近20年来伊洛河流域典型地区森林景观格局动态

Based on the information from forest resources distribution maps of Luoning County of 1983 and 1999,six indices were used to analyze spatial patterns and dynamics of forest landscapes of the typical region in the middle of the Yihe-Luohe river basin.These indices include patch number,mean patch area,fragment index,patdch extension index,etc,The results showed that;(1) There was a rapid increase in the number of patch and total area from 1983 to 1999 in the study area,The fragment degree became very high.(2) The area of all the forest patch types had witnessed great changes,The fractal degree of each forest patch type became big from 1983 to 1999 ,The mean extension index of Robinia pseudoacacia forest ,non- forest shrub forest ,sparse forest ,and Quercus species forest in creased rapidly,but that of economic forest became zero ,The fractal dimension each showed that forest coverage has been promoted.(3)The changes of landscape patterns were different in different geomprhic regions.From 1983 to 1999 the vegetation cover area,the gross number and the density of patch,diversity and evenness of landscape were all reduced greatly in gullies and ravines,but the maximum area and the mean area of patch types were increased ,In hilly region,both the forest cover area and the number of patch increased from 1983 to 1999,but the mean area of patch was reduced greatly,In mountain region,even though the area under forest canopy reduced from 1983 to 1999 ,the patch number was increased greatly,the mean area of all patch types was reduced ,the extension index,diversity index and evenness index of landscape were all increased.Furthermore,because of different types of land use,human activtiy and terratin ,the vegetation changes on northern and southern mountain slopes were different.According to these analyses,the main driving forces,such as the policies of management,market economy,influence of human activities etc.are brought out.     

Landscape pattern dynamics of water body in Kaifeng city in the 20th century

Landscape spatial pattern mainly refers to the distribution of patches, which are different in size and shape in space owing to the interaction of various ecological activities. In landscape ecology study, landscape pattern has been one of the key study areas. Water body landscape plays an important role in the development history of a city, but at present city water body landscape in many cities has been destroyed, hence protecting water body in the city is becoming more and more important. In order to protect city water body landscape reasonably, the precondition is to probe the dynamics of water body landscape. Based on historical data and remote sensing data, six indexes including patch number, patch area, landscape dominance index, fractal dimension, patch density and connectivity index etc. were used to analyze landscape pattern dynamics of water body in Kaifeng city since the end of the Qing Dynasty (in the 20th century). The results showed: (1) Since the end of the Qing Dynasty, landscape area of water body in Kaifeng city increased first and then decreased from 1898 to 2002AD; the landscape dominant degree had the same changing tendency with the area. (2) Patch number of water body landscape in Kaifeng city had an increase from 1898 to 2002, but maximum area of patch, minimum area of patch and average area of patch decreased, which resulted in an increase in landscape fragment degree. (3) Connectivity index decreased and fractal dimension increased from 1898 to 2002. The reasons for these changes were the repeated overflows and flooding of the Yellow River and the influence of human activities.     

1989-2003年中国北方土地覆被变化

The 13 provinces （autonomous regions and municipalities） in northern China are located in latitude 31°-54°N and longitude 73°-136°E including Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Jilin, Liaoning, Heilongjiang, Shaanxi, Gansu, Ningxia, Qinghai, and Xinjiang, where environments are fragile. In recent years, the eco-environmental problems such as vegetation destruction, desertification and soil erosion etc. become serious because of climate change and unreasonable human activities. In this paper, landscape pattern and its evolution in northern China from 1989 to 2003 was investigated by the combined use of RS and GIS based on the basic theory and method of landscape ecology. Land use/cover maps of the study area in 1989, 1999 and 2003 were produced by using 1 km monthly NOAA Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer （AVHRR） and SPOTNGT Normalized Difference Vegetation Index （NDVI） dataset from national climate bureau of China which were geo-registered to Lambert azimuthal equal-area map projection and were used in the paper. Landscape evolution in the area over the study period was investigated by two methods： （a） the changes of various landscape metrics were analyzed using the landscape structure analysis program FRAGSTATS; （b） the transition matrix of landscape patch types was calculated with the help of the RS and GIS software. The results showed that from 1989 to 2003, the landscape within the study area had undertaken a complicated evolution in landscape structure and composition. The diversity index and evenness index increased during the period, which means that the landscape pattern tended to be diversified and even. The fragmentation index of grassland, forestland and water areas also increased significantly. This showed that the distribution and structure of forestland, grassland and water areas had been changed greatly during the period, especially grassland which became more and more fragmentized, and its fragmentation index increased from 19.23% to 88.72%. The transi     

