Oscillations in a simple air-water system driven by a stabilizing heat flux

An air-water system coupled by heat and stress is modelled by two interacting fluid loops. When heated from above and cooled from below the system can become unstable and self-sustained oscillations develop, whereas a single fluid system is stable in the same situation. The oscillations are explained by thermal lag between the loops. The water loop oscillates stably under its restoring buoyancy torque but the coresponding air oscillations, generated by heat conduction from the water loop, lag by roughly half a period, and the air stress therefore acts to amplify rather than damp oscillations in the water loop.     

近百年全球平均地面气温准周期信号及其长期演变特征的分析

应用奇异谱分析(SSA)方法,对全球及南北半球近100多年(1856～1997年)逐月地面气温距平序列的年际变化准周期性进行诊断分析,结果表明,全球平均气温序列中以准5～6年和准4年周期振荡最显著,其次是准两年周期振荡.各种准周期振荡年代际演变特征及其变率的阶段性,不但表现在振幅上,而且其波数亦很明显.上述特征在全球、南北半球都各有明显的差异.奇异交叉谱分析(SCSA)表明,全球平均地面气温的年际振荡与气候系统中其他各子系统所隐含的准周期信号具有各种耦合关系,尤其表现在与Nino区海温或南方涛动指数中的准周期信号的耦合关系上.     

MULTIPLE TIME SCALE ANALYSIS OF CLIMATE VARIATION IN MACAU DURING THE LAST 100 YEARS

The multiple time scale climate changes are studied and calculated with statistical analysis and wavelet transformation on the basis of daily series of observed data over the period 1901-2007 in Macau.The result shows that statistically significant oscillations with 2 to 5 years of period generally exist in the series of climate variables(e.g.annual mean surface air temperature and precipitation as well as evaporation etc.),but with obvious locality in time domain.The variation of annual mean surface air temperature has a quasi 60-year period.The phases of the 60-year variation approximately and consistently match that of Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation(AMO).The oscillations of seasonal mean surface air temperature in summer and winter have the periods of quasi 30-year and quasi 60-year,respectively.These two periods of oscillations have statistically significant correlation with Pacific decadal oscillation(PDO) and AMO,individually.The multidecadal variations of the precipitation of the annually first flood period and annual evaporation are dominated by periods of quasi 30-year and quasi 50-year,respectively.     

正压模式中的非绝热波动

应用含有非绝热因子的正压模式方程组,着重分析了对流凝结加热、蒸发－风反馈和ＣＩＳＫ机制等非绝热因子对低纬Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波和Ｋｅｌｖｉｎ波的影响。既获得了圆频率的表达式,又分析了波的周期与稳定性。结果表明：非绝热因子的存在不但扩大了绝热波的周期,而且改变了波的稳定性。因此,可以认为：所谓季节内振荡（３０—６０天的周期振荡）等低频振荡实际上是一类非绝热波,这类非绝热波是引起中长期天气变化及短期气候演变的重要因素。     

东亚夏季风时期冷空气活动的位涡分析

通过多时间尺度分析方法, 比较了夏季风时期表征冷空气活动的多种指标, 得到表征夏季风时期冷空气活动的最优指标——位涡。分析表明, 位涡 (potential vorticity, 简称PV) 的低频振荡 (20～80天和40～80天振荡) 在表征冷空气活动中效果最好。利用该指标对东亚夏季风中冷空气的来源和作用进行了研究, 重点分析了梅雨时期中高纬和中高层系统与夏季风系统相互作用的过程和机制。得出几点重要的结论: 中高纬平流层下部和对流层顶的高位涡库以及60°N附近的亚洲大陆东部低层的高位涡库是东亚夏季风系统中冷空气的主要来源。冷空气的侵入路径对不同的雨季表现出不同的特征: 华南前汛期, 有两次冷空气的侵入, 第一次来自东北方向低层, 第二次来自对流层高层的高位涡库; 梅雨期, 爆发时主要来自高层的高位涡库, 中后期鄂霍次克海附近850 hPa的高位涡库是冷空气加强和维持的主要来源; 华北雨季, 冷空气主要来自对流层高层。倾斜等熵面是垂直涡度最易发展的区域, 它也是高层冷空气侵入的路径。特定的位涡分布对应特定的降水类型, 位涡和降水的季节内振荡 (尤其是低频部分) 蕴含了中高纬系统与夏季风系统相互作用的关键信息。     

