大气中一氧化碳浓度变化的模拟研究

应用全球二维大气化学模式,模拟了CO、CH4和OH自由基等成分自工业革命到2020年的长期变化.模拟的全球CO平均体积分数在1840年、1991年和2020年分别为27×10-6、76×10-6和105×10-6.从1840到1991年,OH自由基数浓度从7.17×105个分子/cm3下降到5.79×105个分子/cm3,降低了19%.模拟的CH4长期变化与冰芯资料相符.模拟的20世纪80年代CO体积分数年增长率为1.03%～1.06%.大气中CO在20世纪90年代前是增长的,而到90年代初观测到CO体积分数突然下降.应用二维大气化学模式对此原因进行了模拟研究,结果表明,CO排放源的减少是CO体积分数下降的主要因子,平流层臭氧减少是另一个重要因子.尽管CO排放源的减少对大气CH4增长率的变化有较大影响,而CH4排放源减少对CO体积分数变化却几乎没有影响.     

大气甲烷浓度长期变化及未来趋势

应用初步建立的全球二维大气化学模式,对工业革命以来甲烷的长期变化进行了模拟研究。模式将CH4、CO和NOx排放源方案进行了参数化。在考虑了CH4排放源以及对OH浓度有重要影响的CO和NOx排放源的长期变化的基础上,模拟了CH4和OH浓度自1840年到20世纪90年代的长期变化趋势。结果表明,工业革命前的大气甲烷体积分数和年排放总量分别为760×10-9和280Tg,1991年大气甲烷的体积分数和年排放总量分别为1611.9×10-9和533.9Tg。而对流层中OH的数密度则由1840年的7.17×105cm-3变化到1991年的5.79×105cm-3,下降了19%。如果CH4、CO及NOx这三种排放源继续按给定的方案增长,那么到2020年大气甲烷的体积分数和年排放总量将增加为2090.7×10-9和966.2Tg,而OH的数密度将为5.47×105cm-3,比1840年降低24%。     

基于单纯形优化方法的大气污染物总量控制模型

在总结大气污染物输送扩散模型和大气污染物排放总量模型的基础上 ,建立了基于线性规划单纯形方法的总量模型 ,并对多源正态烟流模型的适用性进行了检验。采用该模型计算了河北省唐山市高新技术开发区大气污染物排放总量 ,结果表明 :在平原地区 ,该模式简捷实用 ,可用于大气环境容量及规划研究。     

瓦里关温室气体本底研究的主要进展

由于温室气体浓度显著增长及其在气候与环境变化中的作用,国际上众多的科学计划和观测体系都把它们的时空分布、源汇及趋势列为重要内容,获得的各种资料在评价人类活动对气候和环境的影响及有关对策研究中起着关键作用。文章阐述了在中国内陆本底地区开展温室气体长期、定点观测的意义和必要性,系统地讨论了10多年来中国瓦里关本底站温室气体本底研究的主要进展。利用瓦里关经严格国际比对和质量控制的大气CO2、CH4长期观测资料,结合同期的地面风资料进行统计分析,建立了瓦里关大气CO2和CH4本底资料筛选方法;利用本底观测资料,研究了瓦里关大气CO2及其δ13C、CH4和CO本底变化及源汇特征所体现的亚洲内陆地域特点和全球代表性,并进一步与同期、同纬度海洋边界层参比值(MBL)以及北半球其他6个大气本底站同期观测数据对比分析,发现了瓦里关大气CH4和CO独特的季节变化并探讨了成因;根据空气团后向轨迹簇所途经的下垫面源汇同观测的大气CO2和CH4浓度变化之间的关系,探讨了瓦里关大气CO2和CH4的输送来源;利用Hysplit-4扩散与输送模式,计算了冬、夏典型月份人为源和自然生态系统源汇对瓦里关大气CO2浓度变化的贡献。并在现有基础上,提出了有待进一步解决的科学问题。     