Driving forces analysis of reservoir wetland evolution in Beijing during 1984–2010

The reservoir wetland, which is the largest artificial wetland in Beijing, constitutes one of the important urban ecological infrastructures. Considering two elements of natural environment and socio-economy, this paper established the driving factor indexing system of Beijing reservoir wetland evolution. Natural environment driving factors include precipitation, temperature, entry water and groundwater depth; social economic driving factors include resident population, urbanization rate and per capita GDP. Using multi-temporal Landsat TM images from 1984 to 2010 in Beijing, the spatial extent and the distribution of Beijing reservoir wetlands were extracted, and the change of the wetland area about the three decade years were analyzed. Logistic regression model was used to explore for each of the three periods： from 1984 to 1998, from 1998 to 2004 and from 2004 to 2010. The results showed that the leading driving factors and their influences on reservoir wetland evolution were different for each period. During 1984-1998, two natural environment indices： average annual precipitation and entry water index were the major factors driving the increase in wetland area with the contribution rate of Logistic regression being 5.78 and 3.50, respectively, and caused the wetland growth from total area of 104.93 km 2 to 219.96 km 2 . From 1998 to 2004, as the impact of human activities intensified the main driving factors were the number of residents, groundwater depth and urbanization rate with the contribution rate of Logistic regression 9.41, 9.18, and 7.77, respectively, and caused the wetland shrinkage rapidly from the total area of 219.96 km 2 to 95.71 km 2 . During 2004-2010, reservoir wetland evolution was impacted by both natural and socio-economic factors, and the dominant driving factors were urbanization rate and precipitation with the contribution rate of 6.62 and 4.22, respectively, and caused the wetland total area growth slightly to 109.73 km 2 .     

北京城市湿地时空演变及驱动力定量分析(英文)

The decision tree and the threshold methods have been adopted to delineate boundaries and features of water bodies from LANDSAT images. After a spatial overlay analysis and using a remote sensing technique and the wetland inventory data in Beijing, the water bodies were visually classified into different types of urban wetlands, and data on the urban wetlands of Beijing in 1986, 1991, 1996, 2000, 2002, 2004 and 2007 were obtained. Thirteen driving factors that affect wetland change were selected, and gray correlation analysis was employed to calculate the correlation between each driving factor and the total area of urban wetlands. Then, six major driving factors were selected based on the correlation coefficient, and the contribution rates of these six driving factors to the area change of various urban wetlands were calculated based on canonical correlation analysis. After that, this research analyzed the relationship and mechanism between the main driving factors and various types of wetlands. Five conclusions can be drawn. (1) The total area of surface water bodies in Beijing increased from 1986 to 1996, and gradually decreased from 1996 to 2007. (2) The areas of the river wetlands, water storage areas and pool and culture areas gradually decreased, and its variation tendency is consistent with that of the total area of wetlands. The area of the mining water areas and wastewater treatment plants slightly increased. (3) The six factors of driving forces are the annual rainfall, the evaporation, the quantity of inflow water, the volume of groundwater available, the urbanization rate and the daily average discharge of wastewater are the main factors affecting changes in the wetland areas, and they correlate well with the total area of wetlands. (4) The hydrologic indicators of water resources such as the quantity of inflow water and the volume of groundwater are the most important and direct driving forces that affect the change of the wetland area. These factors have a combined contribution rate of 43.94%. (5) Climate factors such as rainfall and evaporation are external factors that affect the changes in wetland area, and they have a contribution rate of 36.54%. (6) Human activities such as the urbanization rate and the daily average quantity of waste-water are major artificial driving factors. They have an influence rate of 19.52%.     

