多层螺旋CT对急性结肠出血的临床应用价值

目的：研究多层螺旋CT对急性结肠出血的应用价值。方法：对临床可疑急性结肠出血9例患者行多层螺旋CT检查,采用动静脉双期增强扫描,并结合多层螺旋CT多平面重建、最大密度投影图像分析诊断,部分病例经手术或临床随访证实,部分与DSA对照。结果：9例临床拟诊急性结肠出血患者,多层螺旋CT明确诊断出血部位7例,出血显示率77.7...     

16层螺旋CT重建在距骨骨折的应用价值

目的:研究16层螺旋CT多平面(MPR)、三维(3D)重建在距骨骨折中的临床应用价值。资料与方法:对132例距骨骨折患者的X射线平片、16层螺旋CT-MPR、3D重建影像资料对比分析。结果:132例距骨骨折中,16层螺旋CT-MPR、3D重建骨折和脱位全部显示,X射线平片查出骨折99例,脱位31例。骨折X射线平片检出率75%,三维重建检查检出率100%,脱位X射线平片检出率87%,三维重建检查检出率100%。结论:16层螺旋CT多平面和三维重建,可更好地显示距骨骨折和脱位,对术前诊断和治疗有很大价值,尤其是对距骨细微骨折和半脱位的诊断。     

MSCTA在颅内动脉瘤诊断中的应用

目的：探讨多层螺旋CT血管成像在颅内动脉瘤的诊断中的应用。方法：收集经手术证实或DSA的颅内动脉瘤31例,所有的病例均行多层螺旋CT血管成像。CTA通过采取VR、MIP及CPR等后处理重建技术,实现脑内血管重现,展现颅内血管的真实情况。20例行手术治疗,11例行DSA检查。结果：本组31例,共36个颅内动脉瘤。29例单...     

MSCTU成像技术在小儿先天性肾输尿管发育异常中的临床应用

目的:探讨三聚氰胺奶粉事件超声普查发现肾输尿管不明原因积水扩张后,经多层螺旋CT尿路造影检查后找到积水原因,得出影像诊断分析结论。方法:超声筛查均无尿路结石,但肾输尿管不明原因积水扩张,所有病例行多层螺旋CT尿路造影成像技术诊断分析,15例经手术证实。结果:多层螺旋CT尿路造影成像技术诊断,60例小儿主要为先天性肾输尿管发育异常致肾输尿管积水扩张及一侧肾缺如、异位。分析CT表现,多层螺旋CT尿路造影对泌尿系发育异常的诊断正确率为98.3%(59/60),优于传统静脉肾盂造影及超声检查(p0.05)。结论:超声检查应作为一种泌尿系统先天性疾病的筛查手段,而多层螺旋CT尿路造影作为泌尿系统先天性疾病的重要检查方法。多层螺旋CT尿路造影具有快速、无创、分辨率高等优点,结合多种图像后处理技术,能直观、立体显示泌尿系的全过程,是诊断泌尿系先天发育异常的理想方法,具有极高的临床应用价值。     

腕骨脱位或骨折并脱位的影像分析

目的:分析腕骨脱位及骨折并脱位的影像,探讨外力在腕关节传播的过程。方法:对129例腕骨脱位患者行X线和多层螺旋CT检查,分析腕骨脱位或骨折并脱位的类型。结果:月骨脱位32例,腕中关节脱位2例,月骨周围型脱位95例。95例中经舟状骨月骨周围脱位50例,经桡骨茎突月骨周围脱位23例,经头状骨月骨周围脱位4例,经三角骨月骨周围脱位7例,经尺骨茎突月骨周围性脱11例。在合并其他腕骨骨折的病例中。经桡骨茎突及经舟骨骨折病例X线检查均得到确诊,其余56例中,X线漏诊6例则是通过多层螺旋CT薄层扫描及重建才做出正确诊断,单纯月骨周围型脱位较少见(仅3例),有5例X线检查为单纯月骨周围脱位的病例在CT扫描发现合并腕骨撕脱性小骨折。结论:X线检查对腕关节节损伤的程度有可能低估,多层螺旋CT薄层扫描及重建可作出准确、直观诊断。分析外力损伤腕关节的过程对腕骨脱位或骨折并脱位的影像诊断有重要价值。      

多层螺旋CT后处理技术对肺隔离症的诊断价值

目的:探讨多层螺旋CT后处理技术在肺隔离症诊断中的应用价值。方法:对13例经手术及病理证实的肺隔离症进行回顾性分析。所有检查采用64排螺旋CT扫描机,先行CT平扫,再行双期增强扫描,然后再行多平面重建(MPR),最大密度投影(MIP)及容积再现(VR)。结果:13例肺隔离症患者中,10例的病灶位于左下叶后基底段,3例的病灶位于右下叶后基底段,病灶CT平扫表现为分叶形3例,圆形或卵圆形3例,不规则形7例。增强及重建后13例均显示异常供血动脉。其中异常体动脉供血有9例来自胸主动脉,4例来自腹主动脉。结论:多层螺旋CT及图像后处理技术能准确显示异常动脉血供和引流静脉,在肺隔离症的诊断和术前评估中具有重大价值。      