二维海洋温盐环流碳循环模式

提供了由二维温盐环流动力学模式得到的定常流场驱动的海洋碳循环模式。在认为海洋生物碳循环达到动态平衡的情况下，着重研究了无机碳的循环。在给定的工业革命前的大气CO2浓度强迫下，对海洋碳循环模式积分5000年后，使其达到稳态。对于人为扰动，采用给定大气CO2浓度作为上边界条件，结果是，1980年至1989年海洋能吸收人为排放CO2的36%。通过使用CO2的工业排放源和大气及海洋的联合模式，得到1980至1989年的边际气留比为0.66。比较两种方法所得的结果，可推出在工业革命前存在着非工业源，即生物源；1940年以后，则还存在着一个未知的汇。     

一种基于集合最优插值的排放源快速反演方法

基于集合卡尔曼滤波的源反演方法是估计排放源、提高空气质量模拟和预报精度的有效方法。为构建排放源与污染物浓度之间的误差协方差矩阵,该方法通常需要运行几十次大气化学传输模式。庞大的计算量限制了该方法的应用,使其无法为实时预报系统快速更新排放源。本研究发展了一种基于集合最优插值的排放源反演方法。该方法使用历史集合数据构建误差协方差矩阵,仅需一次常规的空气质量模拟便可根据观测模拟差异反演排放源,从而显著降低计算量。本文使用该方法同化2015年1月全国1107个地面站点观测的CO小时浓度数据,结合2014年1月的历史集合数据集,估计2015年1月全国15 km分辨率的CO排放源。该方案反演的全国CO排放总量仅比使用2015年1月集合数据集的反演量高1%,表明历史时段与反演时段的气象条件差异对月均CO排放的影响有限。使用历史集合数据集更新的排放源再次模拟可将全国349个独立验证站点的平均低估从0.74 mg m?3降至0.01 mg m?3,均方根误差降低18%,表明该方法可快速更新排放源并降低其不确定性。     

150年来大气甲烷浓度的长期变化

应用作者建立的全球二维大气化学模式 ,采用 2种CH4 排放源的长期增长方案 ,同时考虑了CH4 排放源以及对OH自由基浓度有重要影响的CO和NOx 排放源的长期变化 ,模拟了CH4 和OH从 1840～ 2 0 2 0年的长期变化趋势。考虑了世界人口增长的排放源方案可以更好地模拟CH4 的长期变化 ,模拟结果表明 ,工业革命前的大气CH4 浓度和年排放总量分别为 76 0× 10 -9(V/V)和 2 80× 10 9kg ,1991年大气CH4 的浓度和年排放总量分别为16 11.9× 10 -9(V/V)和 5 33 .9× 10 9kg ,对流层OH自由基数浓度从 1840年的 7.17× 10 5分子数 /cm3 下降到 1991年的 5 .79× 10 5分子数 /cm3,降低了 19%。工业革命以来大气CH4 的增长一方面是由于CH4 排放源的增长 ,另一方面是由于大气OH浓度的下降。     

IPCC确定的几种未来大气CO2浓度水平对人为CO2排放的限制

用三维海洋碳循环模式和一个简单的陆地生物圈模式计算了IPCC(政府间气候变化委员会)未来大气CO2情景中海洋和生物圈的吸收,并结合土地变化的资料得出燃料的排放值。结果表明：尽管在所有的构想下,为了使大气中CO2浓度达到稳定必须减少排放,但对应不同的IPCC未来大气CO2情景,对人为CO2排放的限制是很不相同的。     

青藏高原五道梁低层大气气溶胶来源的初步分析：Ⅱ.源地和输送

基于对五道梁大气气溶胶来源的分析结果和青藏高原及其附近地区环流和天气特征，根据各源气溶胶的浓度变化与单站气象要素变化的关系，讨论了气溶胶的源区和输送。五道梁有两个稳定的污染排放源，全年均对该地低层大气有影响。     