河南沿黄湿地景观格局及其动态

By using GIS and remote sensing techniques, the paper discusses how human activities have changed along the Yellow River in Henan province, China and how these altered activities have influenced the wetland landscape pattern change from 1987 to 2002. Results show that the total area of the wetland reduces dramatically compared to 1987, the total area of wetland reduces by 19.18%, the number of the patches in 2002 increases by 21.17%, the density increases by 50%, and the total perimeter increases by 1,290,491 m. Disturbed by human activities, landscape diversity index decreases from 1.1740 in 1987 to 0.9803 in 2002. During the last 20 years, the total area of the rice wetland increases, while the others decrease. Among those, the area of the bulrush wetland decreases most. In 1987, it takes 0.5% of the total area, but in 2002, it only takes 0.11%. The interpenetration of human influences on the wetland natural system has been long and close. The impacts of human activities on the spatial pattern of the wetland landscape along the Yellow River in Henan from 1987 to 2002 are great.     

A case study on Landscape Component Niche based on Landscape Pattern Indices: Yanchi,Ningxia Province,China

Yanchi County is located in the agro-pastoral ecotone and belongs to the ecologically fragile area of Northwest China.It is important to study the evolution of landscape pattern to curb its environmental degradation.In order to intuitively show how the landscape pattern of the study area changes over time,Landsat Thematic Mappers(TM)and Landsat Operational Land Imager(OLI)data of 1991,2000,2010 and 2017 were used.This paper attempts to apply niche theories and methods into landscape ecology,and constructs a niche model of landscape components by using"n-dimentional hypervolume niche theory"and landscape pattern indices.By evaluating the spatial and temporal evolution of niche from the perspective of two-dimensional space to reflect the changes of landscape pattern in the study area over the past 26 years,new theories and methods were introduced for the characterization of landscape pattern.The results indicate that:1)The larger the attribute and dominance value of landscape components,the higher the ecological niche and the stronger the control effect on the overall landscape.2)The ecological niche of each landscape component was significantly different,just as its control effect on the overall landscape.3)The dynamic change of the ecological niche of each landscape component was different,with grassland,unused land and arable land always in a high dominant position,although the ecological niche of construction land and water area was always low.In general,the introduction of niche theory into the landscape ecology provided a new method to study the changes in regional landscape pattern.     

中国国家自然保护区土地覆被变化(英文)

For preventing ecosystem degradation,protecting natural habitats and conserving biodiversity within the habitats,2588 nature reserves have been established in China at the end of 2010.The total area is up to 149.44 million ha and covers over 15% of Chinese terrestrial surface.Land-cover change,as the primary driver of biodiversity change,directly impacts ecosystem structures and functions.In this paper,180 National Nature Reserves(NNRs) are selected and their total area is 44.71 million ha,accounting for 29.9% of all NNRs in China.In terms of the ecosystem characteristics and their major protected object,all selected NNRs are classified into 7 types.A Positive and Negative Change Index of Land-cover(PNCIL) was developed to analyze the land-cover change of each NNRs type from the late 1980s to 2005.The results show that the land-cover of all selected NNRs types have degradated to a certain degree except the forest ecosystem reserves with a decreasing rate,but the rate of degradation alleviated gradually.The mean positive and negative change rates of land-cover in all core zones decreased by 0.69% and 0.16% respectively.The landscape pattern of land-cover in the core zones was more stable than that in the buffer zones and the experimental zones.Furthermore,the ecological diversity and patch connectivity of land-cover in selected NNRs increased generally.In short,the land-cover of 180 selected NNRs in China had a beneficial change trend after NNRs established,especially between 1995 and 2005.     

Land use effects on soil organic carbon, nitrogen and salinity in saline-alkaline wetland

Land-use and soil management affects soil organic carbon （SOC） pools, nitrogen, salinity and the depth distribution. The objective of this study was to estimate land-use effects on the distribution of SOC, labile fractions C, nitrogen （N） and salinity in saline-alkaline wetlands in the middle reaches of the Heihe River Basin. Three land-use types were selected： intact saline-alkaline meadow wetland, artificial shrubbery （planting Tamarix） and farmland （cultivated for 18 years） of soils previously under meadow wetland. SOC, easily oxidized carbon, microbial biomass carbon, total N, NO3--N and salinity concentrations were measured. The results show that SOC and labile fraction carbon contents decreased significantly with increasing soil depth in the three land-use wetlands. The labile fraction carbon contents in the topsoil （0-20cm） in cultivated soils were significantly higher than that in intact meadow wetland and artificial shrubbery soil. The aboveground biomass and soil permeability were the primary influencing factors on the contents of SOC and the labile carbon in the intact meadow wetland and artificial shrubbery soil, however, the farming practice was a factor in cultivated soil. Agricultural measures can effectively reduce the salinity contents; however, it caused a significant increase of NO 3--N concentrations which posed a threat to groundwater quality in the study area.     

