人工神经网络法反演晴空大气湿度廓线的研究

高光谱分辨率大气红外探测器AIRS(Atmospheric Infrared Sounder)作为第一个超高光谱大气红外探测仪,开辟了卫星大气探测的新时代.以无线电探空值与SARTA(Stand-Alone Radiative Transfer Algorithm辐射传输模式)v1.05版的前向模式模拟出的AIRS辐射...     

利用高光谱红外探测资料反演大气参数

文章介绍了红外高光谱的卫星探测技术以及利用现有的机载和星载高光谱资料的反演方法，着重讨论了美国NASA地球观测系统上携带的大气红外探测仪AIRS的反演方法。     

Rain scavenging of soluble gases by non-evaporating and evaporating droplets from inhomogeneous atmosphere

We suggest a one-dimensional model of precipitation scavenging of soluble gaseous pollutants by non-evaporating and evaporating droplets that is valid for arbitrary initial vertical distribution of soluble trace gases in the atmosphere. It is shown that for low gradients of soluble trace gases in the atmosphere, scavenging of gaseous pollutants is governed by a linear wave equation that describes propagation of a wave in one direction. The derived equation is solved by the method of characteristics. Scavenging coefficient and the rates of precipitation scavenging are calculated for wet removal of sulfur dioxide (SO₂) and ammonia (NH₃) using measured initial distributions of trace gases. It is shown that scavenging coefficient for arbitrary initial vertical distribution of soluble trace gases in the atmosphere is non-stationary and height-dependent. In case of exponential initial distribution of soluble trace gases in the atmosphere, scavenging coefficient for non-evaporating droplets in the region between the ground and the position of a scavenging front is a product of rainfall rate, solubility parameter, and the growth constant in the formula for the initial profile of a soluble trace gas in the atmosphere. This expression yields the same estimate of scavenging coefficient for sulfur dioxide scavenging by rain as field estimates presented in McMahon and Denison (1979). It is demonstrated that the smaller the slope of the concentration profile the higher the value of a scavenging coefficient.     

GPS掩星观测的发展及其在气象业务中的应用现状

GPS无线电掩星探测技术已经发展成为一种强有力的、相对经济的观测全球大气的方法.多年对GPS/MET概念卫星、CHAMP和SAC-C等GPS掩星观测的研究表明,GPS掩星观测资料与其他卫星资料相比具有很高的观测精度和垂直分辨率等优点,并且GPS掩星观测不受天气状况的影响,因此对其在天气预报及气候的应用有独特的优势.GP...     

对流层臭氧的数值模拟试验

建立一个一维大气化学模式、利用该模式模拟O3等微量气体的日变化和O3的一些敏感性试验。结果表明:CH4和CO的增加会使O3增加，水汽增加将使O3减少；温度升高使自由大气中O3减少，而使边界层中O3增加；太阳辐射的加强使自由大气中的O3减少，边界层中O3增加。最后，研究了边界层结构对大气微量气体分布的影响。结果表明，模拟低层大气微量气体的变化需要考虑边界层结构的影响。     

线翼截断方式对大气辐射计算的影响

在大气辐射传输计算方法中,有3种基本方法,即,逐线积分方法,k-分布方法和带模式方法。其中,逐线积分方法是最精确的计算大气透过率的方法,本文根据透过率计算方式的不同,将逐线积分方法分为追线积分法和追点积分法。由于逐线积分计算需要耗费大量的计算时间,在大气遥感和大气探测业务中使用时,必须减少计算成本,提高计算速度。本文在追线积分法的基础上,给出了简化的逐线积分的基本方法,在保证同样计算精度的同时,大大提高了计算速度。对在精确的和简化的逐线积分下,不同线翼截断方式(CUTOFF)对吸收系数、大气透过率和冷却率的影响进行了更详细的探讨。通过数值试验发现,对谱线线翼的截断方式是影响辐射计算精度和计算速度的重要因子。在不同压力下,用CUTOFF=2计算的吸收系数误差最大;对CUTOFF=1,在大多数取样点上误差都小于2%;对CUTOFF=3或4,对绝大多数取样点上计算的吸收系数误差都在5%以内,但所用的计算时间却明显减少。大气低层的透过率对不同的计算方法和不同的线翼截断方式不敏感;对大气高层,无论是对精确的还是简化的逐线积分方法,当CUTOFF=2时的透过率结果与其他线翼截断方式的结果差别较大。通过比较,本文给出线翼截断的优选方案。     

Non-isothermal scavenging of highly soluble gaseous pollutants by rain in the atmosphere with non-uniform vertical concentration and temperature distributions

