黔南坳陷上震旦统灯影组地球化学特征及沉积环境意义

黔南坳陷上震旦统灯影组发育局限-开阔台地相白云岩。在麻江羊跳寨剖面灯影组碳酸盐岩样品测试分析基础上,利用常量元素和微量元素相关性、组分含量及特征元素比值特征,探讨了研究区元素地球化学特征与古沉积环境意义。结果表明:(1)CaO和MgO成明显正相关,SiO2与CaO、MgO呈负相关;Sr与MgO呈明显负相关,与Al2O3、K2O、Na2O、TiO2,P2O5,TFe存在正相关性;V,Al2O3,K2O,TiO2,TFe,P2O5之间呈正相关;Mn与TFe存在弱正相关性。(2)Sr含量和1 000×(Sr/Ca)值随沉积水体的加深而增大,可作为判断古水深和层序界面的标志。(3)根据Sr/Ba、镁铝比值(m=100×(MgO/Al2O3))、MgO/CaO及V/(V+Ni)比值特征分析了灯影组沉积期的古盐度、古气候和古氧化还原环境。灯影组总体上形成于炎热干燥气候下的陆表海还原沉积环境,有陆源碎屑物质供应。其中灯影组二段沉积末古水深达到最大,灯影组五段古盐度最高。灯影组元素地球化学特征反映的沉积环境与岩性特征所得出的结论基本一致,表明元素地球化学特征与沉积环境关系密切,可作为沉积相分析的重要标志。     

Biotite composition as a tool for the identification of Quaternary tephra beds

Stratigraphically important Quaternary rhyolitic tephra deposits that erupted from the Okataina and Taupo volcanic centers in New Zealand can be geochemically identified using the FeO and MgO contents of their biotite phenocrysts. The FeO/MgO ratio in biotite does not correlate with FeO/MgO in the coexisting glass phase so that tephra beds with similar glass compositions can be discriminated by their different biotite compositions. Some individual tephra deposits display sequential changes in biotite composition that allow separate phases of the eruption to be identified, greatly increasing the potential precision for correlation. In addition, devitrified lavas that are unsuitable for glass analysis can be correlated to coeval tephra deposits by their biotite compositions. Biotite is common in high-K₂O (>4 wt%) tephra beds and is widely dispersed in ash plumes because of its platy form, thus making it important in correlation studies.     

凤太泥盆纪拉分盆地中硅质铁白云岩—硅质岩特征及成岩成矿方式

从岩石学、矿物学、地球化学等叫结秦岭凤太地区泥盆纪硅质白云岩－硅质岩的地质地球化学特征。硅质岩类中,ＳｉＯ２〉８０％,（ＦｅＯ＋Ｆｅ２Ｏ３＋ＭｇＯ）〈１０％;硅质铁白云岩类中,ＳｉＯ２为３０％～５０％,（ＦｅＯ＋ＦｅＯ３＋ＭｇＯ）大于２０％,提出该类热水沉积岩热水同生沉积作用、热水温合同生沉积作用,热水同生沉积交代作用,热水爆炸－液压致裂作用及热水充填－交代作用形成。     

大洋底的玻璃微粒

大洋沉积物中的微玻璃陨石和火山玻璃是两类性质截然不同的微玻璃体,前者SiO₂含量十分稳定,MgO含量比较高,Na₂O和MnO含量都很低,并具有Os、Ir等重要地外元素丰度特征。另外,还具有特殊的表面结构以及一定的形成年代。后者的SiO₂含量不稳定,MgO含量很低,Na₂O和MgO含量比较高,不具有Os、Ir等地外元素丰度特征。因此,不可将它们混为一谈。     

Sulfide saturation mechanism of the Poyi magmatic Cu-Ni sulfide deposit in Beishan,Xinjiang, Northwest China