多排螺旋CT在气管支架随访中的应用

目的:通过比较气道支架置入术后多排螺旋CT与气管镜随访检查的结果,评估多排螺旋CT的诊断价值。方法:收集130例(恶性疾病109例、良性疾病21例)行气管或支气管支架置入术患者,在术后3个月或并发症加重时行多排螺旋CT并行三维重建、多平面重建及曲面重建,在(1.2±0.6)天后行气管镜检查。由两名有经验的放射科医师对支架置入位置、形状、管腔的通畅和邻近气道的CT显示进行评估,并与气管镜结果进行比较。采用Kappa一致性检验两位医师的结果。以配对卡方检验判断CT诊断支架并发症的准确性。结果:61(46.9%)例患者的CT结果显示支架未见异常,其中5例显示不符,后者在气管镜检查显示支架内气管肉芽肿形成,管腔的轻微变窄(<25%)。69例(53.1%)支架在CT上显示有异常改变,其中4例诊断肿瘤复发而气管镜证实为肉芽肿,其余65例与气管镜诊断一致。CT在发现支架置入术后局部异常的灵敏度为96.2%,特异性为100%,诊断准确性为93.1%。结论:CT作为一种非侵入性检查,对气管内植入支架相关检查结果准确性高,可在气管支架随访中起重要作用。      

多层螺旋CT仿真血管镜在动脉硬化症诊断中的临床应用

目的: 探讨动脉硬化症的多层螺旋CT仿真血管镜改变及诊断价值.方法:回顾性分析40例正常人血管及24例临床诊断为动脉硬化症血管的多层螺旋CT扫描资料,将所有的CT图像进行低对比(kernel≤30f)薄层(slice≤3mm)重建,然后将重建图像导入CT 3 D 工作站,用软件CT仿真内窥镜(CT-VE)、多平面成像(MPR)、最大密度投影(MIP)、容积成像技术(VRT)进行图像后处理,并就正常血管及病变血管在CT仿真血管镜中的改变进行分析和记录.结果:64例均成功地进行了CT仿真血管镜成像,40例正常组的血管仿真血管镜图像表现为血管壁光滑,管腔无狭窄;24例病变血管中,血管壁钙化24例78处,血管内壁不规则及增厚24例,血管狭窄21例.动脉硬化斑块15例48处.结论:多层螺旋CT仿真血管镜是诊断动脉硬化症的一种有效方法,其优势在于检查快速和无创伤性.     

椎基底动脉延长扩张症的多层螺旋CT诊断

目的探讨多层螺旋CT平扫对椎基底动脉延长扩张症(VBD)的诊断价值。方法复习2658例病人头颅CT平扫结果,测量其中可显示的基底动脉(BA)的直径、分出大脑后动脉的高度及走行位置,检出符合Smoker等定义的VBD病例。结果2658例全部按常规8mm多层CT容积扫描并行3mm重建,2379例能清楚显示BA,共发现16例符合Smoker等定义的VBD的病例,其CT与临床表现与文献报道相似。结论头颅多层螺旋CT平扫后行3 mm重建图像89.50%可显示BA,对其进行测量可以诊断VBD。     

急诊主动脉夹层多层螺旋CT与超声心动图的诊断效果对照分析

目的:对比分析急诊主动脉夹层应用多层螺旋CT和超声心动图诊断的应用价值。方法:选取2014年12月至2016年12月我院收治的经CT血管显像确诊的急诊主动脉夹层患者61例,对所有患者临床治疗进行回顾性分析。所有患者均通过超声心动图检查和多层螺旋CT平扫,对比分析两组诊断结果。结果:所有61例主动脉夹层患者中,总体异常61例,主动脉瓣异常41例,主动脉弓部异常44例,胸、腹主动脉异常45例,冠状动脉异常6例。多层螺旋CT诊断的总体异常、胸、腹主动脉异常以及冠状动脉异常诊断率均为100%,相比于超声心动图的91.8%、86.7%及0.0%更高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组在主动脉瓣异常、主动脉弓部异常诊断率之间的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:超声心动图在诊断主动脉夹层时具有无创性、可重复性,且操作简便,能够对诊断主动脉弓部异常、DebakeyⅠ型主动脉瓣具有较高准确性。而多层螺旋CT相比于超声心动图具有更大优势,可进一步准确诊断胸、腹主动脉分支异常和冠状动脉异常等,具有更高临床诊断价值。      