武汉市大气污染源排放清单及分布特征研究

以武汉市为研究区域,基于实地调查获得典型行业污染源活动水平,以大气污染物排放清单编制技术指南为参考,利用排放因子法建立2014年武汉市大气污染源排放清单,并结合经纬度、人口密度分布、土地利用类型、道路长度等数据将排放清单进行了3 km×3 km网格化处理.结果表明,2014年武汉市SO₂、NO_x、PM₁₀、PM_2.5、CO、BC、OC、VOCs和NH₃排放量分别为10.3、17.0、16.3、7.1、63.1、0.6、0.4、19.8和1.6万t.固定燃烧源为SO₂排放的主要来源,其贡献率约64%;移动源为NO_x的主要来源,其贡献率约51%;颗粒物排放主要来源于扬尘源和工艺过程源;CO和VOCs主要来源于工艺过程源,BC和OC排放均以移动源和生物质燃烧源为主,NH₃排放主要来自农业源.污染物排放主要集中在青山区至新洲区一带.     

Air Pollution Transport in an Alpine Valley: Results From Airborne and Ground-Based Observations

An observational dataset from a wintertime field campaign in the Inn Valley, Austria, is analysed in order to study mechanisms of air pollution transport in an Alpine valley. The results illustrate three types of mechanisms: transport by a density current, back-and-forth transport by valley winds, and transport by slope winds. The first type is associated with an air mass difference along the valley. Cooler air located in the lower part of the valley behaves like a density current and produces the advection of pollutants by upvalley winds. In the second type, strong horizontal gradients in pollution concentrations exist close to ground. Multiple wind reversals result in a back-and-forth transport of pollutants by weak valley winds. In the third type, upslope winds during daytime decrease low-level pollution concentrations and cause the formation of elevated pollution layers.     

Quantifying the Spatial Characteristics of the Moisture Transport Affecting Precipitation Seasonality and Recycling Variability in Central Asia

Moisture contribution and transport pathways for Central Asia(CA)are quantitatively examined using the Lagrangian water cycle model based on reanalysis and observational data to explain the precipitation seasonality and the moisture transport variation during 1979-2015.Westerly-related(northwesterly and westerly)transport explains 42%of CA precipitation and dominates in southwest CA,where precipitation is greatest in the cold season.Southeast CA,including part of Northwest China,experiences its maximum precipitation in the warm season and is solely dominated by southerly transport,which explains about 48%of CA precipitation.The remaining 10%of CA precipitation is explained by northerly transport,which steadily impacts north CA and causes a maximum in precipitation in the warm season.Most CA areas are exposed to seasonally varying moisture transport,except for southeast and north CA,which are impacted by southerly and northerly transport year-round.In general,the midlatitude westerlies-driven transport and the Indian monsoon-driven southerly-related transport explain most of the spatial differences in precipitation seasonality over CA.Moreover,the contribution ratio of local evaporation in CA to precipitation exhibits significant interdecadal variability and a meridionally oriented tripole of moisture transport anomalies.Since the early 2000s,CA has experienced a decade of anomalously low local moisture contribution,which seems jointly determined by the weakened moisture contribution from midlatitudes(the Atlantic,Europe,and CA itself)and the enhanced contribution from high latitudes(West Siberia and the Arctic)and tropical areas(South Asia and the Indian Ocean).     

