Electrical conductivity and partial melting of mafic rocks under pressure

We demonstrate the importance of electric conductivity measurements of partially molten mafic rocks by examining of Oman gabbro, Karelia olivinite, Ronda and Spitzbergen peridotites. The electrical conductivities of these rocks were estimated using the impedance spectroscopy at temperatures between 800°C and 1450°C and at pressures between 0.3 and 2 GPa in experiments performed in a piston cylinder apparatus. At temperatures below and above melting, samples were equilibrated during durations on the order of 200 h. Our results show that a jump in electrical conductivity can be correlated with the temperature range slightly above the solidus, due to the delayed formation of an interconnected melt phase. Thin sections of quenched samples were used to estimate volume fractions and chemical compositions of the partial melts. The increase of the electrical conductivity compares well with the connectivity of melt in partially molten samples. Above the solidus, the electrical conductivity increases by ∼1 to 2 orders of magnitude in comparison with the conductivity of non-melted rock below solidus. When a complete melt connectivity is established, the charge transport follows the network of the formed melt films at grain boundaries. Durations of up to ?200 h are required in order to reach a steady state electrical resistance in a partially molten rock sample. The experimental results were compared with the conductivity data obtained from magnetotelluric (MT) and electromagnetic (EM) measurements in the Northern part of the mid-Atlantic ridge where a series of axial magma chambers (AMC) are presumably located. There is good agreement between the measured electric conductivity of gabbroic samples with a melt fraction of 10 to 13 vol.% and the conductivity estimated at AMC, beneath the central part of Reykjanes ridge, as well as between the conductivity of partially molten peridotites and the source zone beneath the mid-Atlantic ridge at ?60 km.     

Transformation of garnet megacrysts captured by alkali mafic magma

The results of research of symplectites from the Shavaryn-Tsaram (Hangaj plateau, Mongolia) and Bartoj (Dzhida basaltic field, Russia) alkali basaltic rocks are presented. The symplectite compositions and structures were studied, and the physical and chemical parameters at which primary megacrysts were transformed into secondary mineral assemblages were defined. It is established that both garnet megacrysts and garnet-clinopyroxene aggregates were formed at pressures of 10–13 kbar and temperatures over 1300°C. The transformation of garnet into minerals of the secondary assemblage is considered as solid state water assisted resorption of garnet at a depth corresponding to pressures of 4–8 kbar and temperatures ranging from 1000 to 1300°C. The kelyphitic rims on the garnet megacrysts resulted from melting of the megacrysts at the contact with the hosting alkali basaltic rock.     

High-pressure partial melting of gabbro and its role in the Hawaiian magma source

We have conducted high-pressure experiments on a natural oceanic gabbro composition (Gb108). Our aim was to test recent proposals that Sr-enrichment in rare primitive melt inclusions from Mauna Loa, Hawaii, may have resulted from melting of garnet pyroxenite formed in the magma source regions by reaction of peridotite with siliceous, Sr-enriched partial melts of eclogite of gabbroic composition. Gb108 is a natural, Sr-enriched olivine gabbro, which has a strong positive Sr anomaly superimposed on an overall depleted incompatible trace element pattern, reflecting its origin as a plagioclase-rich cumulate. At high pressures it crystallises as a coesite eclogite assemblage, with the solidus between 1,300 and 1,350°C at 3.5 GPa and 1,450 and 1,500°C at 4.5 GPa. Clinopyroxenes contain 4–9% Ca-eskolaite component, which varies systematically with pressure and temperature. Garnets are almandine and grossular-rich. Low degree partial melts are highly siliceous in composition, resembling dacites. Coesite is eliminated between 50 and 100°C above the solidus. The whole-rock Sr-enrichment is primarily hosted by clinopyroxene. This phase dominates the mode (>75 wt%) at all investigated PT conditions, and is the major contributor to partial melts of this eclogite composition. Hence the partial melts have trace element patterns sub-parallel to those of clinopyroxene with ≈10× greater overall abundances and with strong positive Sr anomalies. Recent studies of primitive Hawaiian volcanics have suggested the incorporation into their source regions of eclogite, formerly gabbroic material recycled through the mantle at subduction zones. The models suggest that formerly gabbroic material, present as eclogite in the Hawaiian plume, partially melted earlier than surrounding peridotite (i.e. at higher pressure) because of the lower solidus temperature of eclogite compared with peridotite. This produced highly siliceous melts which reacted with surrounding peridotite producing hybrid pyroxene + garnet lithologies. The Sr-enriched nature of the formerly plagioclase-rich gabbro was present in the siliceous partial melts, as demonstrated by these experiments, and was transferred to the reactive pyroxenite. These in turn partially melted, producing Sr-enriched picritic liquids which mixed with normal picritic partial melts of peridotite before eruption. On rare occasions these mixed, relatively Sr-rich melts were trapped as melt inclusions in primitive olivine phenocrysts. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Oxygen isotopic studies of the interaction between xenoliths and mafic magma, Voisey’s Bay Intrusion, Labrador, Canada

