近30 年来呼伦贝尔地区草地植被变化对气候变化的响应

基于1981-2006 年的GIMMS NDVI数据和2000-2009 年的MODIS NDVI数据反演呼伦贝尔地区草地变化,结合1981-2009 年该地区7 个气象站点的气温和降水数据,分别从年际变化、季节变化和月变化角度分析该地区草地变化对气候变化的响应。结果表明,从年际变化来看,降水是驱动草地植被年际变化的主要因素;从季节变化来看,草地植被生长在不同季节对水热条件变化的敏感性不同,春季草地植被生长对气温变化的敏感性较降水变化高,夏季和秋季草地植被的生长对降水变化的敏感性则高于对气温变化的敏感性,其中以夏季最为显著;从月变化来看,4 月和5 月草地植被变化受气温变化影响较明显;5-8 月与前一月降水变化关系密切,说明植被生长对降水变化具有一定的滞后性;4 月正值草本植物萌芽期,而4 月份草地生长与年气温变化关系最为密切,一定程度上说明4 月份表征植被生长的NDVI值增加可能是由于气候变暖引起的草地植被生长季提前产生的。综上所述,通过植被与气候要素月变化的关系可以具体地揭示气温和降水对草地植被生长的季节韵律控制。     

30年来呼伦贝尔地区草地植被对气候变化的响应(英文)

Global warming has led to significant vegetation changes especially in the past 20 years. Hulun Buir Grassland in Inner Mongolia, one of the world’s three prairies, is undergoing a process of prominent warming and drying. It is essential to investigate the effects of climatic change (temperature and precipitation) on vegetation dynamics for a better understanding of climatic change. NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), reflecting characteristics of plant growth, vegetation coverage and biomass, is used as an indicator to monitor vegetation changes. GIMMS NDVI from 1981 to 2006 and MODIS NDVI from 2000 to 2009 were adopted and integrated in this study to extract the time series characteristics of vegetation changes in Hulun Buir Grassland. The responses of vegetation coverage to climatic change on the yearly, seasonal and monthly scales were analyzed combined with temperature and precipitation data of seven meteorological sites. In the past 30 years, vegetation coverage was more correlated with climatic factors, and the correlations were dependent on the time scales. On an inter-annual scale, vegetation change was better correlated with precipitation, suggesting that rainfall was the main factor for driving vegetation changes. On a seasonal-interannual scale, correlations between vegetation coverage change and climatic factors showed that the sensitivity of vegetation growth to the aqueous and thermal condition changes was different in different seasons. The sensitivity of vegetation growth to temperature in summers was higher than in the other seasons, while its sensitivity to rainfall in both summers and autumns was higher, especially in summers. On a monthly-interannual scale, correlations between vegetation coverage change and climatic factors during growth seasons showed that the response of vegetation changes to temperature in both April and May was stronger. This indicates that the temperature effect occurs in the early stage of vegetation growth. Correlations between vegetation growth and precipitation of the month before the current month, were better from May to August, showing a hysteresis response of vegetation growth to rainfall. Grasses get green and begin to grow in April, and the impacts of temperature on grass growth are obvious. The increase of NDVI in April may be due to climatic warming that leads to an advanced growth season. In summary, relationships between monthly-interannual variations of vegetation coverage and climatic factors represent the temporal rhythm controls of temperature and precipitation on grass growth largely.     

自然植被对气候变化响应的研究:综述

植被-气候关系的研究已经超越了植被地理学、植被生态学的研究范围，而成为全球变化研究的核心内容之一，从而受到地理学家、生态学家等的广泛关注，并开展了大量的研究。本文概述了过去、现在和未来自然植被对气候变化响应研究的主要进展，阐述了自然植被响应气候变化，特别是未来全球气候变化的基本的可能结果。     

陕甘宁地区植被恢复对气候变化和人类活动的响应(英文)