夏季东亚季风区水汽输送特征及其与南亚季风区水汽输送的差别

利用ECMWF所分析的1980～1989年每日各层的水汽和风场资料分析了东亚季风区夏季风的水汽输送特征,并与印度季风区夏季水汽输送进行比较。分析结果表明了东亚季风区夏季水汽输送特征明显不同于印度季风区夏季水汽输送,东亚季风区夏季水汽输送经向输送要大于纬向输送,而印度季风区夏季水汽输送则以纬向输送为主。分析结果还表明东亚季风区由于夏季水汽分布是南边大、北边小,偏南季风气流所引起的水汽平流是湿平流。因此,水汽的辐合主要由季风气流所引起的水汽平流所造成,而印度季风区季风气流所引起的水汽平流是干平流,它利于水汽输送的辐散,水汽的辐合主要是由于风场的辐合所造成。     

Atmospheric and oceanic heat transport: Simulations versus observations

Poleward transport of heat by the atmosphere as simulated by a recently developed general circulation model (GCM) is consistent with earlier GCM studies in being significantly greater than indicated from radiosonde (weather balloon) observations. However, total heat transport by the combined ocean-atmosphere system appears to be approximately the same in the models and in satellite observations of irradiances at the top of the atmosphere: in the models most of this transport takes place in the atmosphere whereas the combined satellite and radiosonde observations indicate that half or more of the transport takes place in the oceans. It is argued here that the atmospheric model results are generally closer to the truth than the radiosonde observations. If this is true, then the oceans transport less heat than often supposed, and conventional ideas about the genesis of climatic change through alterations in oceanic heat transport must be reexamined.     

THE TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MOISTURE BUDGETS OVER ASIAN AND AUSTRALIAN MONSOON REGIONS

Apparent moisture sink and water vapor transport flux are calculated by using NCAR/NCEP reanalyzed daily data for water vapor and wind fields at various levels from 1980 to 1989. With the aid of EOF analysis method, temporal and spatial characteristics of moisture budgets over Asian and Australian monsoon regions are studied. The results show that there is apparent seasonal transition of moisture sink and water vapor transport between Asian monsoon region and Australian monsoon region. In winter, the Asian monsoon region is a moisture source, in which three cross-equatorial water vapor transport channels in the "continent bridge". at 80°E and 40°E ～ 50°E transport water vapor to the Australian monsoon region and southern Indian Ocean which are moisture sinks. In summer, Australian monsoon region and southern Indian Ocean are moisture sources and by the three cross-equatorial transport channels water vapor is transport to the Asian monsoon region which is a moisture sink. In spring and autumn, ITCZ is the main moisture sink and there is no apparent water vapor transport between Asian monsoon region and Australian monsoon region.     

An eddy-resolving simulation of the diurnal variation of fair-weather convection and tracer transport

Tracer transport in the atmosphere is controlled not only by synoptic-scale to mesoscale weather disturbances but also by microscale boundary-layer processes especially under fair-weather conditions. The present study investigates numerically the diurnal variation of boundary-layer convection and cumulus clouds and their role in transporting tracers by conducting high-resolution simulations that explicitly resolve turbulent eddies. The transport of dust aerosols in a desert area under two distinct stability conditions is specifically examined. Convection plays a significant role in transporting dust upward; in other words, the vertical depth of the dust transport is critically determined by the depth of convection. Deep convection is effective in transporting dust into the free atmosphere. The early morning stratification strongly regulates the temporal evolution and the vertical growth of convection and therefore the amount of tracer emission and transport. A sensitivity to model resolution of O (1 km) in a cloud-resolving simulation range is also examined. A proper parameterization for activating microscale convection is required for representing the diurnal variation of convection and tracer transport.     

中国西北东部地区春季降水及其水汽输送特征

文中使用 1 96 2～ 2 0 0 2年逐日降水资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料 ,考察了中国西北东部地区春季降水及其水汽输送的气候特征和异常变化。分析表明 ,该地区春季降水时段集中、变率较大 ,具有明显的年际和年代际变化特征 ;水汽主要来源于南部季风区 ,输送路径集中于青藏高原和偏南方向 ,偏东方向输送相对较弱 ,而且西太平洋副高和高原对输送路径具有显著影响 ;多雨年的异常水汽输送主要来源于偏东方向海洋上的异常向西输送和前期由菲律宾及其北部海区的向北输送 ;对异常水汽通量进行分解后发现 :由环流异常引起的平均水汽输送在多数年份的降水正异常过程中起主导作用 ,而平均环流对异常水汽的前期输送对于局地降水异常也有一定贡献 ;多雨年的环流异常集中表现为高度场上位于中国东北地区的正异常中心 ,这有利于偏东、偏南的异常水汽输送到西北东部。结果初步认为西北东部地区的空中水汽资源具有一定的补偿能力和利用潜力 ,该地区是维系西北内陆地区空中水资源乃至水分循环过程的水汽输送关键区     