Sulfide mineralization in the Voisey’s Bay Intrusion, Labrador, Canada, is closely associated with country rock xenoliths that have extensively reacted with basaltic magma. In order to better understand the processes that control the assimilation of country rocks by mafic magma, a detailed study of oxygen isotope systematics related to magma-country rock interaction in the Voisey’s Bay area was undertaken. Protracted interaction of the xenoliths with magma produced refractory mineral assemblages in the xenoliths (2-10 cm in diameter) composed of Ca-rich plagioclase, corundum, hercynite, and minor magnetite. Overgrowth rims of plagioclase and biotite that surround most xenoliths separate the restites from the enclosing igneous matrix. The δ¹⁸O values of minerals from regionally metamorphosed pelitic and quartzofeldspathic protoliths are: plagioclase (8.7-12.3‰), orthoclase (9.5-9.8‰), biotite (5.2-8.7‰), garnet (8.3-10.8‰), pyroxene (8.0-10.1‰), and quartz (9.6-14.0). The δ¹⁸O values of minerals from the hornfels in the contact aureole of the intrusion are consistent with modeling which indicates that as a result of essentially closed system contact metamorphism oxygen isotope values should differ only slightly from those of the protoliths. Hercynite, plagioclase, and corundum separates from the xenoliths have δ¹⁸O values that vary from 2.9‰ to 10.5‰, 5.6‰ to 10.9‰, and 2.0‰ to 6.8‰, respectively. Although a siliceous ¹⁸O-enriched melt has been lost from the xenoliths, corundum, and feldspar δ¹⁸O values are significantly lower than expected through melt loss alone. The relatively low δ¹⁸O values of minerals from the xenoliths may be a function of incomplete isotopic exchange with surrounding mafic magma which had a δ¹⁸O value of ∼5.5‰ to 6.0‰. The high-¹⁸O melt that was released from the xenoliths is partially recorded in the plagioclase overgrowth on the margin of the xenoliths (δ¹⁸O values from 6.2‰ to 10.7‰), and in hercynite that replaced corundum. However, mass balance calculations indicate that a portion of the partial melt must have been transferred to magma that was moving through the conduit system. δ¹⁸O and δD values of biotite surrounding the plagioclase overgrowth range from 5.0‰ to 6.2‰ and −58‰ to −80‰, respectively. These data suggest that the outermost rim associated with many xenoliths has closely approached isotopic equilibrium with uncontaminated mafic magma. The current gabbroic to troctolitic matrix of the xenoliths shows no evidence for contamination by the high-¹⁸O partial melt from the xenoliths. The feldspar and biotite overgrowths on the xenoliths that formed after the motion of the xenoliths relative to the magma had stopped prevented further isotopic exchange between the xenoliths and final magma. The minerals within the xenoliths are not in oxygen isotopic equilibrium with each other, due in part to rapid thermal equilibration, partial melting, and partial exchange with flow through magma.     

