Marine bioregional plans and implementation issues: Australia's oceans policy process

Australia's Oceans Policy, released in 1998, established a new, national approach for ecosystem-based ocean management that proposed the integration of sectoral and jurisdictional interests. Implementation was to be achieved through innovative institutions delivering ecosystem based management through Regional Marine Plans, now referred to as marine bioregional plans that are legislatively grounded via the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Cth). This paper argues that the original focus of the implementation process has changed, reflecting a lack of jurisdictional integration and an environmental focus that prioritises marine protected area management. It examines where the oceans policy stands today and the policy gap in terms of the lofty aspirations of Australia's Oceans Policy and implementation efforts.     

中外海岸带管理研究的几点比较

海岸带作为人类与海洋生态系统的交界面,是全球生态、经济及社会可持续发展系统中举足轻重的组成部分。海岸带管理研究因这一认识而兴起,已经成为近些年来国内外海洋科学研究中的一个热门课题,其中海岸带综合管理研究在国外尤其受到重视。近年来我国的海洋及海岸带管理研究从现实出发,紧跟国际趋势,取得一些重要成果。在大量查阅国内外文献的基础上,本研究从理论、方法论和实践等几个方面对国内外海岸带管理研究进行比较,主要目的是借鉴国外研究成果,进一步推进我国海洋和海岸带研究的发展。     

基于大数据的海洋环境监测数据集成与应用

面对多源异构的海量数据的集成,传统的集成方法和技术无法实现,直到大数据技术的出现才有了可能.应用大数据技术实现多源异构的海洋环境监测数据集成,有利于海洋环境监测数据的共享,避免信息孤岛的出现,同时为数据的分析、挖掘等提供了所需的数据.文中重点讨论了基于大数据和数据虚拟化平台技术,参照ODM2信息模型和MMI ORR本体语义框架来实现多源异构的海洋环境监测数据的集成问题,并在数据集成的基础上,探讨了多源异构数据查询、综合展示应用的实现方法.此研究有利于解决海量海洋环境监测数据管理难题、满足海洋环境科研工作者的大数据需求、实现数据驱动决策、提升海洋环境管理水平.     

Integrated management councils: A conceptual model for ocean policy conflict management in Australia

Integrated management is a central theme of Australia's Oceans Policy (AOP). Improving integration across sectors and jurisdictions has been identified in a number of Australian initiatives in coastal and marine policy developed in the past decade. These initiatives include the Regional Marine Planning process under AOP undertaken in 2000–02 and commitments to a National Coastal Policy made in 2002. These initiatives have highlighted the need for institutional arrangements that address these two key dimensions of integration in the Australian marine environment. This paper reviews Australian initiatives in ocean and coastal policy and draws on lessons from Canadian experience to propose Integrated Management Councils as a ‘way forward’ for integrated and adaptive management focusing on the decentralization of power and community participation in the decision-making process.     

Marine Geodesy (1975–1979)— to the International Association of Geodesy,Section 1

Abstract

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have been developed during the last decade. Their land‐based applications range from land information management, urban planning, and environmental research to engineering design and management in the utility and oil industries, geological subsurface analysis, and others. However, applications of GIS in the marine environment are still in the initial stages. This may be due to, among other things, the large marine data sets, the demands of 3D data processing, and the difficulty of ocean data acquisition.

This article presents the result of the development of an integrated Marine Geographic Information System (MGIS) for the exploration and development of the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) in the U.S. Pacific Islands region by the Pacific Mapping Center, University of Hawaii. Features such as spatial marine data processing, integration of GIS and mapping systems, 3D data structures, and simulation and animation of marine operations are developed and applied in this system. Since MGIS applications in EEZ are related to many disciplines in marine sciences and engineering, an operational MGIS should be an integrated system in which both basic GIS and marine application systems are combined into a single geo‐referenced system, In addition to other applications, this MGIS has been used: (1) to select a potential deep‐water research site off the island of Hawaii for the State of Hawaii Department of Business, Economic, and Development (DBED); (2) to generate a three‐dimensional database and use it for the navigation and simulation of underwater operations of an underwater research vehicle; and (3) to produce two 2° × 2° mosaic sheets of sonar images, which meet the USGS standard for a sonar image atlas.     

基于食品供需网的第三方集成化海洋水产品供需追溯信息管理平台

为解决传统食品追溯系统信息难以共享和企业参与积极性不高等难点和弊端,促进海洋水产品的政府监管、信息追溯和查询、企业的自我监督以及市场销售和合作,文章基于食品供需网理念,构建第三方集成化海洋水产品供需追溯信息管理平台。该平台具有信息多样性、信息共享性、管理独立性和服务集成性的特点,采用面向服务的架构中的Web服务技术,提供海洋水产品供需信息管理、海洋水产品追溯信息管理、人才信息管理和用户管理以及各类辅助服务功能,可使海洋水产品供需网中的生产商、分销商和消费者等快速获取相关信息,实现数据信息的交互和共享。     

The South East Regional Marine Plan: Implementing Australia's Oceans Policy

In 1998, the Australian Government released Australia's Oceans Policy (AOP), a world first policy initiative focused on providing a framework for integrated ecosystem-based management of Australia's vast marine domain. The South East Regional Marine Plan, the first regional marine plan to be implemented under AOP, was released on 21 May 2004. This paper argues that although full integration across sectors and jurisdictions has not occurred, new AOP initiatives, institutions and governance processes have considerably increased sectoral and jurisdictional coordination in the South East region.     