The "Grain for Green Project" initiated by the governments since 1999 were the dominant contributors to the vegetation restoration in the agro-pastoral transitional zone of northern China. Climate change and human activities are responsible for the improvement and degradation to a certain degree. In order to monitor the vegetation variations and clarify the causes of rehabilitation in the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Region, this paper, based on the MODIS-NDVI and climate data during the period of 2000-2009, analyzes the main charac-teristics, spatial-temporal distribution and reasons of vegetation restoration, using methods of linear regression, the Hurst Exponent, standard deviation and other methods. Results are shown as follows. (1) From 2000 to 2009, the NDVI of the study area was improved progres-sively, with a linear tendency being 0.032/10a, faster than the growth of the Three-North Shelter Forest Program (0.007/10a) from 1982 to 2006. (2) The vegetation restoration is characterized by two fast-growing periods, with an "S-shaped" increasing curve. (3) The largest proportion of the contribution to vegetation restoration was observed in the slightly improved area, followed by the moderate and the significantly improved area; the degraded area is distributed sporadically over southern part of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region as well as eastern Dingbian of Shaanxi province, Huanxian and Zhengyuan of Gansu province. (4) Climate change and human activities are two driving forces in vegetation restoration; more-over anthropogenic factors such as "Grain for Green Project" were the main causes leading to an increasing trend of NDVI on local scale. However, its influencing mechanism remains to be further investigated. (5) The Hurst Exponent of NDVI time series shows that the vegetation restoration was sustainable. It is expected that improvement in vegetation cover will expand to the most parts of the region.     

中国西部近20a区域植被活动的季节特征及其对气候变化的响应

1 Introduction As a body of ecosystem, vegetation influences energy balance, climatic, hydrologic and biochemical cycles. Simultaneously it is also influenced by the above-mentioned factors. Therefore, vegetation activity is a perfect sensitivity guidelin…     

20世纪80年代以来西南喀斯特地区植被变化对气候变化的响应

气候变化与植被变化的关系已经在全球和区域尺度上得到了研究证明。在前人研究的基础上,基于AVHRR GIMMS NDVI和AVHRR GloPEM NPP数据集,通过对逐个像元信息的提取和分析,研究了20世纪80年代以来,我国西南喀斯特地区植被变化对气候变化的响应。研究结果显示:(1)20世纪80年代以来,西南喀斯特地区植被覆盖度和净初级生产量总体均呈增加的趋势,但不显著。植被指数的年际变化存在着明显的区域差异;(2)植被指数年际变化与气候因子年际变化的相关系数区域分异比较明显;(3)不同的植被类型对气候变化有着不同的响应特征;在该研究区气温变化对植被变化的影响要高于降水量变化对其影响;(4)植被指数年际变化与气候因子年际变化的相关系数在不同气候条件下分布的规律性比较明显。本研究将会增进对影响喀斯特生态系统稳定性的自然过程的认识,同时也会为喀斯特生态系统的管理提供科学依据。     

1999—2010年中国西北地区植被覆盖对气候变化和人类活动的响应

中国西北地区气候干旱,频繁出现沙尘天气,属于生态脆弱区域,而植被变化是生态系统对气候变化响应的指示器,研究其变化对改善西北生态环境具有重要意义.本文利用1999—2010年归一化植被指数(NDVI)以及气象数据研究中国西北地区植被覆盖时空变化,以Sen趋势度结合Mann-Kendall检验、相关和偏相关分析以及残差法分析人类活动和气候变化对植被覆盖变化的影响.结果表明:西北地区植被覆盖整体呈增加趋势,但在局部地区气候干旱少雨和人类活动抑制植被生长.植被变化强度空间差异是人类活动和气候要素共同作用的结果:气温高,降水少,大部分地区植被覆盖与气候要素相关显著,并且植被变化对气温和降水的响应存在一定滞后时间;蒸发量大于降水量,人类引水灌溉弥补降水不足,使得农业植被呈增长趋势.新疆北部地区植被覆盖呈下降趋势,原因是气候干旱、沙漠化严重会抑制植被生长,人类活动频繁、城市扩建同样会破坏植被生长.     