Oxidized sulfur-rich mafic magma at Mount Pinatubo,Philippines

Basaltic fragments enclosed in andesitic dome lavas and pyroclastic flows erupted during the early stages of the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo, Philippines, contain amphiboles that crystallized during the injection of mafic magma into a dacitic magma body. The amphiboles contain abundant melt inclusions, which recorded the mixing of andesitic melt in the mafic magma and rhyolitic melt in the dacitic magma. The least evolved melt inclusions have high sulfur contents (up to 1,700 ppm) mostly as SO₄ ^2–, which suggests an oxidized state of the magma (NNO+1.4). The intrinsically oxidized nature of the mafic magma is confirmed by spinel–olivine oxygen barometry. The value is comparable to that of the dacitic magma (NNO+1.6). Hence, models invoking mixing as a means of releasing sulfur from the melt are not applicable to Pinatubo. Instead, the oxidized state of the dacitic magma likely reflects that of parental mafic magma and the source region in the sub-arc mantle. Our results fit a model in which long-lived SO₂ discharge from underplated mafic magma accumulated in the overlying dacitic magma and immiscible aqueous fluids. The fluids were the most likely source of sulfur that was released into the atmosphere during the cataclysmic eruption. The concurrence of highly oxidized basaltic magma and disproportionate sulfur output during the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption suggests that oxidized mafic melt is an efficient medium for transferring sulfur from the mantle to shallow crustal levels and the atmosphere. As it can carry large amounts of sulfur, effectively scavenge sulfides from the source mantle and discharge SO₂ during ascent, oxidized mafic magma forms arc volcanoes with high sulfur fluxes, and potentially contributes to the formation of metallic sulfide deposits.Editorial responsibility: J. Hoefs

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Strong, localised country-rock contamination and partial homogenisation of a mafic magma: An example from west central Sweden

A dolerite sill cutting slightly older basalt in west-central Sweden shows a strong chemical variation (54% < SiO₂ < 73%) within a restricted area (< 100 × 100 m²). The linear correlation among almost all elements is extremely high; in addition, _NdT is strongly correlated with the SiO₂ content. Least-square hyperbolic-ratio and three-element ratio modelling (common denominator) suggests that most of the chemical variation is explained by mixing and/or micro-mingling. In all, we test 407 hyperbolas, of which 402 are fitted. The five ratio pairs, which could not be fitted to a hyperbola using a least-square fitting procedure, have the ratio Th / Eu in common. Testing the goodness of fit is problematic for hyperbolic distributions; for comparing purposes we sum the distances to chords approximating the hyperbola. Mobile and immobile elements behave similarly, suggesting that no elements are lost or added from outside the system. The data suggests that already the most mafic of the analysed rocks is a mixture of the ‘normal’ dolerite and a siliceous crustal rock. A mafic magma intruded into the base of the crust, where it fractionated resulting in a decreased Mg number. The magma was then contaminated with country rocks in an intermediate magma chamber due to country rock melting; during mixing/mingling almost no fractionation took place. The contaminated rock suggests the presence of a fluid phase. This was probably a prerequisite for country-rock melting. Enrichment in some incompatible elements suggests that besides major mixing/mingling a thermochemical separation process has affected the most felsic rock enriching it in light rare earths and Zr.     

Assimilation and partial melting of continental crust: evidence from the mineralogy and geochemistry of autoliths and xenoliths