THE DIABATIC WAVES IN BAROTROPIC MODEL

The equations of barotropic model are used to discuss the effects of diabatic factors such as heat-ing of convective condensation, evaporation-wind feedback and CISK on the Rossby wave and the Kelvin wave. In low latitudes we have obtained the angular frequency and analyzed the period and stability of waves. The result shows the existence of the diabatic factors not only enlarges the period of adiabatic waves but also changes the stability of waves. Thus we think that the so-called intraseasonal oscillation and some other low-frequency oscillations are a kind of diabatic waves which are important factors producing the long-term weather changes and short-term climatic evolution.     

Temperature And Wind Velocity Oscillations Along a Gentle Slope During Sea-Breeze Events

The flow structure on a gentle slope at Vallon dOl in the northern suburbs of Marseille in southern France has been documented by means of surface wind and temperature measurements collected from 7 June to 14 July 2001 during the ESCOMPTE experiment. The analysis of the time series reveals temperature and wind speed oscillations during several nights (about 60--90 min oscillation period) and several days (about 120–180 min oscillation period) during the whole observing period. Oscillating katabatic winds have been reported in the literature from theoretical, experimental and numerical studies. In the present study, the dynamics of the observed oscillating katabatic winds are in good agreement with the theory.In contrast to katabatic winds, no daytime observations of oscillating anabatic upslope flows have ever been published to our knowledge, probably because of temperature inversion break-up that inhibits upslope winds. The present paper shows that cold air advection by a sea breeze generates a mesoscale horizontal temperature gradient, and hence baroclinicity in the atmosphere, which then allows low-frequency oscillations, similar to a katabatic flow. An expression for the oscillation period is derived that accounts for the contribution of the sea-breeze induced mesoscale horizontal temperature gradient. The theoretical prediction of the oscillation period is compared to the measurements, and good agreement is found. The statistical analysis of the wind flow at Vallon dOl shows a dominant north-easterly to easterly flow pattern for nighttime oscillations and a dominant south-westerly flow pattern for daytime oscillations. These results are consistent with published numerical simulation results that show that the air drains off the mountain along the maximum slope direction, which in the studied case is oriented south-west to north-east.     

El Nio与La Nia期间大气加热场的特征及其对大气环流的影响

本文采用欧洲中心７层网格点逐月平均全球资料和同期美国ＫＷＢＣ的太平洋海温资料分析了１９８２年１月～１９８３年１２月ＥｌＮｉｎｏ期间和１９８８年１月￣１９８９年１２月ＬａＮｉｎａ期间大气加热场的特征。结果表明，海表温度异常时，海面向上输送的感热、潜热通量变化并不大，有时甚至出现和海温距平变化相反的趋势，而另一方面，各辐射量和凝结加热量变化却很重要。进一步本文又分别以多年平均的１２月、ＥｌＮｉｎｏ及ＬａＮｉｎａ强盛时的１９８２年１２月和１９８８年１２月的实测海温和实测大气资料为初值作了数值模拟，模拟的大气状况与真实大气状况一致。根据资料分析和数值模拟的结果，本文认为作大尺度中长期天气预报及研究海气相互作用时应充分考虑辐射收支和凝结加热量的变化。     

凝结几率函数的引进和非均匀饱和湿空气动力学方程组

引进凝结几率函数，并摈弃“凝结过程开始于某个临界的相对值”的假定，使湿空气动力学研究摆脱整个大气总是处处维持饱和的不合理要求，建立了非均匀饱和湿空气动力学方程组，并在一定的假设下给出了方程组的一些简化形式。     

湿空气动热力学理论及应用研究进展

回顾了湿空气热动力学的研究进展,对未饱和湿大气、饱和湿大气及非均匀饱和湿大气的动热力方程、能量方程、连续方程等进行了梳理,指出饱和湿空气动量方程与非均匀饱和湿空气动量方程的最大区别在于对凝结过程的处理不同。饱和湿大气中,由于大气均是饱和的,由饱和造成的水凝物可处处出现,不能区分真正发生水汽凝结的区域。而非均匀饱和湿空气中,凝结发生与相对湿度的幂次方有关(即与凝结概率函数的分布有关),在相对湿度较小的区域不会出现水汽凝结,凝结区与非凝结区可自动区别,其描述的凝结过程与实际大气更接近。同时,总结了湿大气水汽凝结饱和非均匀分布的动热力物理量在高影响天气分析中的应用,最后讨论了未来推进湿空气动力学研究需重点考虑的一个内容。     