乌梁素海湿地环境演变

The environment evolution of Wuliangsuhai wetland since 1986 is analyzed based on the remote sensing principle. The total water area of Wuliangsuhai lake has been increased during the past 17 years. The open water area had an increasing trend before 1987, and the trend was decreasing up to 1996, then the trend has increased again since 2000; the variation of the water area with dense aquatic weed is basically contradictory to the variation of open water area. The natural reed area had been decreased before 1987, and then it has been increased. The areas of shallow water and swamp have been slightly increased, in fact, the variations are quite steady. The artificial reed area has been increased since the reed plantation was started in 1988. The relationships of the water environment, the climate, hydrology and different types of areas are discussed, and then the technological measures for sustainable development and utilization of Wuliangsuhai lake water environment are proposed.     

黄河三角洲滨海湿地的景观格局空间演变分析

利用GIS技术、RS影像和Fragstats3.3等景观统计软件,从景观面积变化、景观斑块特征和景观整体水平格局等方面,对比研究了黄河三角洲2000年和2009年湿地不同时空尺度的景观格局变化。结果表明:10 a间黄河三角洲滨海湿地海岸线和陆地面积整体呈增长趋势,天然湿地面积急剧减少,平均分维数大部分降低,湿地景观破碎度降低,多样性和均匀性指数增加,蔓延度指数增加。湿地景观格局指数的变化反映了旱田及水田的大面积种植,盐田养殖业的大力发展以及石油开采等人为活动对景观格局的深刻影响,人类活动已经成为黄河三角洲滨海湿地景观格局变化的主要驱动因子。     

白洋淀湖沼湿地系统景观格局演变及驱动力分析

以白洋淀湖沼湿地系统为研究对象,分析了1979年、1991年、2000年和2006年4个时期白洋淀湖沼湿地系统景观格局演变过程及其湿地景观格局指数的动态变化,并剖析白洋淀湖沼湿地系统格局演变的驱动力。研究结果表明,研究期内湿地面积呈减少趋势,由1979年的404.5 km²缩减到2006年的338.4 km²,且减少部分大多转化为耕地;同时,各景观类型分布趋于集中分布,但景观多样性降低。1979-2006年期间,1979-1991年时段内的湿地景观格局指数变化最快,之后变缓。近30年内耕地斑块面积、边界密度和面积加权平均邻近指数最大;建设用地的斑块数量最多,斑块密度最大;各湿地景观类型的平均分维数都接近1,形状都比较简单。引起湿地系统景观格局演变的主要原因包括气候、水文过程以及社会经济和政策等因素。     

三江平原抚远县景观格局变化研究

基于RS和GIS技术,应用集成地形图与遥感影像(MSS和TM)数据,获得抚远县6期景观类型图;通过计算各景观类型的相对变化率、转入和转出贡献率,应用景观格局分析方法,对1954~2005年三江平原抚远县湿地农田化过程进行分析。结果表明,1986年以后,耕地成为抚远县面积最大的景观类型;1954~2005年,各景观类型中耕地的相对变化率最大,1995~2000年间其相对变化率达到10.50;湿地的相对变化率在1976~1986年最大,为1.31%,湿地转出变为耕地的贡献率较大,这主要是湿地大面积被开垦为耕地的结果。景观指数在过去50多年间都发生了明显变化,最大景观形状指数(LSI)出现在1995年,为36.99;最大Shannon多样性指数(SH-DI)出现在1986年,为1.45;最大斑块聚集度指数(CONTAG)和斑块指数(LPI)出现在2005年,分别为64.14和53.35;最大斑块周长—面积分维数(PAFRAC)出现在1954年,为1.54。大规模农业开发与景观指数变化规律存在密切关系。     

