土工三轴试验方法-静动耦合试验

尝试了一种新的土工三轴试验方法,即在一个试样同时得到与土体静动变形和强度特性相关的各种参数。文中讨论了采用耦合试验方法时应变循环大小对静力变形和强度特性的影响;并通过与常规试验结果的比较,给出了等效弹性模量、等效阻尼比和动永久应变等动力变形参数的试验结果。试验结果表明：采用耦合试验复杂加载方式,能够更深入地研究土体的静、动变形和强度特性,尤其在复杂应力条件下的动力变形特性方面。     

地震次生毒气泄漏与扩散数值模拟的参数分析

本文在破坏性地震中可能发生的次生毒气泄漏与扩散灾害的数值模拟与动态仿真研究的基础上，分析了影响毒气扩散的主要参数。在设定的几种工况下，给出相应的图表结果，直观地描述了各参数对扩散过程的影响。进一步验证了所采用毒气扩散简化模型的准确性，对大震应急和防御与减轻城市和大型企业的地震次生毒气泄漏与扩散灾害都有重要的意义。     

鲁29井井口变压试验

本文介绍了鲁29井井口变压试验结果。试验结果表明,井水位对井口空气压力变化的响应与变化周期有关。井口空气压力变化的周期越大,则井水位的响应幅度越大,而响应的位相滞后越小。对于长周期压力变化的响应,在量值上为井口压力每hPa变化引起水位10.2mm的变化。由于水在井孔与含水层之间的渗流造成了井水位对空气压力变化的响应产生位相滞后。这些试验结果与实际观测资料分析的结果及理论模型研究的结果是一致的。     

井水位对气压响应的滞后及其机理

通过井口空气压力变化对井水位影响的试验，分析了井水位对空气压力变化响应幅变和滞后时间，认为在相同的井口空气压差情况下，压力变化周期越大，井水位响应幅度也越大，而位相滞后越小。水平层状承压含水层的理论研究表明，井水位对气压影响的滞后时间主要取决于含水层的导水系数和气压变化的周期，这两种参数越大，则滞后时间越小。因此，井水位对气压响应的滞后是由于水压井孔与含水层间渗流需要一定时间造成的，而不是由于地面     

饱和黄土静、动力特性试验研究

对重塑饱和黄土进行静、动力三轴试验,探讨了饱和黄土的静、动力特性。根据静力试验结果分析了饱和黄土静强度的变化规律,建立了饱和黄土的双曲线模型,并推导出其邓肯-张模型参数供本地区工程建设及数值分析参考使用。根据饱和黄土振动三轴试验结果,给出了其在等压固结与非等压固结条件下的动强度变化规律。在对饱和黄土动强度分析的基础上对其进行归一化处理后,建立了饱和黄土静、动强度相关性的经验公式,利用该公式可以实现采用饱和黄土的静力强度参数推求其动强度,从而达到减少场地动力稳定性分析中试验工作量的目的。     

配重不足时的动力试验模型与原型相似关系问题的探讨

本文分析了动力方程法和参数的量纲分析法的关系。指出采用量纲分析法时正确选择基本参数的重要性。文中用两种方法推导了不同配重条件下,模型与原型的动力相似关系,并且提出了在结构进入弹塑性阶段后,应如何根据得出的相似关系来分析原型的动力性能。为解决振动台试验时配重不足条件下,如何根据试验结果正确地推算原型结构的抗震性能提供了一种可靠的定量方法。文中以两个1/4比例八层砌体结构房屋模型的振动台试验结果和足尺模型的动力分析结果验证了本文给出的动力相似关系的正确性。     

聚丙烯纤维高性能混凝土剪力墙动力反应分析

对掺聚丙烯纤维的高性能混凝土剪力墙的动力反应特性进行了研究。首先通过试验测得聚丙烯高性能混凝土的一些力学参数，而后编写了结构动力反应计算程序，最后利用该程序对一15层剪力墙实例进行计算，比较了普通混凝土与高性能混凝土剪力墙结构的动力反应结果，结果表明聚丙烯高性能混凝土剪力墙比普通混凝土剪力墙具有更好的抗震性能。     