论福建海洋资源的合理开发

本文分析了当前福建海洋开发存在的问题，主要是缺乏对海洋开发的统一规划与管理，开发利用盲目性较大；近海捕捞过度，渔业资源衰退；技术水平较低，综合开发不够；环保重视不够，局部质量较差。要尽快解决这些问题，必须加强宣传教育，提高海洋意识；加强宏观调控，统筹规划管理；改造传统产业，发展新兴产业；完善法规体系，严格依法管海；依靠科技兴海，提高开发水平；开发保护并重，保护生态环境。     

基于网络GIS的海洋功能区划管理信息系统

在分析海洋功能区划信息特征的基础上,结合网络GIS集成技术,提出了海洋功能区划管理信息系统的三层结构框架和系统研制的关键性技术,并应用实例详细说明了系统的实用功能。     

Editorial: Reflections from Ireland

Responses of governance systems to change in coastal and marine ecosystems vary from country to country around the globe. Lessons can be learned from country specific case studies, as national governments strive to adapt and respond to issues of concern. This short paper highlights the benefits of a country-specific, special edition of Marine Policy, with a focus on Ireland. Despite the uniqueness of socio-ecological setting, many of the issues faced by policy makers in Ireland, such as the reconciliation of economic development and conservation needs, are shared elsewhere. This special edition was produced at the end of the ‘Celtic Tiger’ in Ireland. As a result, it reflects an era when economic development was very much a priority. The same period represented an unparalleled investment in marine science since the foundation of the State in 1922. Despite this, the papers in the Special Edition point to varying degrees of progress in policy integration and implementation. Papers covering a range of sectors (fisheries, ocean energy, conservation and fisheries) and disciplines (economics, science and management) will be of interest to academics, policy makers, students and practitioners of marine policy.     

Systems engineering principles in fisheries management

Fisheries management receives valuable, but often fragmented information from academic disciplines such as biology, economics, and social sciences. A multi-disciplinary perspective seems to be necessary if the fisheries are to become sustainable. Globally, overcapacity is considered as the most serious threat to sustainable fisheries, which indicates the need for a stronger integration of technological aspects into fisheries management. This paper discusses application of systems engineering principles and integration of technology into fisheries management. The systems engineering process facilitates implementation of multi-disciplinary information from researchers to fisheries managers in the decision-making towards sustainable fisheries, but may also be used to overcome multi-disciplinary obstacles among scientists. The article concludes that use of systems engineering principles may become a valuable contribution to fisheries management because of increased transparency and reduced risk associated with the decision-making process.     

基于Mapinfo与Fortran和Surfer相结合的海洋水文数据空间可视化集成技术方法研究——以河北省海洋水文专题图编绘为例

探讨了应用M ap in fo平台与Fortran和Surfer相结合的海洋水文数据空间可视化集成技术方法,以河北省海洋水文专题图编绘为例,通过对不同程序语言接口的研究,实现了海洋水文观测数据的快速可视化,并对图形赋予空间、地理等多维信息,构建了数据显示和分析的综合集成技术,为海洋科研和管理提供便捷途径。     

英格兰东部海洋空间规划及其对我国的启示

为促进我国海洋空间规划体系建设,文章采用案例研究法,分析英格兰东部海洋空间规划的制定过程、主要内容和实施现状,总结可供我国借鉴的相关经验。研究结果表明：海洋空间规划的范围应尽可能地与陆域空间规划相对接,以推进陆海统筹理念的落实;设立明确和清晰的海洋开发与保护总目标尤为重要,同时依靠政策、空间规划和海域使用许可制度,逐层将总目标予以细化和落实;公众和利益相关者的参与是海洋空间规划的必要环节,对规划的制定和实施发挥重要的促进作用;海洋空间规划是适应性管理过程,须开展持续性监测和评估,情境监测、过程监测和结果监测三者相结合的综合性监测和评估方式值得参考。     

Shallow waters: social science research in South Africa's marine environment

This paper provides an overview of social science research in the marine environment of South Africa for the period 1994–2012. A bibliography based on a review of relevant literature and social science projects funded under the SEAChange programme of the South African Network for Coastal and Oceanic Research (SANCOR) was used to identify nine main themes that capture the knowledge generated in the marine social science field. Within these themes, a wide diversity of topics has been explored, covering a wide geographic area. The review suggests that there has been a steady increase in social science research activities and outputs over the past 18 years, with a marked increase in postgraduate dissertations in this field. The SEAChange programme has contributed to enhancing understanding of certain issues and social interactions in the marine environment but this work is limited. Furthermore, there has been limited dissemination of these research results amongst the broader marine science community and incorporation of this information into policy and management decisions has also been limited. However, marine scientists are increasingly recognising the importance of taking a more holistic and integrated approach to management, and are encouraging further social science research, as well as interdisciplinary research across the natural and social sciences. Possible reasons for the lack of communication and coordination amongst natural and social scientists, as well as the limited uptake of research results in policy and management decisions, are discussed and recommendations are proposed.     