1982-2006年中国东部春季植被变化(英文)

Vegetation greenness is a key indicator of terrestrial vegetation activity. To under-stand the variation in vegetation activity in spring across eastern China (EC), we analysed the variation in the Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) from April to May during 1982-2006. The regional mean NDVI across EC increased at the rate of 0.02/10yr (r2=0.28; p=0.024) prior to 1998; the increase ceased, and the NDVI dropped to a low level thereafter. However, the processes of variation in the NDVI were different from one region to another. In the North China Plain, a cultivated area, the NDVI increased (0.03/10yr; r2=0.52; p<0.001) from 1982 to 2006. In contrast, the NDVI decreased (-0.02/10yr; r2=0.24; p=0.014) consecu-tively from 1982 to 2006 in the Yangtze River and Pearl River deltas, two regions of rapid urbanisation. In the eastern region of the Inner Mongolian Plateau and the lower reaches of the Yangtze River in East China, the NDVI increased prior to 1998 and decreased thereafter. In the Hulun Buir area and the southern part of the Yangtze River Basin, the NDVI increased prior to 1998 and remained static thereafter. The NDVI in the grasslands and croplands in the semi-humid and semi-arid areas showed a significant positive correlation with precipitation, while the NDVI in the woodlands in the humid to semi-humid areas showed a significant positive correlation with temperature. As much as 60% of the variation in the NDVI was ex-plained by either precipitation or temperature.     

自然植被对气候变化响应的研究:建模

预测性植被制图（PVM）是自然植被对气候变化响应建模的重要思想和方法，已为国外的许多生态学家、地理学家在开展全球变化的影响研究中所采用。本文在简述了PVM发展过程的基础上，对其方法进行了归纳，并探讨了PVM对气候-植被响应模型研究的作用。在文中作者特别强调地理信息系统（GIS）在自然植被对气候变化响应建模中的重要性，并对GIS支持下的构模方法和步骤进行了总结。     

黄土高原植被生长期旱涝对全球气候变化响应

为了揭示黄土高原植被生长期降水演变特征,主要采用EOF分解和小波分析等方法,利用黄土高原区域51站1961—2000年降水资料,研究植被生长期降水早涝特征,分析和比较了干年和湿年降水。结果表明：区域响应以一致的涝或旱为主,高原中北部为响应最敏感区;时间演变中1971年之前相对多雨,1985年后明显变旱,存在3～5a、8a左右的年际振荡,3～5a周期明显;高原东北部是干年降水响应最敏感区,是干旱最突出的地方：高原北部是湿年降水响应最敏感区,是降水偏多最突出的地方(易涝);早年降水响应中局地性较强,湿年降水响应以全区一致为主。     

过去50年内蒙古极端气候事件时空格局特征

为了掌握内蒙古极端气候事件的发生趋势与时空格局,本文运用内蒙古自治区境内46个国家级气象站点的日值记录数据,计算与植被生长的水热条件及寒旱灾害直接相关的极端气候事件指数,分析过去50年内蒙古温度和降水气候事件的时空演变特征。研究结果表明,研究区极端温度事件的发生频率与持续时间迅速变化发生于20世纪90年代以来,60年代至80年代末呈平稳态势。表征低温事件的霜日日数（FD0）、冷昼日数（TX10p）、冷夜日数（TN10p）、冷持续指数（CSDI）等指数均呈现下降趋势,同时表征高温事件的夏日指数（SU25）、作物生长期（GSL）、暖昼日数（TX90p）、暖夜日数（TN90p）、热持续指数（WSDI）则均呈上升趋势。与极端高温事件发生频率的加剧在90年代初开始凸显不同,表征强降水事件发生频率和强度的极端降水指标的显著变化发生在近10年。研究区极端温度指数过去50年的变化过程几乎没有明显的空间分异特征,但是在位于农牧交错区的部分站点的强降水事件呈现出与大多数站点不同的特征,最近10年的强降水事件高于前一时段,而其他多数站点最近10年的极端降水指数均低于前一时段。     