结合动量方程及显式γ函数法的拟动力试验方法

研究了一种适合实时或快速拟动力试验的数值积分方法--动量方程方法,阐述了动量方程方法的原理,结合显式γ函数法求解隐式方程,得到了拟动力试验实用的显式位移表达式.选用合适的参数,对一根悬臂钢柱进行了拟动力试验.试验结果与中心差分法得到的试验结果吻合较好,从而验证了积分方法的可行性和有效性,可以作为速度相关型结构或构件拟动力试验的数值积分方法.     

不同比例钢-混凝土混合结构高层建筑动力相似关系试验研究

模型试验的动力相似理论是结构抗震试验技术中的一个基础性研究课题。本文设计实现了1/10、1/20和1/30三个不同比例的钢-混凝土混合结构高层建筑的振动台模型试验。通过对三个模型试验结果的对比研究,对钢-混凝土混合结构高层建筑的动力相似关系进行了初步探讨。试验结果表明,按照本文的动力模型的设计施工及试验要求进行的不同比例钢-混凝土混合结构高层建筑的振动台试验,在自振频率、振型、加速度放大系数、楼层最大位移、楼层剪力等动力特性和动力反应方面具有较好的相似性。试验结果一方面说明对这三个模型采用的动力相似关系和制作方法是合理的,另一方面也说明了对钢-混凝土混合结构房屋采用较小的1/30比例进行振动台试验是可行的。     

橡胶垫隔震装置的双向弹塑性恢复力模型

改进了铅芯叠层钢板橡胶垫隔震装置的Park模型，提出其双向弹塑性恢复力模型。建议的模型克服了Park模型不能从橡胶垫力学试验曲线上直观获取所需参数的缺点。采用本文建议模型的结构分析程序HBTA2．0可以方便地用于实际隔震结构的弹塑性动力分析，计算结果也更为合理。     

Pressure Variations with Depth in Aquifers with or without Groundwater Leakage

Hydrodynamic analysis allowed establishing elevated hydrodynamic pressure in aquifers in the case of ascending groundwater movement from one layer to another as compared with the pressure in the case, where there is no leakage. In the case of descending movement of groundwater with leakage from layer to layer, the hydrodynamic pressure was found to be lower. Equations are given that allow calculating water leakage and the part of the hydrodynamic pressure that is caused by water leakage from layer to layer. For concrete hydrogeological conditions, estimates are given for the hydrodynamic pressure and its part determined by water leakage between aquifers and from layer to layer in the case of ascending and descending groundwater flows.     

GEOPHYSICAL STUDIES OF WATER LEAKAGES FROM RESERVOIRS*

Considerable water leakages from reservoirs make it difficult to attain the planned storage capacity. In some cases water leakages give rise to suffusion followed by catastrophes. Until recently methods for locating water leakages were extremely imperfect. Geophysical methods offer good prospects in this direction. For solving these problems, it is effective to use streaming potential measurements, water flow rate observations and thermometry. Laboratory experiments were carried out in connection with the fact that water leakages from reservoirs are characterized by negative anomalies of natural currents; the more filtration discharge, the higher these anomalies are. As a result, the relationship governing the intensity of streaming potential and sand granulometric composition, electrolyte concentrations and other factors were revealed. To determine the velocity of water flowing to leakage sites, a special device, based on the relationship between the temperature of a heated body and its resistance, is applied. This device simultaneously makes it possible to measure the water medium temperature. Observations at reservoir sites were effected by moving along the reservoir non-polarizable potential electrodes and water velocity devices. Recordings were carried out automatically by the recording device of the logging apparatus. Under the conditions of ice cover on water surfaces, measurements were made through separate points by digging holes in the ice cover. Practical field observations were carried out at reservoir sites located in regions where fissured massive rocks as well as loose sediments predominate. In the first case field experiments were carried out in alpine reservoirs, in Armenia. The major water leakages were found to be concentrated on the right bank of the reservoir. In this connection it was not only possible to locate water leakage sites, but also to evaluate their relative intensity. These data were used for planning antifiltration measures. In the second case water leakages from a reservoir located in Uzbekistan in the submontane part of the Pamirs were studied. Streaming potential anomalies and high benthonic flow rates made it possible to discover high filtrations in the base and walls of the dam. Further perfection of these methods should not only permit the determination of water leakage sites and their relative intensity, but also filtration discharges in absolute units.     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF SEDIMENT RELEASE FROM RESERVOIRS