海洋与海岸带数据库开发与数据可视化的集成与应用

针对大量的海洋与海岸带地质数据,烟台海岸带地质调查中心设计开发了海洋与海岸带数据库管理与可视化系统,文章对数据库系统的开发环境、功能模块进行了介绍。该系统的开发与使用实现了多源异构地质数据的“汇聚-处理-展示”一体化,对地质信息资源的使用价值和利用率的提高具有重要意义。     

The emerging policy landscape for marine spatial planning in Europe

This paper provides an overview of the emerging policy landscape for marine spatial planning in the European Union, which consists of four main categories of policy drivers: environmental legislation, legislation on marine renewable energy, fisheries regulations and the Integrated Maritime Policy. The weak links between these categories of policy drivers, underpinned by a lack of clarity regarding the vision for sustainability, pose major challenges for the emergence of ecosystem-based and integrated marine spatial planning in Europe. In addition, there is still uncertainty arising from on-going reform of the Common Fisheries Policy, and discussions on the need for a new marine spatial planning directive. This paper concludes with the view that better integration of environmental concerns into the Common Fisheries Policy is needed to strengthen the link between environmental legislation and fisheries regulations, and that the existing policy landscape, particularly the Marine Strategic Framework Directive, already provides a legal framework for ecosystem-based marine spatial planning. Such a framework is consistent with the recognition that ecosystem conservation underpins other pillars of sustainable development and provides the foundation for cross-sectoral marine planning and management.     

海洋地理信息系统的应用现状及其发展趋势

21世纪是人类开发和利用海洋的世纪,海洋地理信息系统(MGIS)作为空间信息数据收集、存储、快速访问、综合管理、智能分析和解决实际空间问题的有力工具,具有强大的时空处理能力,已开始在海洋诸多领域进行应用。概述了MGIS的发展概况、基本功能,分析其在海洋研究各领域的应用现状及应用过程中面临的问题,并对MGIS的未来发展趋势进行了探讨。     

海洋功能区划与海洋生态红线关系探讨

海洋生态红线制度是我国"五位一体"文明建设的具体要求。为进一步在自然科学与人文科学的联结点上探求深入开展生态红线工作的可能性,文章对比了实施多年的海洋功能区划与历史新阶段提出的海洋生态保护红线的概念和内涵,剖析了两者之间的区别与联系,指出海洋功能区划与海洋生态红线区划在法律地位和管控制度等方面具有一致性,在划分目标、空间管理及划分方法上具有差异性,海洋功能区划以"使用"为主,海洋生态红线以"保护"引领。在此基础上,建议未来海洋生态红线工作的开展可从海洋功能区划借鉴经验,建立完善的管控评估制度,确立生态保护红线的优先地位,处理好海洋功能区划与海洋生态红线区划的关系。同时,海洋生态红线区划应以维持海洋生态系统结构稳定和提高海洋生态系统服务功能为目标,将区域资源环境承载力评估作为一项参考指标,限制低承载区的开发利用,保证海洋生态环境健康可持续发展。     

Organizing coordination in a public marine research and management advice organization: The case of the Norwegian Institute of Marine Research

Public organizations involved in marine management are increasingly confronted with coordination challenges in marine governance. This study examines why and how the Norwegian Institute of Marine Research (IMR) reorganized its formal coordination structures between the areas of fisheries management and marine environmental management. The findings indicate that organizing efficient and, at the same time, legitimate coordination structures between different areas of marine governance is a “wicked” organizational problem with no ultimate and single optimal solution. In contrast to the assumptions of classical organization and management theory, the study finds that the reorganization of formal coordination structures is not necessarily driven for reasons of efficiency and perceived coordination problems. Instead, public marine management organizations also change their organizational structures to live up to external expectations to adopt modern management concepts, such as the Ecosystem Approach to Management (EAM). However, the study indicates that the adoption of the EAM has stimulated coordination and integration efforts in the research and advisory activities of the IMR.     

From community-based to centralised national management—A wrong turning for the governance of the marine protected area in Apo Island,Philippines?

Before the mid-1990s, Apo Island, Philippines, was often described as one of the world's best examples of community-based marine management. This paper studies the less-documented transition of the island during the late 1990s from community-based management to centralised national state management. Extensive interviewing of islanders has revealed deep misgivings about the centralised regime—the Protected Area Management Board (PAMB). PAMB's aim of implementing the National Integrated Protected Areas Systems (NIPAS) Act was initially looked upon favourably by islanders, but it has lost that support because of its exclusion of stakeholders from management and its poor institutional performance. The paper's conclusion is that the implementation of the NIPAS Act highlights the limitations of top-down management, and that there is a need to restore an element of local stakeholder participation in the governance of Apo's marine protected area (MPA). A system of co-management between community and national state actors is essential to ensure the long-term sustainability of Apo's marine resources.