This paper presents a model for the partial melting of quartz diorite and greywacke in the upper crust based on the mineralogy and geochemistry of enclaves within the Loch Doon granitic intrusion of southern Scotland. The melting of quartz diorite was modelled using autoliths, which represent fragments of cogenetic igneous rocks that became incorporated in the fractionating magma. Compared to their quartz diorite parents, the autoliths are enriched to varying degrees in some elements (notably Rb, Nb, Ta, Sm, Y, Yb) and depleted in others (Sr, and Ba); Eu and P are also depleted in the more assimitated autoliths. The compositions of melts that could be derived from assimilation of the autoliths have also been calculated: their REE patterns reveal a light REE enrichment, low concentrations of heavy REEs (1–3 x chondrite) and a positive Eu anomaly. The calculated degrees of melting vary from 35% in the least assimilated to 84% in the most assimilated autolith (assuming a bulk distribution coefficient of 10 for the most compatible element). Results from modelling of xenolith compositions (derived from metasediments) are also reported, but because of uncertainties in the composition of the parental sediment, these data are subject to larger errors. They do, however, indicate that resultant partial melts are distinctly different from those derived by partial melting of autoliths. In particular, the REE pattern of a greywacke-derived melt shows a slight enrichment in light REEs, greater concentrations of heavy REEs (10 x chondrite) and a small negative Eu anomaly. The calculated degrees of melting of the xenoliths fall in the range of 66–88% (assuming a bulk distribution coefficient of 10 for the most compatible element). The results have direct implications for assimilation and melting of the upper crust. By taking into account how the nature of residual phases is likely to change with depth, it can be demonstrated that some Archaean tonalite gneisses could represent liquids derived by partial melting of igneous material.     

Origin of micro-layering in a deep magma chamber: Evidence from two ultramafic–mafic layered xenoliths from Puy Beaunit (French Massif Central)

The origin of magmatic layering is still hotly debated. To try to shed some light on this problem, two ultramafic–mafic layered xenoliths from Puy Beaunit (French Massif Central) were investigated in detail. The nodules belong to a stratiform intrusion emplaced in the deep crust during the Permian (257 ± 6 Ma; Féménias, O., Coussaert, N., Bingen, B., Whitehouse, M., Mercier, J.-C., Demaiffe, D., 2003. A Permian underplating event in late- to post-orogenic tectonic setting. Evidence from the mafic–ultramafic layered xenoliths from Beaunit (French Massif Central). Chem. Geol. 199 293–315.). The 3 to 5 cm thick nodules have, in common, a central orthopyroxenite layer; the succession of layers is, respectively, norite–orthopyroxenite–norite (PBN 00-01) and norite–orthopyroxenite–harzburgite (PBN 00-03). The variations of both major (by electron microprobe) and trace, essentially the RE, elements (by LA-ICP-MS) were measured in major mineral phases (orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene, plagioclase, spinel) along cross-section perpendicular to the layering. Strong grain size, chemical and textural variations occur along these sections: they can be continuous or discontinuous, symmetrical or asymmetrical. Such complex variations cannot be solely related to a single magmatic history (fractional crystallisation, mineral sorting). Other processes such as element enrichment by residual liquid channelling along layer boundaries and/or sub-solidus recrystallisation and element redistribution must be invoked. It appears, in particular, that element distribution in the central orthopyroxenite layer could result from the injection of micro-sills of orthopyroxene-rich liquid between previously consolidated layers.     

