应的情况下,对其进行动力时程分析。引入主梁位移响应、桥墩顶部最大位移响应等作为指标,用柔性挡块、刚性挡块两种工况来与楔形挡块进行对比分析,并且分析楔形挡块不同角度对位移响应的影响。结果表明:楔形挡块角度设置合适时能够有效约束梁体位移响应,并且不显著提高桥墩顶部的位移响应。     

水库气枪震源产生的S波及其分裂

人工气枪震源在陆地水库可以有效激发S波,S波能量较强,与ML1.6天然地震相当。气枪可用于S波分裂研究,对布置在燕山隆起带的流动地震台的气枪信号进行了S波分裂参数分析,结果表明,快剪切波偏振优势方向为NWW和NNE向,偏振方向和断裂的性质密切相关。气枪是高度可重复性人工震源,利用气枪定点激发和定点接收有可能精确获取S波分裂参数随时间的变化规律,为地震预测探索实践提供可靠的物理途径     

Statistical models for shear strength of RC beam‐column joints using machine‐learning techniques

This paper proposes a new set of probabilistic joint shear strength models using the conventional multiple linear regression method, and advanced machine‐learning methods of multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS) and symbolic regression (SR). In order to achieve high‐fidelity regression models with reduced model errors and bias, this study constructs extensive experimental databases for reinforced and unreinforced concrete joints by collecting existing beam‐column joint subassemblage tests from multiple sources. Various influential parameters that affect joint shear strength such as material properties, design parameters, and joint configuration are investigated through tests of statistical significance. After performing a set of regression analyses, the comparison of simulation results indicates that MARS approach is the best estimation method. Moreover, the accuracy of analytical predictions of the derived MARS model is compared with that of existing joint shear strength relationships. The comparison results show that the proposed model is more accurate compared to existing relationships. This joint shear strength prediction model can be readily implemented into joint response models for evaluation of earthquake performance and inelastic responses of building frames. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

高层框支剪力墙结构地震反应分析的超元法

西方嵩层框支剪力墙结构地震反应分析的超元法，即将每榀框支墙中的上部剪力墙和落地墙简化处理成等效柱，底部框架简化处理成等代柱，楼板视为深梁，将连续分布的质量离散化，建立二维空间结构的“串并联质点系”振动模型，采用超级单元进行结构的地震作用计算及内力分析，此法计算简便并适用于结构竖向变刚度和考虑楼板变形等情况。     

板钉连接CFST柱-RC梁节点梁端塑性铰区受力性能数值模拟

建立竖板-栓钉连接钢管混凝土（CFST）柱-钢筋混凝土（RC）梁节点试件（SSJD）拟静力加载试验有限元模型,并在节点损伤情况、梁端荷载-位移曲线等数值模拟结果与试验结果吻合较好的基础上,进一步开展了RC梁混凝土强度、配筋率ρ_s和连接竖板长度L_b及界面连接情况等对CFST柱-RC梁节点梁端塑性铰区域力学性能的影响。研究结果表明,RC梁混凝土强度对试件SSJD塑性铰区域受力性能的影响较小;适筋范围内RC梁配筋率增加可适当提高试件SSJD承载力和延性;随着连接竖板长度的增加,梁端塑性铰区域外移,梁破坏荷载增大;本研究给出的RC梁与CFST柱之间的界面抗剪承载力模拟值与计算值吻合较好,可用于界面抗剪设计。     

弹塑性连接梁在双薄壁高墩连续刚构桥中的应用

针对罕遇地震中弹塑性杆件塑性变形而耗能的现象,探讨了在双薄壁高墩连续刚构桥中设置弹塑性连接梁的减震方案。分别计算了是否设置弹塑性连接梁的两个桥式,比较了在大震作用下墩柱的弯矩、剪力、位移变化情况。结果显示若设置连接梁,墩柱弯矩幅值在强震中下降幅度较大,剪力有所增加而位移幅值变化不明显。     

A method for computing interstory drift spectra with consideration of gravity effects

Vertical loads such as gravity may have an important influence on the seismic response of buildings. In this paper, the continuous shear-beam model is extended to study the seismic demand of shear buildings with consideration of the gravity load effect under near-field ground motions. An analytical solution of the free motion equation of as gravity shear beam model is provided in terms of a Bessel series. A method for computing interstory drift spectra is proposed. The interstory drift spectra for two near-field records with distinct pulses are presented to illustrate the effects of gravity and the damping ratio. The interstory drift spectra are also used to analyze the spectral characteristics of near fault ground motion during the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. The effects of the gravity load ratio, damping ratio and higher modes are investigated and discussed.     