热带对流层低频振荡过程的能量学初步分析

本文利用线性化的能量方程和交叉谱方法分别研究了准两周振荡和准40天振荡的能量来源及其转换过程。发现:在热带对流层中,对于低频振荡过程来说,来自中高纬度的侧向强迫作用和水汽凝结的加热作用是非常重要的,为扰动的产生和维持提供了重要能源。而正、斜压不稳定作用对扰动发展的作用是极小的。并且指出,在东亚热带对流层上部,准两周振荡通过与平均气流的相互作用为基本气流提供许多能量,对于维持这里的高空东风急流有重要作用。准40天振荡向平流层输送能量,对平流层平均环流的演变可能有重要贡献。      

济南爆发性增强冬季雾的物理特征分析

利用宏、微观观测资料,分析了济南4次出现爆发性增强冬季雾过程的类型以及形成、发展、减弱和消散的主要机制,研究了形成、发展、成熟和减弱阶段,以及爆发性增强期间的微物理演变特征,探讨了爆发性增强的触发机制。结果表明：1）夜间地面长波辐射及弱冷空气入侵造成的气温下降是济南冬季雾形成和发展的主要因素,干冷空气入侵或日出后太阳辐射加热升温,近地层相对湿度下降是雾消散或减弱的主要机制。2）形成阶段,核化和凝结增长过程启动但并不活跃,碰并强度很弱,以未碰并和偶发碰并为主;发展阶段,核化和凝结增长等微物理过程开始活跃,碰并过程启动,大滴开始增多;成熟阶段,核化、凝结和碰并增长非常活跃,各微物理量均达到最大值,谱最宽;减弱阶段,核化、凝结过程减弱,碰并过程减弱并消失,雾滴蒸发,能见度增大。3）爆发性增强的宏观物理特征主要表现为极大风速增大、气温下降、相对湿度增大、水汽压下降;微观物理特征主要表现为数浓度、液态含水量等微物理量出现跃增,以及谱型由“单峰”结构突变为“多峰”结构。4）相对湿度增大主要与气温下降有关,水汽压下降则与异常活跃的凝结增长有关;气温下降是济南冬季雾爆发性增强的直接原因,弱水汽输送产生的增湿作用对爆发性增强具有一定的促进意义。     

Identification and analysis of high-frequency oscillations in the eyewalls of tropical cyclones

High-frequency oscillations, with periods of about 2 hours, are first identified by applying wavelet analysis to observed minutely wind speeds around the eye and eyewall of tropical cyclones(TCs). Analysis of a model simulation of Typhoon Hagupit(2008) shows that the oscillations also occur in the TC intensity, vertical motion, convergence activity and air density around the eyewall. Sequences of oscillations in these variables follow a certain order.     

冬春季格陵兰海冰变化与初夏中国气温/降水关系的初步分析

采用英国Hadley中心GISST海冰面积资料，NCEP／NCAR再分析资料以及中国地面降水和气温资料，运用EOF分解，小波分析和合成分析等方法，初步探讨了格陵兰岛两侧附近冬春季海冰面积变化特征及其与初夏6月中国气温和降水的关系，结果表明，格陵兰岛东西两侧海冰面积呈显著反相变化，并且具有明显的年际和年代际周期性振荡，冬春季格陵兰－寻威海海冰与初夏6月中国长江以北气温（降水）正相关（反相关），与长江以南气温（降水）反相关（正相关），而对于戴维斯海峡－拉布拉多海海冰则具有相反的相关型，大尺度500hPa环流合成分析初步表明，冬春季格陵兰附近海冰面积变化伴随着北极极涡环流和北半球阻塞高压的持续异常，海冰变化可能是影响初夏中国气温和降水的因子之一。     