Landscape pattern change and driving force of blowout distribution in the Hulun Buir Sandy Grassland

The land coverage pattern changes for the past 50 years in a typical region of the Hulun Buir Sandy Grassland were interpreted and analyzed based on a series of remote sensing images in 1959, 2002, 2004 and 2009. The temporal and spatial changes of landscape patterns were revealed and the driving forces were analyzed. The results show that all land coverage types had large variable amplitudes. The grassland area decreased, whereas other areas increased. Owing to implementation of artificial sand fixation from 2004 to 2009, the areas of flowing blowouts and depositional area decreased by 71,369 and 128,835 m², respectively. The average patch area reduced, but the number of blowouts increased, fractal dimension increased, and blowout structure became complex. The fragmentation index increased, whereas contagion index decreased. Driving force analysis shows that human factors such as overgrazing are slightly larger than natural factors of increased temperature and decreased precipitation.     

2000-2012年祁连山植被覆盖变化及其与气候因子的相关性

研究祁连山地区植被覆盖变化及其与气候因子的响应关系对这一地区土地利用总体特征以及对区域及全球气候和环境变化都将产生深远的意义。利用2000-2012年美国国家航空航天局提供的MODIS NDVI数据并结合相应的气候资料,通过对逐像元信息的提取和分析,运用均值法、斜率分析法、相关分析法,研究了2000-2012年不同季节祁连山植被覆盖的时空变化及其与气候因子的相关性。结果表明:13 a来祁连山植被覆盖整体上呈增加趋势,其中春季植被改善最为明显,秋季次之;植被覆盖变化在不同季节都存在明显的空间差异;不同季节植被与气温、降水的时滞效应不尽相同;祁连山春季大部分地区NDVI与气温呈显著正相关,夏季NDVI与降水呈显著正相关,秋、冬季NDVI与降水、气温的相关性不明显。     

1982—2015年中国气候变化和人类活动对植被NDVI变化的影响

基于中国603个气象站的地表气温和降水观测资料以及GIMMS NDVI3g数据,采用变化趋势分析和多元回归残差分析等方法研究了1982—2015年中国植被NDVI变化特征及其主要驱动因素（即气候变化和人类活动）的相应贡献。结果表明：① 1982—2015年中国植被恢复明显,在选择的32个省级行政区中,山西、陕西和重庆的生长季NDVI增加最快,仅上海生长季NDVI呈减小趋势。② 气候变化和人类活动的共同作用是中国植被NDVI呈现整体快速增加和巨大空间差异的主要原因,其中气候变化对各省生长季NDVI变化的影响在-0.01×10 ^-3~1.05×10 ^-3 a ^-1之间,而人类活动的影响在-0.32×10 ^-3~1.77×10 ^-3 a ^-1之间。③ 气候变化和人类活动分别对中国近34年来植被NDVI的增加贡献了40%和60%;人类活动贡献率超过80%的区域主要集中在黄土高原中部、华北平原以及中国东北和西南等地;人类活动贡献率大于50%的省份有22个,其中贡献率最大的3个地区为上海、黑龙江和云南。研究结果建议应更加重视人类活动在植被恢复中的作用。     

内蒙古植被覆盖度的时空动态变化及其与气候因子的关系(英文)