攀西地区镁铁质岩浆成矿系统的流体动力学模型

尽管镁铁质侵入体及其与成矿作用的关系得到了特别关注,但有许多科学问题迄今仍模糊不清。基于新的野外观察和理论分析,文中提出一个复杂性流体动力学模型,试图整合解释矿床地质学、矿相学和矿物学特征。假定岩浆成矿系统的行为取决于熔体和流体两个子系统的强相互作用,系统演化过程中子系统物理性质的连续改变可以导致多种非线性变化:(1)熔体子系统未发生明显结晶作用之前,含矿流体弥漫式透过熔体向上迁移,产生具有隐性火成层理的致矿侵入体和浸染状整合矿体。在这种条件下,高速运动的含矿流体可以导致岩浆侵入体全岩矿化;较低速上升的含矿流体也可以导致强烈的岩浆分异作用,但岩浆侵入体的边缘部分将没有成矿金属的富集。(2)岩浆侵入体部分固结(如半固结)时,含矿流体只能大规模输入到岩体中心尚未固结的部分,并导致强烈的双扩散对流,产生明显的韵律性层理和整合型块状矿体。(3)岩浆侵入体接近完全固结时,巨大的流体超压或远场应力场可导致板状侵入体沿补给通道方向破裂,含矿流体上升导致了不整合矿体的产生。(4)岩浆侵入体完全固结之后,后续含矿流体只能沿着层状侵入体与底板围岩的接触带迁移,形成新型板状矿体或巢状矿体,甚至夕卡岩型矿体。(5)富氧化物流体之后还可以有富硫化物流体上升,有利于产生硫化物矿体。这种分析大致符合攀西地区的客观实际,因而可以得出结论：(1)岩浆侵入体是否成为致矿侵入体取决于含矿流体的输入,而不是岩浆分异作用;(2)致矿侵入体的分异特征是含矿流体输入的结果,而不是相反;(3)镁铁质岩浆成矿系统是一种复杂性动力系统,含矿流体的输入是其行为发生非线性变化的根本原因;(4)攀西地区的镁铁质岩浆成矿系统包括整合型(包括块状和浸染状两种亚型)、不整合型和夕卡岩型铁矿子系统以及浸染状和块状硫化物型成矿子系统;(5)攀西地区的铁矿体不仅仅位于层状岩体之内,下伏围岩中也有找矿潜力,甚至发现块状硫化物的潜力。     

Aleutian tholeiitic and calc-alkaline magma series I: The mafic phenocrysts

Diagnostic mafic silicate assemblages in a continuous spectrum of Aleutian volcanic rocks provide evidence for contrasts in magmatic processes in the Aleutian arc crust. Tectonic segmentation of the arc exerts a primary control on the variable mixing, fractional crystallization and possible assimilation undergone by the magmas. End members of the continuum are termed calc-alkaline (CA) and tholeiitic (TH). CA volcanic rocks (e.g., Buldir and Moffett volcanoes) have low FeO/MgO ratios and contain compositionally diverse phenocryst populations, indicating magma mixing. Their Ni and Cr-rich magnesian olivine and clinopyroxene come from mantle-derived mafic olivine basalts that have mixed with more fractionated magmas at mid-to lower-crustal levels immediately preceding eruption. High-Al amphibole is associated with the mafic end member. In contrast, TH lavas (e.g., Okmok and Westdahl volcanoes) have high FeO/MgO ratios and contain little evidence for mixing. Evolved lavas represent advanced stages of low pressure crystallization from a basaltic magma. These lavas contain groundmass olivine (FO 40–50) and lack Ca-poor pyroxene. Aleutian volcanic rocks with intermediate FeO/MgO ratios are termed transitional tholeiitic (TTH) and calc-alkaline (TCA). TCA magmas are common (e.g., Moffett, Adagdak, Great Sitkin, and Kasatochi volcanoes) and have resulted from mixing of high-Al basalt with more evolved magmas. They contain amphibole (high and low-Al) or orthopyroxene or both and are similar to the Japanese hypersthene-series. TTH magmas (e.g., Okmok and Westdahl) contain orthopyroxene or pigeonite or both, and show some indication of upper crustal mixing. They are mineralogically similar to the Japanese pigeonite-series. High-Al basalt lacks Mg-rich mafic phases and is a derivative magma produced by high pressure fractionation of an olivine tholeiite. The low pressure mineral assemblage of high-Al basalt results from crystallization at higher crustal levels.     

新疆青河县科克辉长岩体：氧化地幔楔部分熔融岩浆的记录

新疆阿尔泰地区科克辉长岩位于额尔齐斯断裂和可可托海-二台断裂交汇部位的东南侧,为探矿过程中发现的隐伏岩体。本次工作对科克辉长岩体地质、年代学和地球化学进行了系统研究,结果显示科克辉长岩体锆石SIMS U-Pb同位素年龄为291Ma左右,对应于早二叠世,岩体具有较低SiO_2(46.14%～52.53%)和MgO(3.00%～7.68%)含量,较低La/Sm(2.56～4.10)和较高的(Gd/Yb)_N(1.12～1.61)比值,微量元素具富集大离子亲石元素(K,Rb,Pb等)、亏损高场强元素(Nb与Ta等)等地球化学特征,指示科克辉长岩的岩浆起源于氧化的俯冲交代地幔源区的部分熔融,在上升侵位过程中受外来物质混染作用较弱的特点。综合地质和地球化学特征显示,新疆阿尔泰地区二叠纪科克辉长岩形成于伸展构造背景,岩浆侵位受额尔齐斯断裂走滑作用控制,该岩浆岩是北疆地区广泛发育的二叠纪基性岩浆岩的组成部分。     

