地下水常见无机污染物研究进展

地下水是水资源的重要组成部分,随着人类社会工业化的不断发展,地下水污染问题也日益严重。全球对地下水污染的研究飞速发展,欧美等发达国家对地下水污染的研究开展较早,已形成了较完善的研究和水污染治理机制,而我国对地下水的研究和治理起步较晚。文章综合论述了地下水中几种常见无机污染物的研究和治理现状,总结了它们的检测技术、污染物来源以及危害和目前主要治理技术,以引起对地下水污染研究和治理的高度重视,为正确认识和辨别地下水污染的毒害,达到科学准确检测、合理高效治理的目的。     

地下水硝酸盐污染与治理研究进展综述

地下水的硝酸盐污染是全球所面临的一个日益严重的问题,对硝酸盐污染的地下水修复技术的研究也自然成为近年来国内外学者研究的热点。就地下水硝酸盐污染的机理和途径、对人体及其它生物的危害以及修复技术等方面作了详细介绍,另外,就地下水硝酸盐污染的治理引用了工程实际加以说明。最后指出了未来地下水硝酸盐污染治理研究的方向。     

地下水有机污染治理技术现状及发展前景

概述了现有的几种地下水有机污染治理方法：抽出处理、注气－抽取土壤气、内在生物净化、流线控制、多技术结合法、生物治理、吸附、原位反应墙等工作原理和治理效果;简要分析了地下水有机污染治理技术存在的问题和发展前景。     

石油开采对地下水的污染及防治对策

在石油开采区,水质优良的地下水十分有限。而目前石油开采区的地下水污染问题十分突出。介绍了石油开采对水资源的破坏,分析认为原油泄漏及污水回注是石油开采区地下水污染的主要原因,并指出了地下水污染带来的种种危害,最后提出了污染治理措施、方法及技术思路。     

地下水中常见有机污染物的原位治理技术现状

随着人类活动的加剧,地下水的污染日益严重,而有机污染的调查与防治也已受到了更多的关注。国外的地下水有机污染治理技术研究和实践已有较长的历史,取得了较多的成果。主要技术方法有曝气法、生物处理法,化学氧化法、植物修复、渗透性反应墙法等。近年来,国内也开始了地下水有机污染治理的研究和试验,但尚处于起步阶段。本文以地下水中常见的有机污染物为线索,总结了它们的来源、危害及国内外治理技术的现状,以期对地下水污染的调查与治理工作有所借鉴。     

地下水污染场地污染的控制与修复

我国存在大量的地下水污染场地,给地下水资源的使用带来了严重威胁。将地下水污染场地划分为4大类,15个亚类,为制定不同地下水污染场地的管理、控制和修复规定提供了依据;对地下水污染防治规划的内容和方法技术进行了论述。提出了建立地下水污染的预警系统,为污染的预防奠定基础;介绍了地下水污染的控制与修复技术,并对地下水污染防控和治理的基本原则进行了探讨。     

油气田地区的地下水污染分析

在油气田地区 ,水质优良的地下水十分有限。而目前油气田地区的地下水污染问题十分突出。本文介绍双河、魏岗两油田地下水污染实例及其所造成水质恶化 ,饮用水源受到污染被逐步废弃 ,水源变得更为紧缺等危害。分析认为原油泄漏及污水回注是油气田地下水污染的主要原因 ,对此提出了污染治理措施、方法及技术思路。     

本溪市地下水污染现状及防治对策

地下水资源的保护和科学利用是当前水利管理领域研究的重要课题。文章以本溪市为例,选取其2010-2011年地下水资源污染现状进行分析,研究表明：本溪市地下水主要问题在总硬度、亚硝酸盐氮的超标,且溶解性总固体等常量组份的含量在这两年有增涨势头。因此,建议从管理层面加强宣传,以提高人们对地下水污染问题的认识;确立正确的地下水污染治理思路;针对农业生产积极推广毒性低、残留期短的农药及化肥,加强对水环境的保护。同时,从技术层面充分利用地下水监测与评价技术、污染源滤液防治技术及工程措施提高地下水防污染治理的水平。     

地下水有机污染及微生物修复技术应用

通过对国内外地下水有机污染现状和有机物污染地下水的途径及存在状态的分析,提出了适用于地下水有机污染治理的微生物修复技术———土著微生物法、生物活化法和生物添加法,并对微生物修复技术在地下水有机污染控制中应用的可能性及今后研究方向进行总结。     