The Poyi Cu-Ni deposit is hosted by the Early Permian Pobei mafic-ultramafic complex along the northern margin of the Tarim Plate. This series of multiple intrusions in the Poyi deposit can be divided into four lithologies: gabbro, dunite, hornblende peridotite, and wehrlite. The ore body consists mainly of disseminated sulfides hosted by hornblende peridotite. All the Poyi deposit sulfides show positive Δ³³S values from 0.004 to 0.221‰ and negative δ³⁴S values from −0.8 to −3.5‰. High Ni contents occur in the hornblende peridotites, which exhibit the highest Δ³³S value of 0.221‰ and the lowest δ³⁴S value of −3.5‰, indicating contamination by sulfides from Archean sedimentary rocks. This contamination was important during sulfide saturation in the Poyi intrusions and likely occurred at depth before the emplacement of the Poyi intrusions. The intrusions incorporated country rocks during their emplacement and consolidation, and the degree of assimilation increases from the central lithofacies (i.e., the hornblende peridotite) to the marginal lithofacies (i.e., the wehrlite, dunite, olivine gabbro, and gabbro). Higher Ni contents are correlated with lower degrees of contamination; thus, we infer that the contamination by the country Paleoproterozoic rocks, which contain significant amounts of gneiss and marble, hindered sulfide saturation.The whole-rock Ni content is negatively correlated with the MgO and Fo contents in the olivine and positively correlated with the FeO and MnO contents in the olivine. During crystallization, olivine becomes gradually richer in FeO but poorer in MgO, and Mn tends to be enriched in the late stages of the melt. We infer that the fractional crystallization of olivine was an important factor during sulfide saturation.     

惠州凹陷HZ21钻孔珠江组地球化学特征及其沉积环境

根据21件碎屑岩样品的常量元素和微量元素相关关系、组分含量及某些元素的比值特征,探讨了珠江口盆地惠州凹陷HZ21钻孔的元素地球化学特征与古环境意义。研究表明:Al₂O₃、Fe₂O₃、K₂O、TiO₂、V、Cr、Rb相互间呈明显的正相关关系;SiO₂与Al₂O₃、Fe₂O₃、TiO₂呈明显负相关,与K₂O呈弱相关关系;Sr与CaO呈明显正相关关系;P₂O₅与Al₂O₃、Fe₂O₃、K₂O、TiO₂呈明显的正相关,与SiO₂呈明显的负相关,且与CaO呈弱相关关系。据锶钙比值10³(Sr/Ca)和V/Cr值分析,HZ21井珠江组从下往上水体有逐渐加深的趋势,与单井沉积相分析结果一致。据镁铝比值10²(MgO/Al₂O₃)和Sr/Ba值分析,珠江组从下往上沉积环境的水体盐度变化不太大,但到上部略有下降。古气候指示剂Rb/Sr值和MgO/CaO值显示,NSQ1和NSQ2层序时期气候干燥寒冷,而NSQ3和NSQ4这两个层序时期气候湿热。总之,地球化学特征所反映的沉积环境与沉积相分析的结果相一致,说明元素地球化学与沉积环境关系密切,可作为沉积相判别的标志。     

燕山地区中元古界高于庄组和杨庄组地球化学特征及环境意义

在燕山地区中元古界高于庄组与杨庄组地层野外露头沉积特征研究的基础上,结合区域地质背景,根据26件碳酸盐岩样品的常量元素和微量元素相关关系、组分含量及某些元素的比值对特征,探讨了研究区元素的沉积地球化学特征与古环境意义。研究表明,（1）碳酸盐岩中Sr与CaO呈明显正相关;Al2O3、K2O与TiO2之间呈明显的正相关;SiO2与CaO、MgO呈负相关;Na2O与MgO呈弱正相关;MnO仅与FeO有弱正相关关系。（2）Sr主要赋存于方解石晶格中,Sr和1000×Sr/Ca值随沉积水体的加深而增大,可作为判断古水深的标志。（3）据Sr/Ba、镁铝比值（m=100×MgO/Al2O3）、MgO/CaO值及Ti等元素特征分析,高于庄组与杨庄组的沉积环境有较大差异,高于庄组为潮湿气候下陆源碎屑供应匮乏的远岸陆表海沉积,以高于庄组三段沉积时水体最深;而杨庄组为干热气候下的近岸陆表海沉积,有较多的陆源碎屑物质供应。总之,元素地球化学特征反映的沉积环境与宏观岩性特征所得出的结论是一致的,这表明地球化学特征与沉积环境关系密切,地球化学特征可作为沉积相分析的重要标志。     