Generation of the Early Cenozoic adakitic volcanism by partial melting of mafic lower crust,Eastern Turkey: Implications for crustal thickening to delamination

Early Cenozoic (48–50 Ma) adakitic volcanic rocks from the Eastern Pontides, NE Turkey, consist of calc-alkaline and high-K calc-alkaline andesite and dacite, with SiO₂ contents ranging from 56.01 to 65.44 wt.%. This is the first time that Early Eocene volcanism and adakites have been reported from the region. The rocks are composed of plagioclase, amphibole, quartz, and Mg-rich biotite. They have high and low-Mg# values ranging from 55 to 62 and 13 to 42, respectively. High-Mg# rocks have higher Ni and Co contents than low-Mg# samples. The rocks exhibit enrichments in large ion lithophile elements including the light rare earth elements, depletions in Nb, Ta and Ti and have high La/Yb and Sr/Y ratios. Their relative high I_Sr (0.70474–0.70640) and low ε_Nd (50 Ma) values (? 2.3 to 0.8) are inconsistent with an origin as partial melts of a subducted oceanic slab. Combined major- and trace element and Sr–Nd isotope data suggest that the adakitic magmas are related to the unique tectonic setting of this region, where a transition from a collision to an extension stage has created thickening and delamination of the Pontide mafic lower crust at 50 Ma. The high-Mg adakitic magmas resulted from partial melting of the delaminated eclogitic mafic lower crust that sank into the relatively hot subcrustal mantle, and its subsequent interaction with the mantle peridotite during upward transport, leaving garnet as the residual phase, elevates the MgO content and Mg# of the magmas, whereas low-Mg# magmas formed by the melting of newly exposed lower crustal rocks caused by asthenospheric upwelling, which supplies heat flux to the lower crust. The data also suggest that the mafic lower continental crust beneath the region was thickened between the Late Cretaceous and the Late Paleocene and delaminated during Late Paleocene to Early Eocene time, which coincides with the initial stage of crustal thinning caused by crustal extensional events in the Eastern Pontides and rules out the possibility of an extensional regime before ~ 50 Ma in the region during the Late Mesozoic to Early Cenozoic.     

大陆地壳熔融和酸性岩浆起源的热源问题

地壳的熔融受控于地壳的岩石成分、减压作用、外来水的加入和地壳内部的地温条件等众多因素,其中确定熔融所需热量的来源至关重要。本文简要回顾了板内环境下地壳熔融和酸性岩浆起源的相关研究,总结了引发地壳熔融热源的热源问题。目前一般认为地壳熔融是由底侵的高温幔源岩浆引发的,这种观点得到多学科资料的支持。不过底侵观点未能很好地解释大规模基性和酸性岩浆作用之间存在的显著不相关性和S型花岗岩的成因,相关数值模拟结果也高估了岩浆侵入所能引发的地壳熔融规模。本文提出岩石圈的不均一拉张和地表拉张裂谷内沉积物的快速加积可使地壳内部形成较高的地温梯度,进而造成以变沉积岩为主要成分的上地壳的大规模熔融和相关S型酸性岩浆作用的发生。     

On the Relationship between Mantle Metasomatism and Partial Melting-Evidence from Mantlederived Lherzolite Xenoliths from Nueshan,China