Shaking table test of utility tunnel under non-uniform earthquake wave excitation

A series of shaking table tests were conducted on scaled utility tunnel models with and without construction joints under non-uniform input earthquake wave excitation. Details of experimental setup are first presented with particular focuses on: design and fabrication of double-axis laminar shear box with a rectangular hole opened on its side walls; design of two devices for measuring the slippage between the interface of test soil and the structure, and the relative deformation and rotation between joints of the structure model; and procedure for construction of input earthquake wave. The experiments were conducted in three phases. Phase 1 is free-field test. A 2-norm index is suggested to quantify the boundary effect and it is found that the designed laminar box does not impose significant boundary effect. Phases 2 and 3 are model tests in longitudinal and transversal directions, respectively. Test results are discussed in items of shear force–slip relationship at the soil–model structure interaction surface, movement and rotation of the construction joint, and effect of non-uniform earthquake input. The comparison shows that structural response under non-uniform earthquake excitation is larger than that under uniform excitation. The effect of spatial distribution of earthquake excitation should be considered in the seismic design of utility tunnel.     

Frictional heat generation and seismic radiation in a foam rubber model of earthquakes

Results from a study of stick-slip particle motion at the interface between two stressed foam rubber blocks indicate that normal vibrations and interface separation are an important part of the stick-slip process in foam rubber. The dimension of the dynamic slip pulse is small compared to the dimension of the model (approximately 10 cm vs. 200 cm) consistent with the abrupt-locking slip pulse model ofBrune (1970, 1976), andHeaton (1990). A comparison of frictional heat generation between stable-sliding and stick-slip foam rubber models indicates a linear relation between the temperature increase on the fault surface (for a given distance of slip) and the driving shear force for the stable-sliding model, while for the stick-slip model there is essentially no variation in frictional heat generation with an increase in shear stress. We performed experiments to investigate the ratio of normal motion to shear motion at different levels of normal stress in the stick-slip foam rubber model. Preliminary result indicate that the normal component of the particle motion increases more rapidly with increasing normal stress than the shear component. The phenomenon of interface separation and normal vibrations may thus explain some of the most frustrating problems in earthquake mechanics, e.g., the heat flow paradox, the long-term weakness of major active faults, and anomalousP-wave radiation.     

Dynamic behavior of buildings with non-uniform stiffness along their height assessed through coupled flexural and shear beams

A novel model for assessing building behavior has been developed by coupling a Bernoulli beam with a quartic stiffness variation and a shear beam with a parabolic stiffness variation, trends that are expected in buildings designed for earthquake actions. Then the partial differential equation of motion governing the behavior of the model has been solved, obtaining analytic expressions (Closed form solutions) for mode shapes in terms of Legendre functions. These closed form solutions were validated with finite element model analyses and effects of non-uniformity of stiffness were assessed in a generalized manner. It was found that period lengthening is mild for the first mode, but for higher modes can be far more noticeable if shear stiffness at beam top is <20 % of its base value. Mode shapes also change notoriously for reductions beyond the same limit, potentially inducing large floor acceleration demands at unexpected locations. Also it was found that drift demands can be noticeably enhanced even if shear stiffness at top is 75 % of the base value, in what would be considered uniform buildings. This model has several applications for assessing the response or large stocks of buildings, calibrate complex models, assess damage on building contents, establishing in short time damage scenarios for large cities, and could be helpful for education, as emphasis is brought back on fundamental concepts.     

Inelastic earthquake response of single‐story asymmetric buildings: an assessment of simplified shear‐beam models

The inelastic seismic torsional response of simple structures is examined by means of shear‐beam type models as well as with plastic hinge idealization of one‐story buildings. Using mean values of ductility factors, obtained for groups of ten earthquake motions, as the basic index of post‐elastic response, the following topics are examined with the shear‐beam type model: mass eccentric versus stiffness eccentric systems, effects of different types of motions and effects of double eccentricities. Subsequently, comparisons are made with results obtained using a more realistic, plastic hinge type model of single‐story reinforced concrete frame buildings designed according to a modern Code. The consequences of designing for different levels of accidental eccentricity are also examined for the aforementioned frame buildings. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A new model for analyzing nonlinear torsion behavior of concrete filled steel tube columns with rectangular section