We suggest a non-isothermal one-dimensional model of precipitation scavenging of highly soluble gaseous pollutants in inhomogeneous atmosphere. When gradients of soluble trace gases’ concentrations and temperature in the atmosphere are small, scavenging of gaseous pollutants is governed by two linear wave equations that describe propagation of a scavenging and temperature waves in one direction. If wash-down front velocity is much larger than the velocity of the temperature front, scavenging is determined by propagating scavenging front in the atmosphere with inhomogeneous temperature distribution. We solved the derived equation by the method of characteristics and determined scavenging coefficient and the rates of precipitation scavenging for wet removal of sulfur dioxide using measured initial distributions of trace gases and temperature in the atmosphere. It is shown that in the case of exponential initial distribution of soluble trace gases and linear temperature distribution in the atmosphere, scavenging coefficient in the region between the ground and the position of a scavenging front is proportional to rainfall rate, solubility parameter in the under-cloud region, adjacent to a bottom of a cloud and to the growth constant in the formula for the initial profile of a soluble trace gas in the atmosphere. The derived formula yields the same value of scavenging coefficient for sulfur dioxide scavenging by rain as field estimates presented by McMahon and Denison (Atmos Environ 13:571–585, 1979). It is demonstrated that in the case when the altitude variation of temperature in the atmosphere is determined by the environmental lapse rate, scavenging coefficient increases with height in the region between the scavenging front and the ground. In the case when altitude temperature variation in the atmosphere is determined by temperature inversion, scavenging coefficient decreases with height in a region between the scavenging front and the ground. Theoretical predictions of the value of the scavenging coefficient for sulfur dioxide washout by rain and of the dependence of the magnitude of the scavenging coefficient on rain intensity are in good agreements with the atmospheric measurements of Martin (Atmos Environ 18:1955–1961, 1984).     

基于往返式平漂探空的FY-3D卫星反演温度检验

往返式平漂探空观测（以下简称平漂探空）可实现对流层至平流层低层大气温度廓线垂直探测以及平流层低层内持续4 h的水平温度分布探测。该文介绍利用平漂探空试验数据对风云3号气象卫星D星（FY-3D）反演温度数据的检验评估算法,基于该算法和2021年3—9月长江中下游平漂探空试验数据完成对卫星反演大气温度数据的检验。结果显示:FY-3D卫星反演的温度数据准确度总体较高,与平漂探空上升段数据平均绝对偏差约为1.34℃,与下降段数据平均绝对偏差约为1.93℃;卫星反演的100 hPa以上和850 hPa以下温度误差分别偏大0.59℃和0.33℃;卫星反演平流层温度准确度低于温度廓线,平均绝对偏差约为3.92℃;与平漂探空数据相比,卫星大气温度廓线分辨率较低、趋势较平滑,无法显示大气温度垂直分布和平流层温度水平分布的细节特征。     

L波段秒级探空资料在GRAPES同化系统中的应用研究

我国探空站的探空系统升级为L波段探空系统后,可以获取全国120个站点连续自动测定的高空温、压、湿、风等高垂直分辨率秒级和分钟级探空廓线数据。为了分析高垂直分辨率探空秒级资料水平和垂直结构特征,并将其应用于区域GRAPES-3DVAR变分同化预报系统中,文章比较秒/分钟级探空与传统探空资料使用对资料同化预报带来的影响。试验中使用2011年6—7月资料进行分析,结果发现:秒级探空资料具有水平分布均匀,垂直结构非常密集的特点;在850、500 hPa等层次上高度分析比传统探空分析更接近NCEP分析,显示出对分析场的改进效果;同时风场在200 hPa以上的高层分析中改进显著,表现出高分辨率资料使用在高层分析中对系统模拟更加准确的特征。由于模式预报初值的改进,降水预报评分有所提高,预报偏差明显变小。因此高垂直分辨率秒级探空资料的使用对数值模式分析初值及预报的改进有着积极的意义,这为进一步开发利用秒级探空资料打下基础。     

由卫星资料估算晴空大气太阳直接辐射和散射辐射

根据光的多次散射理论 ,对水汽、气溶胶、臭氧、混合气体等实行辐射参数化处理 ;利用中国探空站资料和诺阿 ( NOAA)气象卫星垂直业务探测器 ( TOVS)资料反演的探空资料 ,由离散纵标法计算了大气各高度上的太阳直接辐射和散射辐射 ,并与此同时的和同站点位置的卫星可见光、红外测值进行统计回归拟合 ,建立卫星测值与大气中太阳直接辐射和散射辐射的计算模式 ,据此可以利用卫星资料估算太阳直接辐射和太阳散射辐射 ,这对于大气环境光学特性和大气环流、气候变化的研究有重要意义。     