宁西平原地下水污染现状及保护对策

地下水污染是我国面临的主要的水环境问题。在分析宁阳县西部冲积平原地下水污染现状的基础上,着重分析了地下水污染的原因,提出了水污染控制方案：治理大汶河,杜绝污染灌溉,控制污染源和完善地下水监测网络等六项内容。     

A graphic expression of salinization and pollution of groundwater The case of Israel's groundwater

 Anthropogenic activities create various contaminated leachate, which can migrate downward from the vadose zone to groundwater, transferring contaminants, including some hazardous ones. When these various sources of contamination influence the groundwater aquifer simultaneously, the effects of contamination are enhanced. The major concern of this study has been to determine whether the shape of a groundwater chlorograph might be the result of such deterministic effects as accumulation of one or more particular processes of groundwater contamination, and how this might relate to specific hydrological situations. This study proposes a classification of groundwater contamination on the basis of properties of the main components of groundwater quality graphs and the corresponding hydrogeological/environmental situation. The study further suggests that contamination of groundwater in any hydrogeological situation (e.g. sea water) may be graphically expressed. A variety of chlorographs and nitrographs, representative of various groundwater aquifers sampled from a number of wells throughout Israel attest to this. The study thus indicates that groundwater quality graphs may be considered as a complementary tool for groundwater quality control and better understanding aquifer situations.     

Groundwater quality Management in China

Groundwater quality is of vital importance in groundwater safety especially for the purpose of water supply, its management becomes more and more necessary as groundwater contamination has threaten its safe use in China. The article analyzed the contamination sources of groundwater and impact of contamination on human health and water supply, the knowledge gaps were pointed and recommendations were made for groundwater quality management in China.     

珠江三角洲地区地下水污染调查内容综述

地下水污染问题得到我国政府的高度重视,珠江三角洲地区地下水污染调查评价于2005年展开实施,简要综述该区地下水污染调查内容,主要包括：污染源调查、地下水污染现状调查、水土测试指标的选取以及采样点的控制等。     

Arsenic contamination of groundwater: A global synopsis with focus on the Indian Peninsula

More than 2.5 billion people on the globe rely on groundwater for drinking and providing high-quality drinking water has become one of the major challenges of human society.Although groundwater is considered as safe,high concentrations of heavy metals like arsenic(As) can pose potential human health concerns and hazards.In this paper, we present an overview of the current scenario of arsenic contamination of groundwater in various countries across the globe with an emphasis on the Indian Peninsula.With several newly affected regions reported during the last decade, a significant increase has been observed in the global scenario of arsenic contamination.It is estimated that nearly 108 countries are affected by arsenic contamination in groundwater(with concentration beyond maximum permissible limit of 10 ppb recommended by the World Health Organization.The highest among these are from Asia(32) and Europe(31), followed by regions like Africa(20), North America(11), South America(9) and Australia(4).More than 230 million people worldwide, which include 180 million from Asia, are at risk of arsenic poisoning.Southeast Asian countries, Bangladesh, India, Pakistan,China, Nepal, Vietnam, Burma, Thailand and Cambodia, are the most affected.In India, 20 states and 4 Union Territories have so far been affected by arsenic contamination in groundwater.An attempt to evaluate the correlation between arsenic poisoning and aquifer type shows that the groundwater extracted from unconsolidated sedimentary aquifers, particularly those which are located within the younger orogenic belts of the world, are the worst affected.More than 90% of arsenic pollution is inferred to be geogenic.We infer that alluvial sediments are the major source for arsenic contamination in groundwater and we postulate a strong relation with plate tectonic processes, mountain building, erosion and sedimentation.Prolonged consumption of arsenic-contaminated groundwater results in severe health issues like skin, lung, kidney and bladder cancer; coronary heart disease;bronchiectasis; hyperkeratosis and arsenicosis.Since the major source of arsenic in groundwater is of geogenic origin, the extend of pollution is complexly linked with aquifer geometry and aquifer properties of a region.Therefore, remedial measures are to be designed based on the source mineral, climatological and hydrogeological scenario of the affected region.The corrective measures available include removing arsenic from groundwater using filters, exploring deeper or alternative aquifers, treatment of the aquifer itself, dilution method by artificial recharge to groundwater, conjunctive use, and installation of nano-filter, among other procedures.The vast majority of people affected by arsenic contamination in the Asian countries are the poor who live in rural areas and are not aware of the arsenic poisoning and treatment protocols.Therefore, creating awareness and providing proper medical care to these people remain as a great challenge.Very few policy actions have been taken at international level over the past decade to reduce arsenic contamination in drinking water, with the goal of preventing toxic impacts on human health.We recommend that that United Nations Environment Programme(UNEP) and WHO should take stock of the global arsenic poisoning situation and launch a global drive to create awareness among people/medical professionals/health workers/administrators on this global concern.     