An experimental study on concrete filled steel tube columns with rectangular section subjected to compressionflexure-torsion combined action has been carried out. The failure modes and load-deformation hysteretic relations were obtained. Based on the principles of classical material mechanics, the relations between the torsion curvature of the section and the shear strain of the fiber on the section were established. Then the strain distribution on the rectangular section of concrete filled steel tube columns subjected to torsion was analyzed. The three-dimensional refined finite element model was also built, in order to make the precision verification. The matrix forms of the relation between the torsion curvature of the section and the shear strain of the fiber on the section were derived, and introduced into the fiber beam model considering nonlinear torsion effect on the section. The comparison between test results and calculation results showed that the fiber beam model considering nonlinear torsion effect had high modeling efficiency and solution precision for predicting the torsion behavior of concrete filled steel tube columns with rectangular sections, and was suitable for analyzing the dynamic response of various structures subjected to the combined cyclic load caused by the earthquake load.     

基岩弹性刚度对土层地震反应的影响

将基岩上均匀、各向同性土层的地震反应,简化为置于弹性支座上的一维剪切梁模型进行分析。将地震激励假定为白噪声谱,在随机边界激励下,主要探讨了土层与基岩2种介质间的波阻抗比、波速比、土层厚度和阻尼特性对土层地震反应的影响。计算结果表明,对于一定的土层厚度,在一定阻尼比条件下,土层和基岩的阻抗比小到一定程度时,可以将基岩假定为刚性约束,而误差可以控制在一定的范围内。     

A distributed parameter model of a frame pin‐supported wall structure

Many reinforced‐concrete frames collapse via a soft‐story mechanism during severe earthquakes. Such collapses are mainly attributed to concentrated deformation in a soft story. Deformation control is thus important in preventing collapse. The frame pin‐supported wall structure is a type of rocking structure that releases constraints at the bottom of the wall. Previous research has obtained good results for the deformation control of this type of structure. However, the interior forces and strength demands of the pin‐supported wall have not been systematically explored. In this paper, a distributed parameter model is developed to investigate the strength demand of the wall in a frame pin‐supported wall structure. In the model, the pin‐supported wall is simplified as a bending beam and the frame is simplified as a shear beam. The two beams are joined by distributed shear connectors, so that the shear force can be transferred at any location on the interface. The model can be solved using differential equations based on equilibrium and compatibility. The accuracy of the model is verified using SAP2000 (Computers and Structures Inc., Berkeley, CA, USA). Displacement distribution of the structure and distributions of the moment and shear force within the pin‐supported wall are obtained for two typical external force profiles. It is found that the pin‐supported wall can effectively reduce the drift concentration factor. Distributions of the displacement, moment, and shear force are closely correlated with the relative stiffness of the wall and frame. Finally, recommendations on the stiffness and strength of a pin‐supported wall are made. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

区域加载过程与发震断层变形演化的实验研究

使用双剪粘滑模型模拟自发地震和诱发地震的区域加载过程,利用应变观测系统多点连续观测发震断层附近的局部应变变化。在应力与应变空间上描述了地震过程的区域应力路径和局部应变路径。结果表明,局部应变路径与应力宏观路径的形态差异较大,但两者的转换阶段对应,存在一定映射关系。断层局部变形路径的走向标明了断层所处在的变形阶段。自发地震的应变路径可以划分为3个部分:应变积累阶段、剪应变的线性偏离阶段和失稳滑动阶段。诱发地震的应变路径包括4个阶段:正斜率的应变积累阶段、负斜率的稳态滑动阶段、亚稳态应变僵持阶段、扰动失稳滑动阶段。自发地震与诱发地震有各自的路径模式,可以从应变路径上判别断层稳定性与可能的地震类型。     

考虑楼板作用的SRC柱-钢梁混合框架动力时程分析

为了解楼板空间作用对型钢混凝土(SRC)柱-钢梁混合框架抗震性能的影响,利用有限元软件ABAQUS分别建立带有楼板和不带楼板的两跨三层SRC柱-钢梁框架,选取2组天然波和1组人工波对其进行弹塑性分析,对比2种框架结构的型钢应力分布、混凝土板损伤、层间相对位移角以及框架基底剪力,分析楼板在结构抗震中的影响规律。结果表明:增加楼板可以有效增加框架抗侧刚度,最大可使层间位移角降低38.7%;同时可以减小核心区梁端塑性区域的面积,减缓型钢上翼缘应力发展速度;而且楼板的存在可使最大基底剪力提升60.7%,有利于减小结构损伤和提高抗震性能。