俄罗斯Kurile-Kamchatka地区安山质熔体的成分、挥发分组成和微量元素

Melt inclusions in minerals from some volcanoes of the Kurile-Kamchatka region were examined.The studied basaltic andesites and andesites were sampled from volcanoes of the Central Kamchatka depression(Shiveluch and Bezymyannyi),Eastern Kamchatka volcanic belt(Avachinskii and Karymskii),and Iturup Island,Southern Kuriles(Kudryavyi).Basalts of the 1996 eruption of the Karymskii volcanic center and dacites of Dikii Greben'volcano,Southern Kamchatka were also studied.More than 260 melt inclusions from 31 rock samples were homogenized,and quenched glasses were analyzed using electron and ion microprobes.The compositions of melt inclusions in andesitic phenoerysts vary in silica contents from 56 to 80wt%.Al_2 O_3 ,FeO,MgO,CaO decrease and Na_2O and K_2O increase with increasing SiO_2.Many inclusions(about 80% )are dacitic or rhyolitic.However,the compositions of silicic glasses(>65wt% SiO_2)in andesites significantly differ in TiO2,FeO,MgO,CaO,and K_2O contents from those in dacites and rhyolites.High-potassium melts(K_2O 3.8～6.8wt% )with various SiO_2 from 51.4 to 77.2wt% were found in minerals of all volcanoes studied.This indicates a contribution of a component selectively enriched in potassium to magmas of the whole region.A great compositional diversity of melt inclusions in plagioelase phenocrysts from the Bezymyannyi andesites suggests a complex history of plagioclase crystallization and magma evolution in the andesite formation.Melts from different volcanoes strongly vary in volatile contents.The highest H_2O contents are found in the melts from Shiveluch(3.0～7.2wt%,4.7wt% on average)and Avachinskii (4.7～4.8wt%);while those are lower in melts of Kudryavyi(0.1～2.6wt% ),Dikii Greben'(0.4～1.8wt%),and Bezymyannyi (<1wt%).Chlorine contents are also variable.The lowest values are found in the Bezymyannyi melts(0.09wt% on average),the highest Cl contents are typical of melt inclusions in minerals from the Karymskii andesites(0.26wt% on average).The melts from Avachinskii,Dikii Greben',Kudryavyi,and Shiveluch show intermediate Cl contents(0.13～0.20wt% ).The pressure of 350～1600 bar determined by CO_2 fluid inclusions in plagioclase from the Shiveluch andesites suggests a magma chamber at a depth of 1.5～6 km. Concentrations of 17 elements were determined in glasses of melt inclusions in plagioclases from five volcanoes(Avachinskii, Bezymyannyi,Dikii Greben',Kudryavyi,and Shiveluch).The studied melts show similar trace-element patterns with Nb and Ti minima and B,K,Be,and Li maxima.The melts are close to typical island arc magmas by Sr/Y,La/Yb,K/Ti,and Ca/St ratios, and have some specific regional geochemical features.REE patterns sensitive to degree of magma differentiation indicate that Kudryavyi magmas are most primitive,while Shiveluch magmas are most evolved.     

Thin intergranular melt films and melt pockets in spinel peridotite xenoliths from the Rhön area (Germany): early stage of melt generation by grain boundary melting