Studies of the mantle-derived iherzolites from Nushan show that in addition to CO2,there were present H2O and small amounts of CO, CH4, SO2,Cl and F in the initial mantlc fluids derived fron the asthenospheric mantlc plumc .The imitial fluids accumulated in some regions of the mantle, resulting in lowering of the mantle solidus (and liquidus) and partial melting of the upper mantle. Melts formed from low-degree of fluid-involved partial melting of the upper mantle would be highly enriched in incompatible elements.Fluies and melts are allthe metasomatic agents for mantle metasomatism, and the interaction between them and the depleted mantle could result in the substan-tial local enrichment of LREE and incompatible elements in the latter.In case that the concentration of H2O in the fluids (and melts) is lower ,only cryptic metasomatism would occur, in case that the concentration of H2O is higher,the degree of partial melting would be higher and hydrous metasomatic phases(e.g. amphiboles )would nucleate. Under such circumstances, there would occur model metasomatism.     

Experimental reactions of amphibolite with boron-bearing aqueous fluids at 200 MPa: implications for tourmaline stability and partial melting in mafic rocks

Reactions between hornblende-plagioclase amphibolite and acidic and alkaline B-bearing aqueous fluids have been investigated by experiments at 475°–600° C and 200 MPa. At 600° C, hornblende+calcic plagioclase react to form tourmaline+danburite+clinopyroxene+quartz in acidic fluids containing 0.5–1.0 wt% B₂O₃.Tourmaline is precipitated directly from acidic fluids, and the reaction is driven by neutralization of fluids by Na±Ca derived from the breakdown of reactant solids. The concentration of B₂O₃ in fluids needed to stabilize tourmaline increases as pH increases (above approximately 6.0), and tourmaline is unstable in alkaline fluids (pH > approximately 6.5–7.0) regardless of B concentration. In addition to acid-base relations, tourmaline stability is favored by comparatively higher activity coefficients for Al species in acidic fluids. The concentrations of Al and Si in fluid increase with alkalinity, with the eventual production of felsic borosilicate melts through partial melting of the plagioclase component of the amphibolite. In seeded experiments, tourmaline also contributes components to melt. Partial melting is evident in the range 500°–525° C at 200 MPa in experiments with 8wt% B₂O₃ in fluid as Na₂B₄O₇. The experimental results are applied primarily to metasomatic reactions between mafic rocks and borate fluids derived from granitic magmas, but tourmaline stability and partial melting in mafic regional metamorphic systems are also discussed briefly.     

新疆库鲁克塔格地区基性岩墙群几何学与岩浆超压估算

新疆库鲁克塔格地区发育大量密集的岩墙群,反映了该区所经历的岩浆活动及地壳伸展事件。本文基于多源遥感影像(Landsat 7 ETM+、SPOT、CORONA KH-4B、QuickBird2)共提取了区内2284条岩墙,在此基础上进行几何学分析和岩浆超压估算。这些岩墙主要侵入新元古代侵入岩及前寒武系沉积岩和变质岩。走向以NW向(300°~320°)为主,同时存在NE向(40°~70°)和近东西向岩墙。岩墙单体长90m~22.8km,平均4.3km,呈对数正态分布。垂直岩墙走向,沿NE60°方向取4条剖面计算地壳伸展率,由北至南分别为4.22%、1.83%、2.60%和7.40%。根据岩墙纵横比(长度/厚度),计算获得岩墙侵位时岩浆超压为7.9MPa(E=10GPa)~23.7MPa(E=30GPa)。该区同时出露新元古代和二叠纪岩墙群,其空间分布与花岗岩有密切关联,为多种构造背景的产物,且经历了多期构造叠加和改造。     