The effect of Antarctic Circumpolar Current transport on the frontal variability in Drake Passage

The Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) is composed of three major fronts: the Sub-Antarctic Front (SAF), the Polar Front (PF), the Southern ACC Front (SACCF). The locations of these fronts are variable. The PF can shift away from its historical (mean) location by as much as 100 km. The transport of the ACC in Drake Passage varies from its mean (134 Sv) by as much as 60 Sv. A regional numerical circulation model is used to study frontal variability in Drake Passage as affected by a range of volume transports (from 95 Sv to 155 Sv with an interval of 10 Sv). Large transport shifts the fronts northward while the smaller transport causes a southward shift. The mean shifting distance of the PF from the historical mean location is minimum with 135 Sv transport. The SAF and the SACCF are confined by northern and southern walls, respectively, while the PF is loosely controlled by the topography. Due to impact of the eddies and meanders on the PF at several regions in Drake Passage, the PF may move northward to join the SAF or move southward to combine with the SACCF, especially in central Scotia Sea. The SAF and PF are more stable with higher transport. The SAF behaves as a narrow, strong frontal jet with large transport while displaying meanders with smaller transport. In the model simulations, the Ertel Potential Vorticity (EPV) is strongly correlated with the volume transport stream function. EPV at depths between 1000 and 2500 m is correlated with the transport stream function with a coefficient above 0.9. Near the bottom, the correlation is about 0.6 due to the disruptive influence of bottom topography. Within 750 m of the surface, the correlation is much reduced due to the effect of K-Profile Parameterization (KPP) mixing and eddy mixing.     

准定常行星被对大气中臭氧输运的动力作用

本文从拉格朗日平均环流观点讨论了行星波对大气中Ｏ３。的输运作用。理论分析表明，当行星波是定常保守时，行星波对大气中Ｏ３没有输运作用；而非定常的行星被对大气中ｏ。有明显的输运作用，它可以强迫出一个正的输运环流、即从热带上升，而从高纬下沉的环流；此外，只有当耗散的行星波传播到平流层才会在平流层强迫出输运环流。为了说明行星波对大气中Ｏ３输运的动力作用，本文还利用一组３４层波－流相互耦合球坐标原始方程谱模式计算了地球大气中行星波对Ｏ３变化的作用，其计算的Ｏ３变化与实际观测到的Ｏ３分布变化很相似。     

拉格朗日水汽源诊断方法在三江源区的应用

以NCEP/NCAR每日4次的GFS (Global Forecast System) 再分析资料驱动大气三维输送模式FLEXPART (Flexible Particle Model), 借助于拉格朗日水汽输送和源区识别技术, 在考虑了空气块输送过程中的比湿变化基础上, 诊断三江源区大气的水汽来源、输送途径及其空间结构特征。结果表明:夏季三江源区短时输送 (6 d内) 的水汽主要来自于青藏高原以及其西北侧陆地区域, 而更长时间 (8~10 d) 的来源可追踪到阿拉伯海和孟加拉湾等远距离海洋区域; 水汽输送通道主要有两支, 第1支为沿着索马里海到阿拉伯海的跨赤道水汽输送, 第2支为在西风控制下从中亚乃至西亚地区向三江源区的输送。定量分析亦显示:6月青藏高原西侧的水汽输送贡献最大, 7月阿拉伯海成为了主要水汽来源, 8月阿拉伯海水汽输送贡献减小。