Optical microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on a porphyroclastic high temperature spinel peridotite from the Rhön area reveal fine, irregular glass layers and pockets along mineral interfaces, cracks in olivine, inside olivine crystals and in spongy rims of clinopyroxene. The chemical composition of the glass deviates significantly from the composition of the host basanite. Electron diffraction technique confirms the amorphous nature of the glass, thus classifying it as a former melt. Every grain or phase boundary shows amorphous intergranular glass layers of variable thickness and characteristic chemical composition with distinct chemical inhomogeneities. Olivine grain boundaries, as the most common type of interfaces, exhibit two different types of melt glasses: (1) Type I melt at olivine grain boundaries, which is characterized by low contents of SiO₂ (～37?wt%) and Al₂O₃ (～5?wt%) and elevated contents of MgO (～31?wt%) and FeO (～22?wt%), is supposed to have formed prior to or during the thermal overprint and the dynamic recrystallisation of the xenolith in the mantle. Melt inclusions inside olivine grains with an average composition of type I melt are suggested to be earlier melt droplets at olivine interfaces, overgrown by migrating olivine grain boundaries during recrystallization in the mantle prior to the uplift of the xenolith. (2) Type II melt, the most common type of melt in the xenolith, shows higher contents of SiO₂ (～48?wt%) and Al₂O₃ (～17?wt%) but lower contents of MgO (～20?wt%) and FeO (～11?wt%). The observation of different types of glass within a single xenolith indicates the development of different chemical melt equilibria at interfaces or triple junctions in the xenolith. The absence of geochemical trends in bivariate plots excludes a unifying process for the genesis of these glasses. Melt inclusions in the spongy rims of clinopyroxene are interpreted to be the product of a potassium-rich metasomatism. The formation of most amorphous intergranular melt layers and pockets at the mineral interfaces including type II melt at olivine grain boundaries is suggested to result from decompression melting during the uplift with the basalt magma. We suggest that these glasses were produced by grain boundary melting due to lattice mismatch and impurity segregation. The observed intergranular amorphous layers or melts represent the very beginning of mineral melting by grain boundary melting.     

Compositional variation and primary water contents of differentiated interstitial and included glasses in boninites

 Interstitial glasses and glasses in small inclusions in Mg-rich phenocrysts of 14 boninites from New Caledonia, the Mariana Trench, Cape Vogel and Chichi-jima were analysed by electron microprobe and the water contents measured in situ by ion microprobe. The glasses are remarkably fresh and abundant (∼30–90 vol.%), and the phenocrysts are often skeletal with glass inclusions. Broad-beam analyses (∼1030) of interstitial glasses and ∼180 point analyses of glass inclusions were carried out, as well as ∼100 hydrogen analyses. Most glasses have low water-free totals, high water contents, very low MgO, and low total iron; they are almost entirely quartzofeldspathic and with few exceptions (Q+or+ab+ an+C) lies in the range 83–96. The interstitial glasses from New Caledonia, the Marianas and most of the glasses from Chichi-jima are dacitic, those from Cape Vogel straddle dacitic and andesitic compositions, whereas the glasses in a highly glassy sample from Chichi-jima are high-Mg andesitic or boninitic with up ∼9 wt% MgO, and are, with the exception of a few high-Ca boninites from Tonga, the most Mg-rich interstitial glasses so far described in boninites. Glasses included in orthopyroxene, olivine or clinoenstatite are boninitic or high-Mg andesitic in the highly glassy rock and dacitic to high-silica dacitic in the others. They are in general slightly more differentiated than the interstitial glasses, because of more-extensive crystallization on the host crystal in small inclusions. The interstitial glass compositions show a direct relationship between silica and Al₂O₃ and, for most glasses, alkalis, and inverse relationships between silica and CaO, FeO and MgO; alkalis and TiO₂ show, however, a broad spread in values in glasses from the Marianas and New Caledonia. Included glasses show similar variations. Water contents in interstitial glasses are ∼2 wt% for the highly glassy high-Mg andesitic glasses from Chichi-jima, ∼5.4 wt% for the more differentiated andesitic to dacitic glasses from Cape Vogel, and ∼6.7–7.0 wt% in the most differentiated dacitic ones from the Marianas and New Caledonia. Water contents in glass inclusions in olivine, orthopyroxene and clinoenstatite are in the range ∼1.9–3.3 wt%. The interstitial glasses are black and not vesicular, showing that the liquids did not reach supersaturation after eruption on or intrusion near the sea floor, or were insufficiently so to allow nucleation of water vapour bubbles. The water is inferred to be primary and to increase strongly with crystallization in the residual liquid down to the glass-transition T. Received: 19 December 1994 / Accepted: 5 October 1995     