平流层爆发性增温及其影响研究进展

平流层爆发性增温(stratospheric sudden warming,SSW)是冬季平流层大气环流结构的一种突变现象,在短时间内平流层中高纬度的温度、风和极涡都会发生剧烈变化。因此,SSW也就成为平流层大气环流及其变化研究的重要方面之一。在强SSW期间,高纬地区温度急剧升高,西风被东风取代,极涡几乎全部崩溃。SSW极大地影响着北半球对流层大气,甚至整个中高层大气,包括对平流层乃至中层大气微量气体分布的重要影响。随着临近空间飞行平台的研究应用,以及由此而提出的临近空间环境条件的保障问题,作为临近空间重要组成部分的平流层环流变化将更加引起人们的关注。本文就SSW的特征、发生机制、对上下层相互作用的重要影响,以及SSW与准两年振荡、ENSO等的密切关系和SSW的数值模拟等方面的研究工作,进行了回顾和总结。     

Determination of total vertical water vapor in the atmosphere

The comparison between the precipitable water vapor w obtained by classical sounding and that obtained by high resolution measurements of spectral solar direct irradiance in the 400–1000 nm spectral range is shown. Three different water vapor absorption functions in the πστ band are used to determine the water vapor w by optical measurements. An episode of attenuation of direct solar irradiance by cirrus clouds is also shown.     

On the diffusivity of trace gases under stratospheric conditions

Transport of trace gases within the gas phase to a cloud or a sulphate aerosol droplet proceeds by molecular diffusion at the gas-liquid interface. An accurate determination of the molecular diffusion coefficient has a direct bearing on estimates of trace gas uptake and scavenging. A literature search revealed that this parameter is often chosen rather arbitrarily and the choice of a particular value is constrained by the availability of experimental data which are usually available at one atmospheric pressure under laboratory conditions. Since the process of trace gas transport to droplets occur at heights much above the ground level, it is important to determine an accurate value of the diffusion coefficient at varying levels in the atmosphere. This was achieved theoretically by estimating diffusivities for some important trace gases under stratospheric conditions by a Lennard-Jones method. Molecular diffusivity of 22 trace gases (including ClONO₂, HNO₃, SO₂ and H₂O₂ which may lead to heterogeneous reactions on various surfaces) have been estimated which can be used by modellers for improved scavenging estimates.     

L波段探空高分辨率廓线中近地层信息分析及相关模型

L波段高空气象探测系统的更新换代,提高了大气探测精度,L波段＂秒级＂数据为垂直高分辨率廓线探测信息的获取提供了气象要素再分析的基础平台。为了探讨L波段探空垂直高分辨数据应用的可行性,考虑到用于对比分析的其他观测系统获取＂秒级＂＂高时间密度＂同步观测数据的设备条件,本文重点选用了JICA（中日气象灾害合作研究中心项目）PBL（行星边界层）通量铁塔梯度观测系统来进行对比分析,并构造L波段探空再分析与通量铁塔近地层气象信息相关模型。研究结果表明,L波段探空垂直高分辨率廓线近地层数据能够较好地描述大气边界层内近地层温、湿、压;所建立的温、湿、压模型具有推算PBL铁塔近地层的温、湿、压的可行性。研究结论可为L波段高分辨率垂直廓线再分析平台及其对大气结构描述可行性提供具有应用价值的技术基础。基于L波段高分辨率垂直廓线再分析信息平台的构造,将有助于开发全国L波段探空在数值模式应用方面的潜力,推进探空垂直高分辨信息在数值模式同化系统中新技术的发展。     

准两年振荡对大气中微量气体分布的影响

NCAR的包含化学、辐射、动力相互作用的两维模式（SOCRATES）移植回国后进行了初步的模拟试验,用以研究某些对环境问题重要的微量气体的化学、辐射、动力传输过程。在不考虑极地平流层云和气溶胶表面非均相化学等情况下,模式积分多年,计算结果稳定,模拟的风场、温度场显示出正常的季节变化,模拟的微量气体分布与卫星实测资料对照,结果也比较一致。为了探讨热带平流层风场的准两年周期振荡（QBO）对平流层微量气体分布的影响,我们做了QBO强迫的数值试验,即在模式中加入QBO强迫,并与不考虑QBO强迫的模拟结果对比。结果表明,QBO与其相关的次级环流所引起动力输送的变化,使平流层微量气体分布发生变化。     

边界层微型火箭气象探空系统研制与应用

首次介绍了国内自主研制的边界层微型火箭气象探空系统,系统包括火箭发射装置、探空仪、降落伞、地基接收设备和数据接收处理软件,其温度、湿度和气压测量采用数字式传感器,风速和风向由北斗/GPS全球定位信息获得。火箭升空至顶点后,将探空仪和降落伞从仪器舱弹出,在下降过程中测量大气的温度、湿度、气压和风速、风向等参数,通过无线发射机传送至地面接收机,由处理软件实现数据存储和参数分析。不同地区、不同气象条件下多次外场比较试验和实际应用结果表明,该系统性能稳定,探测技术指标和功能满足使用单位的设备研制要求,可应用于气象保障、大气探测、环境监测及海洋气象要素廓线的观测。     