The vegetation coverage dynamics and its relationship with climate factors on different spatial and temporal scales in Inner Mongolia during 2001-2010 were analyzed based on MODIS-NDVI data and climate data.The results indicated that vegetation coverage in Inner Mongolia showed obvious longitudinal zonality,increasing from west to east across the region with a change rate of 0.2/10°N.During 2001-2010,the mean vegetation coverage was 0.57,0.4 and 0.16 in forest,grassland and desert biome,respectively,exhibiting evident spatial heterogeneities.Totally,vegetation coverage had a slight increasing trend during the study period.Across Inner Mongolia,the area of which the vegetation coverage showed extremely significant and significant increase accounted for 11.25% and 29.13% of the area of whole region,respectively,while the area of which the vegetation coverage showed extremely significant and significant decrease accounted for 7.65% and 26.61%,respectively.On inter-annual time scale,precipitation was the dominant driving force of vegetation coverage for the whole region.On inter-monthly scale,the change of vegetation coverage was consistent with both the change of temperature and precipitation,implying that the vegetation growth within a year is more sensitive to the combined effects of water and heat rather than either single climate factor.The vegetation coverage in forest biome was mainly driven by temperature on both inter-annual and inter-monthly scales,while that in desert biome was mainly influenced by precipitation on both the two temporal scales.In grassland biome,the yearly vegetation coverage had a better correlation with precipitation,while the monthly vegetation coverage was influenced by both temperature and precipitation.In grassland biome,the impacts of precipitation on monthly vegetation coverage showed time-delay effects.     

呼伦贝尔沙地沙丘砂来源的定量分析--逐步判别分析(SDA)在粒度分析方面的应用

Quantltatively determining the sources of dune sand uis one of the problems necessarily and urgently to be solved in aeolian landforms and desertification research. Based on the granulometric data of sand materials from the Hulun Buir Sandy Land, the paper employs the stepwise discriminant analysis technique (SDA) for two groups to select the principal factors determining the differences between surface loose sediments. The extent of similarity between two statistical populations can be described quantitatively by three factors such as the number of principal variables, Mahalanobis distance D^2 and confidence level α for F-test. Results reveal that: 1) Aeolian dune sand in the region mainly derives from Hailar Formation (Q3), while fluvial sand and palaeosol also supply partially source sand for dunes; and 2) in the vicinity of Cuogang Town and west of the broad valley of the lower reaches of Hailar River, fluvial sand can naturally become principal supplier for dune sand.     

内蒙古西部草原地上生物量的遥感估算

利用2005-2011年内蒙古西部草原756个地面调查样方与2001-2011年MODIS NDVI数据集,建立统计模型,估算了内蒙古西部草原地上生物量,并探索了地上生物量与气候因子的关系.结论如下:①内蒙古西部草原地上生物量2001-2011年均值为5.27 Tg(1 Tg=1012g).2001-2011年间,内蒙古西部草原地上生物量呈波动状态且略有下降趋势.②内蒙古西部草原地上生物量的空间差异显著,总体自东南向西北逐步降低.③内蒙古西部草原地上生物量年际波动的主要驱动因子是1-7月的降水量,而与同期气温无显著关系;降水量同样是决定地上生物量空间分布的重要因素,而气温的影响较弱.本研究的估值仍存在一定的不确定性,主要来源于样方的采集标准差异、样方生物量的折算偏差、灌木生物量的低估与遥感数据集误差.     

1981-2010年气候变化和人类活动对内蒙古地区植被动态影响的定量研究

基于GIMMS NDVI以及MODIS NDVI数据,分析内蒙古地区1981-2010年的植被变化趋势,并结合气候、社会经济数据,以旗县为单位定量分析气候变化和人类活动对植被变化的影响,结果表明：①1981-2010年间,内蒙古地区植被变化具有典型的空间异质性,其中植被显著增加区域主要集中在西南部的阿拉善盟、鄂尔多斯市以及东部通辽市等地区,显著减少区域主要集中在北部的锡林郭勒盟以及东北部的呼伦贝尔市的部分地区;②对于植被显著增加区域,人类活动作用的影响面积最大,其次为气候因素,气候与人类活动的耦合作用也对植被增加有一定显著影响;内蒙古西部降雨量的增加、围封禁牧政策的实施以及农作物播种面积的增加为驱动植被增加的主要因素;③对于植被显著减少区域,人类活动的作用略大于气候因素;内蒙古中东部地区降雨减少以及近10年来部分旗县风速的增加是导致植被显著减少的重要气候因素;虽然人工造林、农作物播种面积会增加局部植被盖度,但在县域尺度不足以抵消干旱对植被生长的不利影响,反而会导致区域植被退化。