辽西北票—义县地区义县旋回火山岩的岩石化学特征

辽西地区是中国中生代火山岩主要分布区之一。义县组分为4个岩性段。义县火山旋回可分为4个亚旋回。第一亚旋回分为4个小旋回。从早期至晚期，义县旋回火山岩逐渐由基性向中基性、中性和酸性演化，火山岩岩石组合为基性岩-中性岩-酸性岩组合，从北票-义县，火山活动显示了由老到新的迁移性。主要氧化物关系表明岩石的SiO2与K2O呈正相关，SiO2与MgO、CaO、FeO Fe2O3呈负相关。TAS图解反映了火山岩较高碱度的总体特征，硅-碱关系图和AFM图解反映了火山岩属于亚碱性系列中的钙碱性系列岩石，在SiO2-K2O关系图上，绝大部分样品落于高钾钙碱性系列区内，少量落于钾玄岩系列区，因此义县旋回火山岩以高钾钙碱性系列岩石为主，部分为钾玄岩系列，表明岩石富钾。义县旋回火山岩具有大陆板内火山岩的基本特征。     

一种新的岩浆岩分类定量方法

目前,岩浆岩的超基性、基性、中性、酸性的分类均根据SiO2的含量,但这种单一含量判别标准并不严谨,含量经常与分类不完全对应。使用TraceElem 1.0软件对各种岩浆岩进行逐步判别分析、聚类分析和对应分析研究,据此认为超基性岩由MgO和FeO组成的因子确定,基性岩则由P2O5、Fe2O3、TiO2、CaO、MnO组成的因子确定,中性岩由Na2O和Al2O3组成的因子确定,酸性岩由K2O和SiO2组成的因子确定。岩浆岩的分类宜以SiO2为主、以MgO和CaO为辅,尤其要引入MgO。在SiO2含量相同的情况下,MgO、CaO含量越高,基性程度越强。基于这一分析结果,提出一种新的酸度指数（ADI)计算方法,即ADI=w(SiO2)-0.75w(MgO)-0.23w(CaO),ADI<38.0%为超基性岩,在38.0%～52.0%之间为基性岩,在52.0%～62.5%之间为中性岩,>62.5%为酸性岩。     

哈萨克斯坦伊特穆伦硬玉岩的矿物学特征

硬玉岩是一种较为少见的高压低温变质岩,不仅具有重要的科研价值,也是一种名贵的玉石材料。本文对产于哈萨克斯坦卡拉干达州伊特穆伦矿区的硬玉岩进行了岩相学观察和矿物化学成分分析,并与缅甸、俄罗斯和危地马拉的硬玉岩进行对比。结果表明,哈萨克斯坦硬玉岩主要组成矿物为硬玉、绿辉石以及少量方沸石和钠沸石,具有粒柱状变晶结构,硬玉矿物的平均化学成分为w(SiO₂)=58.38%,w(Al₂O₃)=21.88%,w(Na₂O)=12.69%,w(CaO)=3.40%,w(MgO)=2.58%,w(FeO)=0.29%。不同产地样品中绿辉石和硬玉的SiO₂含量相差不大。哈萨克斯坦样品中绿辉石Na₂O和FeO的含量略低于缅甸、俄罗斯和危地马拉,MgO和CaO稍高于其它3个产地,硬玉MgO和CaO略高于其它3个产地。     

CIPW标准矿物计算法应用时存在问题的探讨

CIPW法是当今最广泛应用的岩石化学计算法之一,其目的在于提供模拟矿物成分和相对数量,为岩石正确命名提供依据.作者在应用CIPW法过程中,发现不同教科书上的计算原理及方法存在差异,给实际应用造成不便;本文就斜长石牌号的计算方法、CIPW计算原理以及钠长石分配方法等问题进行了探讨.     

南苏鲁超高压变质带东海地区富钛榴辉岩及金红石矿的成因

苏鲁超高压变质带南部的东海地区有富Fe—Ti的钛铁矿榴辉岩和富Ti的金红石榴辉岩。富Fe—Ti榴辉岩的次要矿物主要由钛铁矿和钛磁铁矿组成,可舍少量金红石,具有很低的Si02（38．0％-42．3％）、Na20＋K20（0．48％～2．13％）和Zr、Nb、Ta、Ba、1Kb、REE含量,很高的FeO（18．24％-25．33％）、V和Co含量,并具有不同程度的LREE亏损、明显的正Eu异常;富Ti金红石榴辉岩舍有丰富的金红石和磷灰石,SiO2含量范围（38．0％-54．8％）较宽,FeO含量较低,P2O5含量较高（可达4．1％）,而X-TiO2与P205含量具正相关性。相对于原始地慢岩．富Ti金红石榴辉岩具有Rb、Th、K、Nb、Pr、Nd、Eu、Ti、Lu的负异常和Ba、Sr、Zr的正异常．并具相对较高的IKEE含量,LREE富集和HREE亏损的1KEE分配型式。岩石学和地球化学特征揭示,Fe—Ti榴辉岩的原岩是变质的Fe—Ti辉长岩,是基性岩浆强烈分离结晶作用形成的超基性-基性-中酸性层状侵入体的特征组成部分。     