1 INTRODUCTION Reservoirs sedimentation is a serious problem in many countries, including the I. R. of Iran. Accumulation of sediment deposits decreases worldwide reservoir storage capacity by one percent per year (Mahmood, 1987). The loss of reservoir st…     

Boundary depletion rate and drawdown in leaky wedge‐shaped aquifers

This study presents analytical solutions of the three‐dimensional groundwater flow to a well in leaky confined and leaky water table wedge‐shaped aquifers. Leaky wedge‐shaped aquifers with and without storage in the aquitard are considered, and both transient and steady‐state drawdown solutions are derived. Unlike the previous solutions of the wedge‐shaped aquifers, the leakages from aquitard are considered in these solutions and unlike similar previous work for leaky aquifers, leakage from aquitards and from the water table are treated as the lower and upper boundary conditions. A special form of finite Fourier transforms is used to transform the z‐coordinate in deriving the solutions. The leakage induced by a partially penetrating pumping well in a wedge‐shaped aquifer depends on aquitard hydraulic parameters, the wedge‐shaped aquifer parameters, as well as the pumping well parameters. We calculate lateral boundary dimensionless flux at a representative line and investigate its sensitivity to the aquitard hydraulic parameters. We also investigate the effects of wedge angle, partial penetration, screen location and piezometer location on the steady‐state dimensionless drawdown for different leakage parameters. Results of our study are presented in the form of dimensionless flux‐dimensionless time and dimensionless drawdown‐leakage parameter type curves. The results are useful for evaluating the relative role of lateral wedge boundaries and leakage source on flow in wedge‐shaped aquifers. This is very useful for water management problems and for assessing groundwater pollution. The presented analytical solutions can also be used in parameter identification and in calculating stream depletion rate and volume. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

银川台地电仪断线器装置改造实验

针对银川地电台查漏电工作中现有断线器装置存在的问题和不足,所做的改造实验。实验根据银川地电台观测点实际线路布设,利用继电器的开、合原理为设计思路。通过实际试验用继电器和线路,在地埋电缆的供电极和测量极线路中进行测试,实现了线路与电极断开和接通,可替代现有故障断线器的工作,也可作为测量极线路断线装置。实验结果满足地电线路查漏电和测绝缘工作时线路断开的需求。     

Development and application of a coupled-process parameter inversion model based on the maximum likelihood estimation method

The coupled flow-mass transport inverse problem is formulated using the maximum likelihood estimation concept. An evolutionary computational algorithm, the genetic algorithm, is applied to search for a global or near-global solution. The resulting inverse model allows for flow and transport parameter estimation, based on inversion of spatial and temporal distributions of head and concentration measurements. Numerical experiments using a subset of the three-dimensional tracer tests conducted at the Columbus, Mississippi site are presented to test the model's ability to identify a wide range of parameters and parametrization schemes. The results indicate that the model can be applied to identify zoned parameters of hydraulic conductivity, geostatistical parameters of the hydraulic conductivity field, angle of hydraulic conductivity anisotropy, solute hydrodynamic dispersivity, and sorption parameters. The identification criterion, or objective function residual, is shown to decrease significantly as the complexity of the hydraulic conductivity parametrization is increased. Predictive modeling using the estimated parameters indicated that the geostatistical hydraulic conductivity distribution scheme produced good agreement between simulated and observed heads and concentrations. The genetic algorithm, while providing apparently robust solutions, is found to be considerably less efficient computationally than a quasi-Newton algorithm.     