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration Aims And Scope

正This journal is established by the Institute of Engineering Mechanics(IEM),China Earthquake Administration,to promote scientific exchange between Chinese and foreign scientists and engineers so as to improve the theory and practice of earthquake hazards mitigation,preparedness,and recovery.To accomplish this purpose,the journal aims to attract a balanced number of papers between Chinese and     

Solute concentrations in the lower niger river and the source rock contribution

Water quality analyses for the Niger River for the 1980/81 hydrological year are presented. The samples were collected from the main river at Lokoja, and from two main tributaries, the Kaduna and the Benue Rivers. Different water types were distinguished by the concentrations of major ions. The type Ca > Na > Mg > K - HCO₃ > SO₄ > Cl was represented at all stations during at least part of the year. Chloride was found to dominate the sulphate ion in the Kaduna and Niger, while the Benue maintained a higher concentration of sulphate relative to chloride all year round. Distinct patterns of seasonal variation in the ion concentrations were observed, particularly for the samples collected at Lokoja. Low ion concentrations were prominent during periods of high discharge, while low flow periods coincided with high dissolved ion concentrations. The contribution of rainwater to the total dissolved solids in the river waters was assessed indirectly using rainwater chemistry data from the Gulf of Guinea. The estimated rainwater contribution to the Lower Niger amounts to 5.15 mg 1^?1. Geochemical weathering calculations involving reactions of the four major minerals of granitic rocks - anorthite, biotite, albite, and K-feldspar - with carbon dioxide and water, can account for the average water composition of the Lower Niger. The proportion of the ionic components was also related to the occurrence of the respective element in the minerals.     

Scenario predictions for potential near-field and far-field earthquakes affecting Hong Kong

Historical earthquakes noted in the written records of the South China region, including Hong Kong, are not well delineated along identified prominent fault sources. Despite the lack of any definitive, localised trend in the spatial distribution of seismic activity in the region, there does appear to be some major disparity in the seismic activity rates (especially for large magnitude earthquakes) between the near-field and the far-field regions of Hong Kong. Despite this observation, previous studies of the regional seismic activity and seismic ground motion hazard (the latter using a probabilistic seismic hazard assessment, PSHA) have considered very broad source zone regions, in which uniform levels of seismic activity have been assumed. The present paper further scrutinises this broad source zone (BSZ) approach by adopting a novel expanding circular disc (ECD) method to determine the rates of earthquake recurrence. Such a method is intended to counter-check previously developed models by determining earthquake scenario events in terms of magnitude–distance (M–R) pairs or combinations, having defined values of average return period. Unlike the BSZ approach, the ECD method specifically accounts for the supposed variations in the seismic activity rates between events in the near-field and the far-field of Hong Kong.The form of the developed method is particularly suited to the determination of design-level earthquake ground motions for bedrock sites, since it assumes a directionally-independent attenuation model as described in the companion paper. It is found that, whilst the BSZ approach may indicate the overall average levels of hazard that are representative of the South China region as a whole, it does not capture the large disparity in seismic activity rates between near-field and far-field events. This important feature is expected to have a significant impact upon engineering assessments of the seismic safety of structures in Hong Kong and elsewhere in the South China region. For example, it is found that for events with M≥6, the seismic activity rate (normalised by time and area) in the very far-field is around 3.5 times larger than in the near-field and medium-field of Hong Kong. The resulting design M-R combinations, covering a range of return periods from 70 to 2500 years, are limited, for very long return periods and for distant events, by the maximum credible earthquake (MCE) magnitude. Intensive research to determine this seismic hazard parameter is recommended, in order to refine further the results of the ECD analysis, which presently conservatively assumes the MCE to range between M=6 in the near-field of Hong Kong to M=8 in the very far-field, at distances greater than 280 km from Hong Kong.     

Depositional ages and characteristics of Middle–Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous lacustrine deposits in southeastern Mongolia

Lower Cretaceous lacustrine oil shales are widely distributed in southeastern Mongolia. Due to the high organic carbon content of oil shale, many geochemical studies and petroleum exploration have been conducted. Although most of the oil shales are considered to be Early Cretaceous in age, a recent study reveals that some were deposited in the Middle Jurassic. The present study aims at establishing depositional ages and characteristics of the Jurassic and Cretaceous lacustrine deposits in Mongolia. The Lower Cretaceous Shinekhudag Formation is about 250 m thick and composed of alternating beds of shale and dolomite. The Middle Jurassic Eedemt Formation is about 150 m thick and composed of alternating beds of shale, dolomitic marl, and siltstone. The alternations of shale and dolomite in both formations were formed by lake level changes, reflecting precipitation changes. Shales were deposited in the center of a deep lake during highstand, while dolomites were formed by primary precipitation during lowstand. Based on the radiometric age dating, the Shinekhudag Formation was deposited between 123.8 ±2.0 Ma and 118.5 ±0.9 Ma of the early Aptian. The Eedemt Formation was deposited at around 165–158 Ma of Callovian–Oxfordian. The calculated sedimentation rate of the Shinekhudag Formation is between 4.7 ±2.6 cm/ky and 10.0 ±7.6 cm/ky. Shales in the Shinekhudag Formation show micrometer‐scale lamination, consisting of algal organic matter and detrital clay mineral couplets. Given the average thickness of micro‐laminae and calculated sedimentation rate, the micro‐lamination is most likely of varve origin. Both Middle–Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous lacustrine oil shales were deposited in intracontinental basins in the paleo‐Asian continent. Tectonic processes and basin evolution basically controlled the deposition of these oil shales. In addition, enhanced precipitation under humid climate during the early Aptian and the Callovian–Oxfordian was another key factor inducing the widespread oil shale deposition in Mongolia.     