1999～2007年天津湿地景观格局及水鸟生境变化

天津市湿地是亚洲东部候鸟南北迁徙的重要驿站,有大量属国家一、二级保护的鸟类。近几十年来,受人类活动和自然因素变化影响,天津市湿地景观结构发生巨大变化,对湿地鸟类栖息地环境和鸟类迁徙、繁殖产生了不利影响。在遥感和地理信息系统技术的支持下,以天津市1999年、2003年和2007年3期TM影像为数据源,采用目视解译分类方法,并结合其他非遥感以及高清晰影像作为辅助资料,获得了天津市湿地基本信息;在此基础上,将天津市湿地分成2大类12小类;利用ArcMap软件,分析了3个时期湿地面积的变化;利用Frag-stats3.0软件和Excel软件,得到天津市湿地景观格局的动态变化。研究结果表明,天津市湿地总面积从1999年的312088.73hm2增加到2007年的328133.61hm2,面积增加了4.89%;湿地面积增加的主要原因是人工湿地盐田面积大幅增加,人工湿地8年间共增加了24043hm2,其中,盐田面积增加了25699.57hm2,但天然湿地面积减少了7.38%。天津市湿地景观的破碎化程度在一直加剧,斑块类型更加多样化,湿地景观中没有明显的优势类型,且各斑块类型在景观中均匀分布。湿地类型转化的基本规律表现为天然湿地向人工湿地、人工湿地向农林用地、农用地向建设用地转换,人类的开发活动已经转向一些人为干扰较少的潮间带、滩涂区以及河流河口水域、浅海水域、湖泊和沼泽等地区。将各种驱动因素加以组合,归纳为2大类和20个变量指标,建立湿地景观变化驱动因素指标体系。分析表明,人口和经济因素对湿地景观格局变化有显著影响。随着经济发展水平的提高,天津市产业结构并未得到改善,尤其是第二产业仍然占较大比重;城市人口急剧增长,快速城市化导致的城市实体扩张占用大量农田和湿地;在农业因子中,粮食产量的提高与通过占用湿地来扩大种植面积有直接关系。1999～2007年间,天津湿地水鸟生境发生了明显变化,深积水区面积和斑块数量逐年增加;无隐蔽物的湿地面积和人工建筑物的面积大幅增加,重干扰区的面积增加;水鸟的水生动物性食物增多,谷物草籽等植物性食物减少。人类活动已对天津湿地水鸟生存环境构成严重威胁。总体上,天津湿地水鸟生境质量在下降。     

辽宁省滨海湿地景观格局变化研究

辽宁省沿海岸线分布有丰富的滨海湿地资源,在区域经济发展中发挥着重要作用。基于1990年和2000年的Landsat ETM影像获取了辽宁省滨海湿地斑块图形数据,选用生态意义较明确的景观特征指数,对辽宁省滨海湿地的景观格局变化进行了研究。结果表明,1990年至2000年间,辽宁省滨海湿地总面积呈萎缩状态,由1990年的17620.04 km2减至2000年的17331.72 km2,减少幅度为1.6%;湿地斑块数量亦在减少,由1990年的2 021块减少至2000年的1770块;湿地景观多样性指数和均匀度指数则呈下降趋势,分别由1990年的1.425和0.594下降至2000年的1.409和0.588。     

人类土地利用干扰对黑河中游湿地时空变化的影响

干旱区湿地是典型的脆弱生态系统,湿地景观格局变化与人类的干扰活动密切相关。在RS和GIS技术支持下,基于1975-2016年长时间序列遥感影像,利用景观开发强度指数（LDI）和土地利用转移矩阵模型等分析方法,定量评估了人类土地利用干扰对黑河中游湿地时空变化的影响。结果表明：研究区湿地面积总体呈现下降趋势,但人工湿地总体呈增加趋势;湿地景观的异质性、破碎化程度增强,湿地斑块之间的聚集度下降;总体上研究区各类湿地的LDI指数呈上升趋势,湿地的人为干扰程度增强,2001年后湖泊湿地的人为干扰程度最强。在人为干扰下湿地多转化为林地、草地、居工矿用地及耕地。人为干扰对湿地的影响因湿地类型而异。因此,科学评价不同类型湿地的人为干扰状况,对不同类型湿地制定相应的保护策略具有重要意义。     