Regional Variation and Petrogenesis of Basalt Glasses from the FAMOUS Area, Mid-Atlantic Ridge

Basalt glasses and minerals from precisely located dredge andsubmersible stations in the FAMOUS area have been analysed byelectron microprobe, and their regional relationships and petrographicfeatures are described. Samples from the median valley southof fracture zone B, and from the walls of the valleys northand south of fracture zone B, tend to show higher K₂O, TiO₂,and FeO/MgO than samples from the active volcanic centers inthe northern median valley. Some fracture zone samples are highin K₂O relative to median valley basalts. All glasses definean apparent binary cotectic in the normative plagioclase-pyroxene-olivineternary, suggesting compositional control by low-pressure crystal-meltequilibria. Correlations of FeO/MgO between pyroxene and glassand olivine and glass suggest that most crystals are in equilibriumwith their liquids; a few xenocrysts depart significantly fromequilibrium. Plagioclase compositions are much less well correlatedwith liquid composition.     

秦岭造山带若干岩石高温高压脱水熔融的特征及其意义

对秦岭造山带和邻区块状岩石样品进行了高温（1 100~1 300 ℃）和高压（1.2~1.8 GPa）脱水熔融实验。通过对实验产物综合分析发现许多样品中出现了熔融玻璃和雏晶。玻璃代表的熔体成分为基性和中性,部分接近于超基性范围,熔体与原来岩石全岩成分比较,更偏基性。熔体出现的空间和成分都显示了局部熔融体系的特征,即含水矿物（角闪石或黑云母）和浅色矿物（石英或斜长石）控制了熔融的发生并且决定了熔体的成分。脱水熔融产生了比原岩更偏基性的熔体,这意味着熔融后残留部分将愈偏酸性。如果这种机制存在于大陆中-下地壳,将对探讨大陆地壳的结构和物质组成,解释某些地区的长英质中下地壳的成因等具有重要的意义。     

1.0 GPa、高温下岩石熔融玻璃的弹性波速测量及其地球物理意义

利用超声波反射法,在1.0GPa、最高温度分别达900℃和730℃条件下,测量了岩石成分从酸性到基性的7种熔融玻璃的纵波波速(vp)和横波波速(vs)随温度的变化。实验过程证明,高压下升温过程中样品被压缩导致了样品中弹性波走时减少,而降温过程中样品长度基本保持不变。结果显示,1.0GPa下,随实验温度升高,不同成分玻璃的vp首先以-0.2×10-3km.s-1.℃-1到-0.7×10-3km.s-1.℃-1不等的速率缓慢降低,而其vs多以-0.1×10-3km.s-1.℃-1速率随温度升高而降低。当温度高于玻璃转变温度(Tg)后,玻璃的vp开始以-0.8×10-3km.s-1.℃-1到-3.6×10-3km.s-1.℃-1不等的速率快速下降。根据玻璃vp随温度变化速率的改变,拟合出这几种玻璃的转变温度从584℃到654℃。由实验获得的玻璃波速,利用Voigt-Reuss-Hill(VRH)平均计算出下地壳岩石中玻璃的存在将降低岩石的波速,并由此为下地壳低速层提出一种新的解释,即非晶质体的存在可能在下地壳形成地震波低速层。     