Nitrate contamination in a shallow urban aquifer in East Ukraine: evidence from hydrochemical,stable isotopes of nitrate and land use analysis

A combined hydrochemical and stable isotope approach was used to investigate the origin of nitrate in the shallow unconfined groundwater of Kharkiv city, Eastern Ukraine. The contamination was investigated in the context of land use within the catchment area. The observed enrichment of sulfate, chloride and nitrate suggests significant groundwater contamination in the shallow urban aquifer, which is widely used as drinking water source for the urban population. Characteristic nitrate/chloride ratios as well as stable isotope ratios (N and O) of nitrate in the most contaminated springs confirmed that septic waste from leaky sewer systems was the main source of nitrate contamination in the groundwater. Nitrate contamination is linked to the type of land use and sewage treatment regime in the catchment area. It is also modulated by the regional hydrogeology, which determines the susceptibility of a given aquifer toward groundwater pollution. A more quantitative assessment of nitrate sources based on the nitrate isotope analysis alone is rather difficult. However, our study confirms that the combination of hydrochemical tracers, robust land-use analysis and nitrate stable isotope measurements represents a valuable approach to identify the origin of the nitrate contamination.     

岩溶地区地下水污染风险评价方法探究——以地苏地下河系流域为例

岩溶地下水污染风险评价对岩溶地下水的保护、管理和合理利用具有重要意义。文章总结了近年来国内外地下水污染风险评价方面的研究进展,针对目前评价体系存在的不足,构建了适合岩溶区地下水污染风险评价体系。该方法基于欧洲模式,实现地下水防污性能评价;污染负荷评价则考虑污染物在覆盖层中的衰减过程,利用折减系数实现污染负荷量化;最后,基于GIS空间叠加分析耦合防污性能与污染负荷评价,实现区域地下水污染风险评价。文章以地苏地下河系流域为例,开展岩溶区域地下水污染风险评价,结果表明:区域整体地下水污染风险偏低,地下水中等及以上污染风险区域面积424.41 km2,占研究区总面积的39.03%,主要分布在研究区中东部地苏乡、东庙乡、六也乡局部等人类活动频繁与地苏地下河干流中下游段。地下水污染风险空间分布特征不仅显示了岩性、坡度、岩溶网络发育等自然条件对评价结果的影响,同时也反映了人类活动的影响。地势平缓,岩溶发育程度强烈,加之人类活动频繁是导致区域地下水污染风险较高的原因所在。      

能源基地地下水污染及防治措施

能源基地地下水已受到不同程度的污染,随着基地大规模开发建设,地下水污染将更加严重。对基地一些地区地下水的污染特征、污染途径和污染源进行了分析研究,并在此基础上提出了相应的防治措施和建议。     

华北平原区域地下水污染评价

华北平原是我国的重要经济区,人口近1.3亿,地下水是其主要供水水源。在工业和生活污染物排放及农业施用化肥农药的影响下,地下水已遭受一定程度的污染。综合分析了地下水污染评价的各种方法后,将单因子污染指数法进行了改进,提出了单指标污染标准指数法。在华北平原开展了野外调查,采集了6 063组地下水样品,每个样品检测34 项指标。采用单因子污染标准指数法对华北平原地下水污染状况进行了评价。结果表明:华北平原35.47%采样点的地下水已受到不同程度污染,以轻污染为主,深层地下水也有一定的污染,但比浅层地下水轻,未受污染的深层地下水占87.14%。单因子污染标准指数法基本解决了区域污染评价指标之间对比问题,能够直接反映区域地下水污染情况,并为有针对性地治理地下水污染提供了依据。