滇西北高原湿地区土地利用变化特征

湿地景观格局的动态变化与区域土地利用/覆盖格局的变化有着十分紧密的联系。以纳帕海、碧塔海和属都湖三块高原湿地所在的云南省香格里拉县建塘镇为例,在遥感和GIS技术的支持下,对该区域1974、1987和2000三期Landsat TM(ETM)影像进行了解译,分析了26 a间的土地利用/覆盖变化规律,并结合景观格局动态分析的方法,借助FRAGSTATS软件定量分析了该区景观格局特征及其动态变化。结果表明:该区土地利用/覆盖状况变化显著,主要土地利用/覆盖类型有林地以822 hm2/a的速度在大面积减少,并主要转为灌木林地,使得后者在26 a间扩大高达17倍,变化幅度最大。建设用地和耕地的面积分别扩大了6倍和2倍,而草地和雪地面积持续减少。相应地,该区景观格局定量分析显示,有林地的斑块密度增大而平均斑块面积减小迅速,呈破碎化趋势,灌木林地的斑块密度、平均斑块面积均增加,草地则与之相反均减小,耕地的斑块密度降低而平均斑块面积增加,在不断融合成大斑块,其余各景观单元斑块密度增大平均斑块面积减小,同时各斑块几何形状在1987年变化最剧烈,景观格局趋于复杂。     

VECTOR ANALYSIS THEORY ON LANDSCAPE PATTERN （VATLP） IN SANJIANG PLAIN MARSH, CHINA

Landscape indices are popular for the quantification of landscape pattern. But all landscape indices being used so far are scalar quantity, which measure patterns without considering sufficiently the pattern size and the directionality together. Based on planar characteristics defined in mechanics such as centroid, moment of inertia, product of inertia, principal axes and so on, vector analysis theory on landscape pattern (VATLP) is explored here. Firstly we establish a coordinate system of centroidal principal axes (CSCPA) of a patch or patches. Some related new indices including those describing the direction of pattern distribution (patch orientation (PO), vectorial patch orientation (VPO)), and those indicating the shape of patch‘s equivalent ellipse (major axis (MJA), minor axis (M1A) and eccentric rate (ER)) are deduced. These landscape metrics are then applied to the pattern analysis of Sanjiang plain marsh, the study area. Two temporal vector-based data sets of the study area come from interpretation of remote sensing images M SS (1980) and T M (2000). The application of the theory captures some shape properties of riparian wetland in Sanjiang plain marsh. The dissymmetrieal featires of Sanjiang plain marsh around principal axes due to agricultural development could also be explained.     

黔东南地区景观格局的动态变化及驱动力

以遥感影像和野外调查为数据源,3S为技术手段,对1993-2009年间贵州省黔东南苗族侗族自治州景观空间格局进行动态分析和综合研究.结果表明:研究时段内黔东南州景观斑块数量增加,平均斑块面积减小,景观结构破碎化整体上有增加的趋势,主要表现为多样性指数、分维数增大,聚集度、均匀度减小,在空间分布和景观类型上局部变化不同于整体的表现;自然地理条件、人口增长、政府政策是导致景观格局变化及其区域差异的主要驱动因素;随着经济发展、农田开发等人类干扰的不断增加,生态环境保护与经济开发之间的矛盾将会逐渐突出.     

清末以来开封市水域景观格局变化

借助历史资料和地理信息系统技术,对清末以来开封市水域景观格局的演变进行了分析。研究结果表明：(1) 100余年来,开封市水域景观面积和景观优势度经历了一个由小变大,然后又由大变小的过程。其中,2002年的水域面积为169.6 hm²,为1966年的35%,1898年的89%;景观优势度由1898年的14.6%增加到1966年的36.9%,到了2002年变为13.1%。(2) 从1898年到2002年开封市区水域斑块的数量在增加,最大斑块面积有减小的趋势,最小斑块面积也有减小的趋势,平均斑块面积趋于减小,但斑块密度却在增加,这充分反映了开封市水域景观破碎度的增加。(3) 从1898年到2002年开封市水域斑块的连通性指数是在不断减少的,只是近年来,才有增加的趋势;分维数也有增加的趋势。引起开封市水域景观格局变化的原因既有自然的因素,又有人为的因素。建国以前以黄河的影响为主,建国后人类活动的影响占有重要地位。