Nickel und Kobalt in Gesteinen des Nördlinger Ries

Zusammenfassung Von Glasbomben aus dem Suevit und kristallinen Gesteinen verschiedener Auswurfbreccien des Rieskraters wurden die Nickel- und Kobaltgehalte bestimmt. Die Gläser enthalten 10,0–51,5 ppm Ni (Mittel von 70 Analysen: 30,1 ppmNi) und 4,8–15,8 ppm Co (Mittel von 50 Analysen: 12,1 ppm Co). Die höchsten Nickel- und Kobaltgehalte finden sich in den nicht rekristallisierten und chemisch unveränderten Bomben des Typ I. Die kristallinen Gesteine des Grundgebirges enthalten 2,5–140 ppm Ni (22 Analysen) und 2,2–29,8 ppm Co (22 Analysen).Die Kobaltgehalte der nicht rekristallisierten Gläser sind ziemlich einheitlich (10,7–15,8 ppm) und ebenso hoch wie diejenigen der kristallinen Gesteine ähnlicher Gehalte an MgO, MgO+FeO+Fe₂O₃ und SiO₂. Die Nickelgehalte der nicht rekristallisierten Gläser dagegen streuen inhomogen über einen größeren Bereich (30,0–51,5 ppm). Sie sind im Mittel höher als die der kristallinen Gesteine mit ähnlichen Gehalten an MgO, MgO+FeO+Fe₂O₃ und SiO₂. Der maximale Unterschied beträgt 25 ppm Ni.

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Ni and Co in rocks from the Nördlinger Ries

Ni and Co have been determined in glass bombs from the suevite and crystalline rocks from different breccia outcrops in the Ries crater. The glasses contain 10.0–51.5 ppm Ni (average of 70 analyses: 30.1 ppm Ni) and 4.8–15.8 ppm Co (average of 50 analyses: 12.1 ppm Co). Highest contents of Ni and Co are to be found in non-recrystallized and chemically unchanged bombs of type I. Crystalline rocks from the basement contain 2.5–140 ppm Ni (22 analyses) and 2.2–29.8 ppm Co (22 analyses).The Co-contents of non-recrystallized glasses are rather uniform (10.7–15.8 ppm) and as high as those of crystalline rocks of similar content of MgO, MgO+FeO+Fe₂O₃ and SiO₂. The Ni-contents of non-recrystallized glasses are inhomogeneously scattered over a larger range (30.0–51.5 ppm). On the average, they are higher than those of crystalline rocks with similar contents of MgO, MgO+FeO+Fe₂O₃ and SiO₂. The maximum difference is 25 ppm Ni.

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Herr Prof. W. von Engelhardt veranlaßte die Bearbeitung dieses interessanten Themas und nahm am Fortgang der Untersuchungen regen Anteil. Herr Dr. D. Stöffler stellte freundlicherweise Probenmaterial zur Verfügung und Herr Dr. H. Puchelt war mir bei analytischen Fragen behilflich. Ihnen allen danke ich für die Förderung dieser Arbeit.     

Lithosphere formation in the central Slave Craton (Canada): plume subcretion or lithosphere accretion?

Major-element compositions of minerals in peridotite xenoliths from the Lac de Gras kimberlites provide constraints on the mode of lithosphere formation beneath the central Slave Craton, Canada. Magnesia contents of reconstructed whole rocks correlate positively with NiO and negatively with CaO contents, consistent with variable partial melt extraction. Alumina and Cr₂O₃ contents are broadly positively correlated, suggestive of melt depletion in the absence of a Cr–Al phase. Garnet modes are high at a given Al₂O₃ content (a proxy for melt depletion), falling about a 7 GPa melt depletion model. These observations, combined with high olivine Mg# and major-element relationships of FeO-poor peridotites (<7.5 wt%) indicative of melt loss at pressures >3 GPa (residual FeO content being a sensitive indicator of melt extraction pressure), and similar high pressures of last equilibration (∼4.2 to 5.8 GPa), provide multiple lines of evidence that the mantle beneath the central Slave Craton has originated as a residue from high-pressure melting, possibly during plume subcretion. Apparent low melt depletion pressures for high-FeO peridotites (>7.5 wt%) could suggest formation in an oceanic setting, followed by subduction to their depth of entrainment. However, these rocks, which are characterised by low SiO₂ contents (<43 wt%), are more likely to be the result of post-melting FeO-addition, leading to spuriously low estimates of melt extraction pressures. They may have reacted with a silica-undersaturated melt that dissolved orthopyroxene, or experienced olivine injection by crystallising melts. A secular FeO-enrichment of parts of the deep mantle lithosphere is supported by lower average Mg# in xenolithic olivine (91.7) compared to olivine inclusions in diamond (92.6).