Parametric uncertainty and sensitivity analysis of hydrodynamic processes for a large shallow freshwater lake

Abstract

A parametric uncertainty and sensitivity analysis of hydrodynamic processes was conducted for a large shallow freshwater lake, Lake Taihu, China. Ten commonly used parameters in five groups were considered including: air–water interface factor, water–sediment interface factor, surrounding terrain factor, turbulent diffusion parameters and turbulent intensity parameters. Latin hypercube sampling (LHS) was used for sampling the parametric combinations, which gave predictive uncertainty results directly without using surrogate models, and the impacts of different parametric distribution functions on the results were investigated. The results showed that the different parametric distribution functions (e.g. uniform, normal, lognormal and triangular) for sampling had very little impact on the uncertainty and sensitivity analysis of the lake hydrodynamic model. The air–water interface factor (wind drag coefficient) and surrounding terrain factor (wind shelter coefficient) had the greatest influence on the spatial distribution of lake hydrodynamic processes, especially in semi-closed bays and lake regions with complex topography, accounting for about 60–70% and 20%, respectively, of the uncertainty on the results. Vertically, velocity in the surface layer was also largely influenced by the two factors, followed by velocity in the bottom layer; the middle velocity had minimal impact. Likewise, the water–sediment interface factor (i.e. bottom roughness height) ranked third, contributing about 10% to the uncertainty of the hydrodynamic processes of the lake. In contrast, turbulent diffusion parameters and turbulent intensity parameters in the lake hydrodynamic model had little effect on the uncertainty of simulated results (less than 1% contribution). The findings were sufficiently significant to reduce the parameter uncertainties and calibration workload of the hydrodynamic model in large shallow lakes.

Editor Z. W. Kundzewicz; Associate editor S. Grimaldi     

An empirical model for salinity intrusion in alluvial estuaries

The main parameters that affect the salinity intrusion in estuaries are their geometric, hydrologic and hydrodynamic characteristics. The recognition of effective parameters and understanding their roles in the salinity intrusion are required for estuarine water management. In this study, the governing equations of the salinity intrusion processes were scaled to derive the effective dimensionless parameters. Then, a previously verified model, CE-QUAL-W2, was utilized as a virtual laboratory to investigate the effects of different governing parameters on the salinity intrusion. Analysis of the results showed that logarithmic functions can be used to describe the effect of dimensionless parameters obtained by scaling of governing equations. Finally, a formula was suggested to predict the salinity intrusion length based on geometrical and hydrodynamic characteristics of alluvial estuaries.     

MORPHOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT OF ANATURE-LIKE BANK PROTECTION

1 INTRODUCTIONFor the pmpose of river restoration of the river Isar in the city area of Munich several inveshgationswere cAned out at the InshtUte for Hydrosciences, German Armed Forces University Munich. The calculation ofwater level for the differnt planned variants were realized by a 2d mathematical model. Although thesesimulahons were a very helpfol basis for fuIther planing, a physical model was constrUcted in order toinvestigate detalled problems.The main interest was focussed …     

Investigation of sloshing damping in baffled rectangular tanks subjected to the dynamic excitation

In this research, an analytical model is developed to estimate the hydrodynamic damping ratio of liquid sloshing for wall bounded baffles using the velocity potential formulation and linear wave theory. Here, an analytical solution approach and experimental investigations are conducted for describing the hydrodynamic damping which is provided by vertical and horizontal baffles in partially filled rectangular liquid tanks. In order to evaluate the accuracy of the analytical solution which is developed in present work, a series of experiments are carried out with a rectangular liquid tank excited by harmonic oscillation. The parametric study is conducted on the damping efficiencies of both vertical and horizontal baffles with various dimensions and locations. According to the results of the present investigations, the hydrodynamic damping is significantly affected by the size and location of baffles. Furthermore, the validity of the developed analytical approach as well as the effectiveness of various baffle configurations are discussed. Finally, a simple approach is proposed for estimating the damping ratios of the baffles during earthquake motions.