THEORETICAL APPROACH TO THE SOLUTION OF THE INFILTRATION PROBLEM

ABSTRACT

The one-dimensional transient downward entry of water in unsaturated soils is investigated theoretically. The mathematical equation describing the infiltration process is derived by combining Darcy's dynamic equation of motion with the continuity and thermodynamic state equations adjusted for the unsaturated flow conditions. The resulting equation together with the corresponding initial and boundary conditions constitues a mathematical initial boundary value problem requiring the solution of a nonlinear partial differential equation of the parabolic type. The volumetric water content is taken as the dependent variable and the time and the position along the vertical direction are taken as the independent variables. The governing equation is of such nature that a solution exists for t > 0 and is uniquely determined if two relationships are defined, together with the specified state of the system, at the initial time t = 0 and at the two boundaries. The two required relations are those of pressure versus permeability and pressure versus volumetric water content.

Since the partial differential equation has strong non-linear terms, a discrete solution is obtained by approximating the derivatives with finite-differences at discrete mesh points in the solution domain and integrated for the corresponding initial and boundary conditions. The use of an implicit difference scheme is employed in order to generate a system of simultaneous non-linear equations that has to be solved for each time increment. For n mesh points the two boundary conditions provide two equations and the repetition of the recurrence formula provides n—2 equations, the total being n equations for each time increment. The solution of the system is obtained by matrix inversion and particularly with a back-substitution technique. The FORTRAN statements used for obtaining the solution with an electronic digital computer (IBM 704) are presented together with the input data.

Analysis of the errors involved in the numerical solution is made and the stability and convergence of the solution of the approximate difference equation to that of the differential equation is investigated. The method applied is that of making a Fourier series expansion of a whole line of errors and then following the progress of the general term of the series expansion and also the behavior of each constituent harmonic. The errors (forming a continuous function of points in an abstract Banach space) are represented by vectors with the Fourier coefficients constituting a second Banach space. The amplification factor of the difference equation is shown to be always less than unity which guarantees the stability of the employed implicit recurrence scheme.

Experiments conducted on a vertical column packed uniformly with very fine sand, show a satisfactory agreement between the theoretically and experimentally obtained values. Many experimental results are shown in an attempt to explain the infiltration phenomenon with emphasis on the shape and movement of the wet front, and the effects of the degree of compaction, initial water content and deaired water on the infiltration rate.     

Late Permian post‐ophiolitic trondhjemites from Central Iran: a mark of subduction role in growth of Paleozoic continental crust

Late Permian trondhjemites in the Anarak area occur as stocks and dykes, which cross cut the Anarak ophiolite and its overlying metasedimentary rocks, and are exposed along the northern Anarak east–west main faults. These leucocratic intrusive bodies have enclaves of all ophiolitic units and metamorphic rocks. They are composed of amphibole, plagioclase (oligoclase), quartz, zircon and muscovite. Secondary minerals are chlorite (pycnochlorite), epidote, albite, magnetite and calcite. Whole‐rock major‐ and trace‐element analyses reveal that they are characterized by high SiO ₂ (67.8–71.0 wt%), Al ₂ O ₃ (14.9–17.1 wt%) and Na ₂ O (5.3–8.6 wt%), low K ₂ O (0.1–1.5 wt%; average: 0.8 wt%), low Rb/Sr ratio (0.01–0.40; average: 0.09), low Y (3–6 ppm), negative Ti, Nb and Ta anomalies, slightly negative or positive Eu anomaly, LREE enrichment and fractionated HREE. These rocks present 2 to 40 times enrichment in inclined chondrite‐normalized REE patterns. Geochemical characteristics of the Anarak trondhjemites all reflect melting of a mafic protolith at more than 10 kbar. The field evidence and whole‐rock chemistry reveal that these rocks have been crystallized from magmas derived from melting of subducted Anarak oceanic crust. This study reveals that melting of garnet amphibolite was an important element of continent formation in the study area.