俯冲带镁铁质堆晶岩的母岩浆恢复: 方法与实例

古老俯冲带/造山带结构的恢复是重建古板块构造的基石。然而,古俯冲带/造山带由于受到造山作用和随后强烈的构造改造、隆升与剥蚀作用,绝大多数弧岩浆岩尤其是玄武岩较为缺乏,通常仅保留了代表弧下地壳的超镁铁质-镁铁质堆晶岩。从严格意义上来说,镁铁质堆晶岩是造岩矿物、副矿物与粒间熔体的集合体,其全岩成分不能代表弧岩浆本身,因此运用其地球化学来讨论俯冲带演化存在诸多不确定性和多解性。在前人提出的平衡配分方法基础上,作者近年来建立了基于单斜辉石和角闪石的俯冲带镁铁质堆晶岩的母岩浆恢复方法,并根据样品在原始地幔标准化微量元素蛛网图中的异常变化情况,通过增减相关的副矿物成分予以校正。该方法广泛应用于中国东北、华南、中亚造山带和云开地区等古俯冲带/造山带镁铁质堆晶岩的母岩浆成分恢复。通过对比计算结果与全岩的实测成分,发现两种方法获得的Th/La、Ba/La和Ba/Nb比值差别不大,反映这些微量元素比值可以用于示踪古俯冲带地幔楔的改造过程。然而计算获得的Th/Yb比值则明显比镁铁质堆晶岩的全岩实测值偏高,因此该比值不适合用来示踪俯冲带中沉积物的贡献。

     

安徽铜陵地区中生代幔源岩浆底侵作用——来自矿物巨晶和岩石包体的证据

安徽铜陵地区中生代的岩浆岩岩体中产有多种矿物巨晶和岩石包体。笔者对产于曹山辉石冈长玢岩和鸡冠石花岗闪长岩中的辉石和角闪石巨晶及其堆积岩或堆积晶进行了详细的岩相学和矿物化学研究，并在此基础上估算了矿物平衡结晶的温压条件，讨论了安徽铜陵地区中生代幔源岩浆底侵作用问题。研究表明，铜陵地区大约在140Ma以前发生了碱性橄榄玄武质岩浆的底侵作用，辉石巨晶和角闪石巨晶及其堆积晶是由底侵的碱性橄榄玄武质岩浆在28～33km深处的深位岩浆房中与下地壳发生同化混染作用形成的中基性岩浆经结晶分异作用形成的，而辉石堆积岩是由中基性岩浆在19～21km深处的浅位岩浆房中与中地壳的浅变质岩系发生同化混染作用形成的中性岩浆经结晶分异作用形成的。     

Reactions between mantle xenoliths and host magma beneath La Palma (Canary Islands): constraints on magma ascent rates and crustal reservoirs

Spinel-bearing peridotitic mantle xenoliths from the 1949 eruption on La Palma were modified mineralogically and chemically during prolonged reaction with their host magma. The magmatism that brought the peridotites to the surface caused two distinct generations of xenolith fractures: (1) Old fractures are characterized by crystalline selvages with cumulus textures towards the host magma, or by polymineralic veins. They are accompanied by 0.9–2 mm wide diffusion zones where peridotite olivine became less forsteritic through diffusive exchange with the host magma. Old fractures represent most of each xenolith's surface. (2) Young fractures show no selvages and only narrow diffusion zones of <0.02 mm width. Calculations based on a model of Fe-Mg interdiffusion give an age of 6 to 83 years and <4 days for old and young fractures, respectively. A combination of these data with fluid inclusion barometry indicates that selvages and veins formed during xenolith transport rather than representing wall-rock reactions or mantle metasomatism. The results provide ample evidence for prolonged storage of the xenoliths in the crust, constraining a multi-stage magma ascent: Years to decades prior to eruption, ascending magma ruptured peridotitic wall-rock possibly through hydraulic fracturing and stoping around magma reservoirs. Magma batches transported the peridotite xenoliths to the crust at ascent rates exceeding 0.2 ms⁻¹. The xenoliths and their host magma stagnated during at least 6 years in possibly sill-like reservoirs at 7–11 km depth. The xenoliths became deposited and subsequently embedded in a mush of settled phenocrysts, while selvages and veins crystallized until the eruption commenced. At the end of the eruption, the xenoliths were finally transported to the surface within hours to days. Decompression during the rapid ascent induced internal stresses and caused renewed fragmentation of the xenoliths, producing the young fractures. Received: 25 August 1997 / Accepted: 25 November 1997