热带海气耦合系统中的长周期振荡及大气中的赤道辐合带

在考虑到大气中各种非绝热加热和对海洋的反馈过程后,建立了一个纬向平均的海洋、大气耦合系统模型。对系统的频率分析表明:存在着一类周期在月以上的长周期振荡。周期的长短依赖于海洋的混合层深度、所在纬度和各种物理过程(如对流凝结加热,辐射冷却、海面蒸发、海水上翻和云量对辐射平衡的调节等)的强弱。 在上述的基础上,讨论了赤道辐合带的形成和变化。计算所得的辐合带宽度和纬度与观测事实是比较一致的。     

Relationships between Cloud Droplet Spectral Relative Dispersion and Entrainment Rate and Their Impacting Factors

Cloud microphysical properties are significantly affected by entrainment and mixing processes. However, it is unclear how the entrainment rate affects the relative dispersion of cloud droplet size distribution. Previously, the relationship between relative dispersion and entrainment rate was found to be positive or negative. To reconcile the contrasting relationships, the Explicit Mixing Parcel Model is used to determine the underlying mechanisms. When evaporation is dominated by small droplets, and the entrained environmental air is further saturated during mixing, the relationship is negative. However, when the evaporation of big droplets is dominant, the relationship is positive. Whether or not the cloud condensation nuclei are considered in the entrained environmental air is a key factor as condensation on the entrained condensation nuclei is the main source of small droplets. However, if cloud condensation nuclei are not entrained, the relationship is positive. If cloud condensation nuclei are entrained, the relationship is dependent on many other factors. High values of vertical velocity, relative humidity of environmental air, and liquid water content, and low values of droplet number concentration, are more likely to cause the negative relationship since new saturation is easier to achieve by evaporation of small droplets. Further, the signs of the relationship are not strongly affected by the turbulence dissipation rate, but the higher dissipation rate causes the positive relationship to be more significant for a larger entrainment rate. A conceptual model is proposed to reconcile the contrasting relationships. This work enhances the understanding of relative dispersion and lays a foundation for the quantification of entrainment-mixing mechanisms.     

饱和湿空气热力学的基本特征

本文把凝结过程的初期看作是系统的一种广义绝热过程,而把凝结潜热看作是系统总位能的一个部分。从这个基本思想出发,探讨了饱和湿空气中一些热力学的基本特征。结果表明:当把测量温度T改用广义温度T~*作为独立变量后,干空气中的热力学基本特征都将在饱和湿空气中得到对应的结果。这对研究我国夏季汛期降水以及对大气数值模式的设计,或许有所裨益。     

Denitrification through PSC formation: A 1-D model incorporating temperature oscillations

A one-dimensional model of polar stratospheric cloud (PSC) formation and evolution during the polar winter, incorporating both HNO₃ and H₂O condensation, has been developed to investigate the interactions between Type I and Type II PSCs and the effects of these clouds on the stratospheric composition. Model simulations for various meteorological conditions and the results of extensive sensitivity tests are presented. Temperature oscillations, which have been included in the model, are shown to have an important influence on the characteristics and effects of the PSCs. The predicted proportions of the PSCs are consistent with observations of number, size, and optical effects, such as depolarization. Denitrification of stratospheric air by 35–88% is shown to occur in the presence of both Type I and Type II PSCs, with comparable nitrate removal in both types of clouds. Dehydration by Type II clouds simultaneously removes similar percentages of water vapour, up to 79% at lower altitudes. Altough dehydration is insensitive to most of the parameter variations except the minimum temperature, the process of denitrification, especially the proportion removed by Type I PSCs, is highly variable.     

水汽凝结过程与高低空急流对冷锋环流的作用

文中利用包括水汽凝结过程的湿大气原始方程模式，研究了高空西风急流和低空南风急流中冷锋环流和垂直运动场的演变，计算结果显示:水汽凝结过程的加入，使锋区垂直运动和锋面环流大大增强，上升运动随时间发生剧烈的变化；湿过程对锋面环流的作用发生在水汽饱和并发生凝结之后，未饱和水汽的存在对锋面环流没有什么作用；与干大气模式中高空西风急流是造成冷锋环流演变的主要因子情况不同，低空南风急流在湿大气中对锋面环流有极为重要的作用，其作用至少与高空西风急流相等；在激发锋区重力波上，低空南风急流的作用可能更加明显；水汽凝结湿过程的加入，不论是在高空西风急流下还是在低空南风急流中，都能在锋区激发出波长约为300 km的重力波，并以大于锋面移速的相速传入暖区。