利用FY-3C气象卫星GNSS掩星估计全球重力波变化与分析

大气重力波是地球大气层中广泛存在的重要大气动力学扰动,研究其分布和变化规律对理解大气物理、大气结构以及大气动力学等具有重要意义.传统大气重力波探测手段,如雷达和探空气球等,均存在探测时间短、有效探测高度低等缺点,全球卫星导航系统（GNSS）掩星观测具有全天候、低成本、高精度等优点,被广泛应用于地球大气探测和研究,为研究区域或全球重力波变化和活动特征提供了新的观测手段.本文利用中国第一颗搭载GNSS掩星设备气象卫星——风云3C （FY-3C）获得的掩星数据,反演得到2014年8月—2016年12月大气温度轮廓线,并首次估计重力波参数分布,分析了重力波参数的时空变化分布特征.结果表明,海陆季节性对流导致冬夏两季的重力波势能强于春秋两季,赤道对流作用导致赤道区域重力波强于两极,夏季南半球中低纬度地区重力波活动频繁,冬季北半球中低纬度区域重力波活动频繁.重力波随着高度的上升,势能逐渐下降.另外,地形是低层大气重力波的主要来源.     

The Effects of Line-Wing Cutoff in LBL Integration on Radiation Calculations

There are three basic methods in radiative transfer calculations, i.e., line-by-line (LBL) integration, correlated k-distribution method, and band model. The LBL integration is the most accurate of all, in which, there are two quadrature algorithms named in this paper as integration by lines and by sampling "points when calculating atmospheric transmittance in the considered wavenumber region. Because the LBL integration is the most expensive of all, it is necessary and important to save calculation time but increase calculation speed when it is put into use in the daily operation in atmospheric remote sensing and atmospheric sounding. A simplified LBL method is given in this paper on the basis of integration by lines, which increases computational speed greatly with keeping the same accuracy. Then, we discuss the effects of different cutoff schemes on atmospheric absorption coefficient, transmittance, and cooling rate under both of accurate and simplified LBL methods in detail. There are four cutoff schemes described in this paper, i.e., CUTOFFs 1, 2, 3, and 4. It is shown by this numerical study that the way to cut off spectral line-wing has a great effect on the accuracy and speed of radiative calculations. The relative errors of the calculated absorption coefficients for CUTOFF 2 are the largest under different pressures, while for CUTOFF 1, they are less than 2% at most of sampling points and for CUTOFFs 3 or 4, they are ahnost less than 5% in the calculated spectral region, however, the calculation time is reduced greatly. We find in this study that the transmittance in the lower atmosphere is not sensitive to different LBL methods and different cutoff schemes. Whereas for the higher atmosphere, the differences of transmittance results between CUTOFF 2 and each of other three cutoff schemes are the biggest of all no matter for the accurate LBL or for the simplified LBL integrations. By comparison, the best and optimized cutoff scheme is given in this paper finally.     

Long-range propagation and scattering of low-frequency sound pulses in the middle atmosphere

Summary A short historical review and an analysis of the current status of both theoretical and experimental studies of long-range sound propagation in the atmosphere are given. Basic results are given on the atmospheric fine-layered structure that significantly affects the infrasonic pulse propagation and scattering in the lower and middle atmosphere. The effect of time variations (seasonal changes, tides, and both planetary and internal gravity waves) in the effective acoustic speed profile on the characteristics of infrasonic signals from different pulsed sources is discussed. The results of the studies of partial reflection (scattering) of low-frequency acoustic pulses from the fine-layered inhomogeneities of the middle atmosphere are presented. The results of the corresponding theoretical studies are also given. The potentialities of the method of long-range acoustic sounding of large-scale anisotropic turbulence in the middle atmosphere are discussed. The problems of infrasonic monitoring of nuclear low-energy explosions are also considered.     

风廓线雷达探测大气返回信号谱的仿真模拟

利用2008年1—9月北京延庆地区对流层CFL-08风廓线雷达和2009年7—12月广东东莞地区边界层CFL-03风廓线雷达晴空大气探测资料,对大气返回信号功率谱密度分布及雷达系统噪声幅度统计特征进行分析。基于大气返回信号的谱分布符合高斯分布的统计结果,采用高斯模型对大气返回信号谱进行模拟;雷达系统噪声是白噪声,其谱线幅度的统计特征呈高斯分布,在此基础上,通过生成高斯分布随机函数对雷达探测输出信号进行信号谱分布的仿真模拟,并采用雷达探测信号的谱参数对仿真模拟进行检验,效果较好。该文应用仿真模拟的数据,对风廓线雷达信息处理方法及其处理精度进行了初步试验和分析。